A DYNASTICTOMBFROMCAMPECHE,MEXICO:NEW EVIDENCEON
JAGUARPAW,A RULEROF CALAKMUL
Ramon CarrascoVargas,Sylviane Boucher,PaulaAlvarez Gonzalez, VeraTiesler Blos, ValeriaGarcia
Vierna,RenataGarciaMoreno, and JavierVazquez Negrete
Thispaper reports the recent discovery of a royal tomb in Calakmul,Campeche,Mexico. Buried in this chamber was an adult
male. Among the abundantofferings that accompanied this personage was a polychromeplate bearing the heiroglyph,Yukom
Yich'akK'ak' (Jaguar Paw), the name of the governor of Cakalmulduring the second half of the seventh century.Previously,
it was believed that Jaguar Paw was capturedand sacrificed at Tikalin 695 A.D. However,new data suggest that this recently
discovered tomb at Calakmulwas hisfinal restingplace.
En este articulopresentamoslos resultadosdel descubrimientorecientede una tumbareal en Calakmul,que se ubica en el estado
de Campeche,Me'xico.Un hombreadultofue enterradoen esta camara.Entrelas abundantesofrendasque acompanabanal personaje encontramosun plato policromo que presenta los glifos de la frase nominal de YukomYich'akK'ak' (Garra de Jaguar),
nombredel gobernantede Calakmuldurantela segunda mitad del siglo se'ptimo.Esta nueva evidencia arqueologica se opone a
interpretacionesanteriores que asientan que Garra de Jaguarfue capturadoy sacrificado en Tikalen 695 d.C.
The
archaeologicalsite of Calakmulin southwestern Campeche,Mexico, is one of the
most spectacular, yet least well-known
Classic-period centers of the southern Maya
Lowlands(Figure 1). This Maya center is situated
35 km from the Mexico-Guatemala frontier.
Althoughpoorly known,Calakmulhas been in the
literaturefor much of this century(Carrascoet al.
1996). The site was first visited in 1931 by the
explorerand botanistCyrusLongworthLundell.In
1932, the CarnegieInstitutionof Washingtonorganized an expeditionto the site, headedby Sylvanus
G. Morley. The Carnegie team made a detailed
studyof Calakmul'ssculptedmonumentsandregistered the legible dates of many of Calakmul's
numerous stelae. In 1933, the Direccion de
Monumentos Prehispanicosin Mexico commissionedits southerndelegate,EnriqueJuanPalacios,
to inspect the site. Palacios wrote a brief report
describingCalakmulas one of the greatestcenters
of ClassicMayaculture.The followingyearanother
Carnegieexpedition,headed by Karl Ruppertand
John Dennison, produceda map of the Calakmul
archaeologicalzone thatis still used today.
On the basis of this early work, epigraphers
began to considerthe role of Calakmulin the culturehistoryof the southernMaya Lowlands.Joyce
Marcus (1976) first suggested that the Serpent
Head glyph was the emblem of Calakmuland that
the site was one of various"regionalcapitals"dur-
Ramon Carrasco Vargas and Sylviane Boucher * Centro INAH, Yucatan,km 6.5 CarreteraProgreso, Merida,Yucatan,C.P.
97310, Mexico
Paula Alvarez Gonzalez * Centro INAH, Yucatan,km.6.5 CarreteraProgreso, Merida,Yucatan,C.P. 97310, Mexico
Vera Tiesler Blos * Division de Posgrado, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia/ INAH, Periferico Sur y Zapote s/n,
Colonia Isidro Fabela * Tlalpan, C.P. 14030, Mexico D. F., Mexico
Valeria Garcfa Vierna * Coordinacion Nacional de Restauracion del Patrimonio Cultural, INAH, Xicotencatl y General
Anaya s/n, Colonia San Diego Churubusco,C.P. 04120, Mexico D. F., Mexico
Renata Garcfa Moreno * Xicotencatl y GeneralAnaya s/n, Colonia San Diego Churubusco,C.P. 04120, Mexico D. F., Mexico
Javier Vazquez Negrete * Escuela Nacional de Conservacion,Restauraciony Museografia,Xicotencatl y GeneralAnaya s/n,
Colonia San Diego Churubusco,C.P. 04120, Mexico D. F., Mexico
LatinAmericanAntiquity,10(1), 1999, pp. 47-58
CopyrightC) 1999 by the Society for AmericanArchaeology
47
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TIKAL
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[Vol. 10, No. 1,1999]
LATINAMERICANANTIQUITY
48
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Figure 1. The location of Calakmul in the southern Maya Lowlands.
ing the Classic period. More recent studies of
Calakmul's inscriptions led Simon Martin and
Nikolai Grube(1994, 1995) to proposeinsteadthat
the political organizationof the southern Maya
Lowlands was based on two main centers:
Calakmuland Tikal. Regardlessof the numberof
political capitals that may have operated in the
region, both of these epigraphicstudies (as well as
the initial, descriptivework cited above) point to
the importanceof Calakmulin the Late Classic.
Other,morearchaeologicallyfocusedprojectsat
Calakmulaimed to record and describe the site's
structuresand monuments.Around 1975, an expedition was organizedunderthe directionof the exCentro Regional del Sureste of the Instituto
Nacional de Antropologiae Historia(INAH). For
this project,Eric von Euw was in chargeof registering and drawing (for the Corpus of Maya
Inscriptions of the Peabody Museum) those
sculpted monumentsthat still retainedepigraphic
information(see Carrascoet al. 1996). In 1981,
Peter Schmidt was commissioned by INAH to
carryout the firstdelimitationof the archaeological
zone. In 1982, the Calakmul Project of the
UniversidadAutonomade Campechewas initiated.
The results of this project, directed by William
Folan, include the first analysis and map of the
site's settlementpattern.Folan, who directed the
first archaeological restorations at the site,
describes his ongoing work in a series of reports
(Folan 1982, 1988, 1992).
The Archaeological Project of the Calakmul
Biosphere,underthe directionof RamonCarrasco
Vargasof INAH, was implementedin 1993. The
main goals of this ongoing project include the
restorationof certain buildings within the monumental area and a detailed considerationof architecture,ceramics,and urbanism,with the intentof
using these independentkinds of data to evaluate
some of the theoreticalpropositionsregardingthe
site based on its inscriptions(Marcus 1976, 1987;
Martinand Grube 1994, 1995). We also reevaluated glyphic texts related to this site. One of the
majorresultsof the projecthas been the discovery
of a royal Late Classic tomb. Both archaeological
and glyphic evidence suggest that this may be the
final resting place of one of Calakmul'sgreatest
rulers, namedYukomYich'ak K'ak' in the heiroglyphic texts and commonly known as JaguarPaw
in epigraphicliterature1.
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REPORTS
Yukom Yich'ak K'ak' and the
Serpent Head Polity
The polityruledby JaguarPaw was one of the most
importantin the historyof the Mayaarea.As noted
above, Martinand Grube(1995:45) suggestedthat
during the Classic period, the southernlowlands
were politically organizedin two macrostatesthat
they call "superpowers."
These two polities-centeredat TikalandCalakmul may have been rivals
since ancestraltimes.
Calakmul'sdomainwas large;the wide distribution of its emblem glyph (a snakehead sign) suggests the existence of allegianceswith other urban
centers, formingwhat has been called the Serpent
Head polity (Martin 1996). During the Late
Classic, under the rulership of Yukom Yich'ak
K'ak', the Serpent Head polity centered at
Calakmulapparentlyincludedthe sites of El Peru,
Dos Pilas, and Caracol.
YukomYich'ak' K'ak' is amply referredto in
hieroglyphictextsof the centrallowlandsduringthe
Late Classic. The texts suggest that this ruler was
born on October 9, A.D. 649 (9.10.16.16.19 3
Cauac,2 Ceh), and accededthe throneon April 6,
A.D.686 (9.12.13.17.76 Manik,5 Zip).2According
to Martin and Grube (Martin 1996; Martin and
Grube,1994,1995), Lintel3 fromTemple1 at Tikal
recordsthatHasaw ChanK'awil capturedand sacrificed Great JaguarPaw on August 8, A.D. 695
(9.13.3.7.18 11 Etznab11 Ch'en).
However, the inscriptionon one of the polychrome plates we found among the offerings of
Tomb4 at Cakalmulmentionsthe title andname of
YukomYich'ak' K'ak'. David Stuart(1989) suggests thatthe presenceof a vessel with nameglyphs
in a funerarycontext does not necessarilyidentify
the person in the tomb, but we find this statement
somewhatcontradictory;in the same article,Stuart
(1989:158) also states that "declarationsof material ownershipseem a pervasivetrait of the Maya
nobility."Therefore,at presentwe believe that the
text on the plate naming Yukom Yich'ak K'ak'
refersto the personageburiedin Tomb4. Otherevidence fromthis interment(which we review in this
paper)seems to supportthis identification.
A recentreview of the texts relatedto the A.D.
695 war between Calakrnuland Tikal (Carrascoet
al. 1997) suggeststhatYich'akK'ak' was not taken
captive by Hasaw Chan K'awil as several
49
researchers(Martinand Grube 1995; Schele and
Freidel 1990) have implied. New readings of
Tikal's Lintel 3 (from Temple 1) and several
inscriptions carved on bone artifacts recovered
from Burial 116 at that site imply that,instead,the
personcapturedat Calakmulprobablywas a sahal
or war lieutenantof Yich'ak K'ak'. The Serpent
Headpolity evidentlywas defeatedduringthis conflict. Possibly as a result of Calakmul'sdownfall,
Tikal experienceda resurgenceof regionalpower
(Martin 1996). Nevertheless, Calakmul seems to
have sustained diplomatic ties with some of its
allies. Hieroglyphicevidence (Martin1996; Schele
and Freidel 1990) marksritualevents sharedwith
Dos Pilas (in A.D. 702), El Peru(in A.D. 741), and
Yaxchilan(at aboutthis time).
Nevertheless,Late Classic conflicts intensified
across the region; within the SerpentHead polity,
the strugglefor control of power is evident in the
transformation and refurbishment of some of
Calakmul'smonumentalconstructions.In the end,
due to the increasinginfluenceof Tikal in the central Peten, the successors of Yich'ak K'ak' were
reorientedtowardthe culturaltraditionsof northern
Yucatan.These traditionsare evident in the presence at Calakmulof elite ceramics and architecturalfeaturestypicalof the Rio Bec region.
Structure II
Jaguar Paw's tomb (Tomb 4) was found in
StructureII, which dominatesthe GreatPlazacomplex from the south and was positionedas the center of royal power (Figure 2). This impressive
building was utilized to preserve the remains of
several of Calakmul's Classic-period rulers. Its
base measuresapproximately150 m on each side,
and it is about44 m high.
Structure II (Figure 3) originally was constructedduringthe Late Preclassic(300 B.C.-A.D.
250). At that time, the stepped platformseems to
have reachedits currentheight.Recent excavations
show that its shape and dimensionsare similarto
those of StructureI, with which it probablyformed
a twin-pyramidcomplex. In the following centuries, the northfacade of StructureII was modified. During the Early Classic, monumental
zoomorphicmasks were addedto both sides of the
centralstairway.At the bottomof these grandsteps
stands Stela 114, dated to 8.19.15.12.13, or A.D.
431 (Marcusand Folan 1994).
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-
lVol. 10, No. 1, 1999]
LATINAMERICANANTIQUITY
50
N
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Figure 2. The monumental area of Calakmul.
Figure3. StructureII.
During the Late Classic some sections of the
platform were partially renovated. In the same
period, a vaultedfront room with a large stairway
was added.At the bottomof these stairsstandfive
stelaeSall datedto 9.13.10.0.0 (A.D. 702). Another
vaultedcorridorwas builtat the frontof the eastern
stairwaySand in its interiorstood Stela 43, which
datesto 9.4.0.0.0 (A.D. 548).
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REPORTS
0
10 m
51
STELAE
___
Figure 4. Ground plan of Structure II.
In the Early Classic, a central structurewith
threechamberswas erectedon the top esplanadeof
the pyramid(Figure4). On each side of this building, a two-roomstructurewas added,partiallycovering the Preclassicplatform.These buildingsthen
were used as funerarychambersfor the elite during
the Late Classic. Duringthis period,some sections
of the building were partiallydestroyed, and the
frontalportionof the platformwas elevatedsome 8
m. StructureII-B, with three corridorsand nine
rooms, was constructedon this new level.
To establish the architectural sequence of
StructureII, an explorationpit was openedbetween
the jambs of StructureII-B. This pit, measuring4
m2, was excavatedto a depthof 7.31 m, where we
found the floor and the door jambs to the back
room of the Early Classic substructure.According
to the architecturalevidence,this substructure(II-B
sub) consisted of three vaulted chambers,each 20
m in length.Towardthe middleof the Late Classic,
the interior of the building was refurbished;the
floors of the back rooms were broken to build
funerarychambersfor rulers of this period. Once
occupied with a burial,each cryptwas sealed with
a new floor, and a fire ritualwas carriedout on top.
Later a step was built at the entranceof the second
room with the purposeof hiding the tomb.
On the doorjambs to these chamberswe found
some graffitithatmust have been incised when the
vault was demolishedand the structurewas buried
beneath a new constructionlayer. One of these
graffitipresentsa partiallydestroyedInitial Series
date. Following what seems to be the InitialSeries
IntroductoryGlyph are two numeralsthat read as
14.16. We reconstruct the date as 9?.14.16.?.?
(circaA.D. 725). This date may correspondto the
year when the Early Classic building was definitively sealed. This information, as well as the
results of the ceramic analysis, suggest that
StructureII-B sub was an Early Classic building
that remainedin use until the middle of the Late
Classic.
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_
LATINAMERICANANTIQUITY
52
[Vol. 10, No. 1,1999]
SUBSTRUCTURE
TOMB 3
0
5m
Figure5. North-southsectionof StructureII.
During these excavations,we encounteredtwo
Early Classic funerary chambers (Figure 5).
Although these chambers were desecrated in
Prehispanictimes, we were able to determinethata
male child between six and eight years of age had
been buriedin one of them.This burialincludedan
offering of four vessels: two dishes and a vase of
the Aguila ceramicgroup,and a Teotihuacan-style
black tripodcylinderof the Balanzagroup,all correspondingto the EarlyClassic (A.D. 250 600).
The Tomb and Its Contents
Tomb4 (situatednextto the child'sburialdescribed
above)is locatedon the centralaxis of StructureII,
with an east-west orientation(see Figure 5). This
chamberis the most elaboratetomb found so far at
Calakmul.It measures2.5 m long, .9 m wide, and
1.2 m high. Its constructionprobably was conceived, planned,and designed duringthe lifetime
of the deceasedto be sealed afterhis death.
The design of the funeraryprecinctintroduced
new constructive elements. The traditionalcorbelled vault was replaced by curved vault panels
thatwere coveredwith mud. These panels form an
arch with a niche on the western side. A cornice
divides the norffiand south walls into two panels.
The upperpanel, with bas-reliefmotifs, is divided
in two sections.The top shows the remainsof a red
glyph band,separatedfromthe bottomsectionby a
light green line. Unfortunately,the design of the
bottompanel cannotbe clearlyreaddue to the collapse of the mudplasterfinishof the ceiling andthe
disintegrationof the walls of the tomb.
Osteological Analysis
When we began excavation,only segments of the
skeleton (the legs and parts of the pelvic bones)
were readily visible; the upper extremities were
covered by offerings (described in the following
subsection). Once the grave goods were cleared
away, the skeletal remains were found relatively
intactbutmostly erodedandfragmented,due partly
to the fall of constructionmaterialfrom the ceiling
of the tomb and also to rodentactivity,which particularly affected the lower extremities and the
skull.
The original configuration of the deposition
(Figure6) is shownby the distributionof the skeletal parts,some of which have lost their anatomical
relationships.Evidently,the deceasedwas buriedin
an extended position, lying on his back, with the
right forearmcrossed over the chest and the left
forearmplaced on the abdomen.We believe that
the body was depositedon some type of littermade
of wood, his head elevatedwith respectto the rest
of the body. Consideringthe relationshipbetween
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REPORTS
53
following Romero 1986).Althoughheadshapingis
a common biocultural trait among the ancient
Maya, the occipitalbone does not exhibitany clear
signs of artificialflattening.Pathologicalchanges
were observedin the spinalcolumn,partsof which
show marked osteophytosis and enthesophytosis
(ossificationof tendoninsertions).At this stage, we
are unable to offer a definite diagnosis to account
for these changes.
Offerings
Oatl 10
_
20
30
40
50
NY
Figure 6. Ground Plan of Tomb 4.
the bones of the lower extremities, the cadaver
must have been at least partly constricted by a
materialwrapping.This interpretationis supported
by the detectionof textile remainsfound in direct
contactwith the bones.We describethis burialbundle in greaterdetailbelow.
The resultsof preliminarymacroscopicanalysis
indicatethat the deceased was a robustadultmale
between45 and60 yearsof age at the time of death.
The maximum living statureof the individual is
estimated to be 164 cm, slightly taller than the
established male average among the Prehispanic
Maya. Three of the upperfront teeth show inlays,
two of which still hold jadeite (types E1 and E3,
The body was accompaniedby rich and elaborate
offerings and the funeraryparaphernaliatypical of
the rites necessary for the transition through
Xibalba,the Maya underworld(see Figure6). The
deceased was partially covered by cinnabarpigment, and the pelvic area was covered by two
Spondylusshells. As alreadynoted, the body was
wrapped.The bundleinvolvedelaboratetechniques
suggesting that a great deal of care went into
preparingthe remains.
The skeletonapparentlywas coveredfirstwith a
textile shroud or cloth3and then with an animal
skin. The preliminaryresults from the analysis of
the organicremainsfoundin contactwith the bones
indicate that the first layer of the funerarybundle
consistedof fabricmade of fibersderivedfrom the
stems of local plants. The cloth appearsto have
been completely impregnatedwith some sort of
resin and then covered by a whitish materialthat
could be latex. This materialin turn was sealed
with a resin layer.The completepenetrationof the
resin into the cloth suggests thatit was appliedin a
liquid state. The same holds for the latex material
thatcoveredthe impregnatedfabric.This treatment
contributedto its partialconservation,in much the
same manneras a funerarybundlefoundin Tomb 1
of StructureXV, reported in 1994 (Garcia and
Schneider1996a, 1996b).
The body was surroundedby a rich inventoryof
offeringsand artifacts.Eight sets of paws (possibly
feline) have been found in differentlocations.This
arrangement
is similarto thatfoundat Burial 196 of
Tikal(Hellmuth1967:200).Artifactsincludebeads
of bone,jadeite,andcarvedStrombussp., motherof
pearl shell that was fashionedto look like pearls,
andSpondylus(spinyoyster)shells.We also uncovered fragmentsof jadeite mosaics and a pair of
earplugs with glyphs incised in an earlier calligraphicstyle, suggestingthat they may have been
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54
LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY
[Vol. 10, No. 1, 1999]
Figure 7. Jadeite mosaic mask found in situ.
heirlooms (D. Stuart, personal communication
1997). Most of these objects formed part of the
ruler'selaborateapparel.On each side of the skeleton was a clusterof tubularjadeitebeads,pertorated
at each end. The location of the perforationssuggests thatthe beads(alongwith the false pearlsand
shells)once formedbracelets;suchjewelryis representedtrequentlyin ClassicMaya iconography.
One of the most spectacularofferings was a
jadeite funerarymask, uncoveredabove the right
side of the skeleton'schest (Figure7). The maskis
unique in terms of style and manufacturingtechniques, with a very unusualinscribedplasterband
on its lower margin.The central area consists of
precisely fitting jadeite mosaic. The nose constitutes one single piece, and on the sides of the face
area pairof earplugs,also madeof jadeite.The lips
were sculptedin plasterandthenpainted.The front
teeth were made from a white shell material.Four
minusculejadeite pieces were placed on top of the
shell teeth. These tiny stones have flat bases, and
their upper surfaces are rounded and polished.
Their shape and position suggest that they once
representeddental inlays, quite similarto the type
of inlays possessed by the deceased.
The mask was coveredwith two layersof mortar,one of which is white andthe otherone brownish. The white layer is composed of calcium
carbonateand gypsum;the brownishone contains
gypsum and a yet unidentifiedclay. The materials
used for these two layers were mixed with an
unidentifiedorganicsubstance.The resultsof a preliminarymicrochemicalstudy suggest thatthe surface of the mortarwas covered with polychrome
decorationthat was composed of various colors
(yellow, green, red, and greenish blue). Different
mineralswere usedfor each paintcolor.The yellow
pigment was obtainedfrom ochre (limonite), the
green color came from malachite, and the light
green paint containedpigmentsthat seem to have
been a mixtureof Maya Blue and malachite.All
pigments were mixed with calcium carbonate.
After the mask had been painted,it was inscribed
on the lateralportionsof the dewlap.The glyphic
inscriptionswere first incised and then filled with
cinnabar.
Surroundingthe maskwere heterogeneousclusters of jadeite and Spondylus
beads. These originally were sewn onto a cloth. Fragmentsof this
fabric were recoveredfrom the groundand from
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REPORTS
55
Ceramicsand RoyalIdentity
Fourteen ceramic vessels were recovered from
Tomb 4. Four of these are tall, cylindricalpolychrome vases. One of these vases is covered with
light greenstucco.The otherthreearecream-based
polychromesof the Juleki Creamtype (Figure8);
below the rims these vases bear abbreviated
PrimaryStandardSequences.These glyphic dedicatorytexts usuallyindicatethe vessel's function4.
Anotherceramicofferingis a beautifullypainted
ZacatalCream polychromecodex-style vase with
representationsof an anthropomorphized
serpentwinged birddeity with skybandsabove and below,
forming a cosmic frame underan inscriptionthat
mentionsthatthe vase was used for drinkingcocoa.
Three short,straight-sidedZacatalCreamvases or
cups are paintedwith icons that include the Jester
deity (an emblemof royaltyand a symbolof kingship in the southern Maya Lowlands) and the
Celestial Monster. Four black-slippeddishes or
plates, two of the latterwith graffitiof the young
maize god Hun Nal Yeh emergingfrom the plant,
are of the InfiernoBlack type. Resultsfrom microscopic analyses have revealed the presence of
remainsof maize in one of these plates. Another
Figure 8. Juleki Cream polychrome vase with Abbreviated
polychromedish, of the PalmarOrangetype, disStandard Sequence.
plays waterbirds,shells, and the JesterGod's head
the perforatedareas inside the beads. Othertraces in the interior.
of cotton fibers were detected in analyses of soil
The most importantvessel in the Tomb4 invensamples taken in the area associatedwith the gar- tory is a round-sidedorangepolychromedish with
ment. The fibersz which appearedto have been an annularbase. On the interiorwalls is a glyph
stained blue, red, and black, are suggestive of bandsurroundingthe head of the JesterGod in the
embroidery.Finally, at the top of the body we center (Figures 9 and 10). The band of glyphs
found what we believe are remainsof the ruler's
headdress.Apparentlythis ornamentwas elaborated from some kind of palm materialthat was
decorated and polychromed and appliqued with
jadeite mosaic.
The richburialattireof the personagein Tomb4
is complementedby an impressiveceramicinventory.Some of this potteryevidentlycontainedperishable grave goods; vessels deposited at the
deceased'sheadandfeet were wrappedin an openweave cloth probablyintendedto protecttheircontents. Two of these dishes containedfragmentsof
jade mosaics, basketryfibers, and other materials
that have not yet been identified. The ceramics
themselvesconstituteanothercategoryof evcquisite
Figure 9. Polychrome plate naming Yukom Yichtak K'ak'.
offeringsthatwe describebelow.
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56
[Vol. 10, No. 1,1999]
LATINAMERICANANTIQUITY
S. 4R
tw
'
Figure 10. Text on the polychrome plate naming Yukom Yich'ak K'ak'.
includesthe name phraseof YukomYich'ak'K'ak' recentlyhave been reassigned(Reents-Budetet al.
1997) to a more restrictedtime frame in the first
and specifies thatthis is his plate (u-lak).
of the Tepeu II horizon, between 9.12.0.0.0
half
period
Classic
All the vessels date to the Late
(A.D. 672 to 731). Thus the dating
9.15.0.0.0
and
vessels
codex-style
(A.D. 600-800). Moreover,
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REPORTS
57
la Biosferade
1996bInforme.In ProyectoArqueologicode
the
to
R. Carrasco,
perfectly
by
general,
corresponds
Informe
vessels
4
Tomb
Calakmul,Campeche.
ofthe
J. P. Courau, A. Dowd, E.
Yukom
Baudez,
of
C.
rule
Boucher,
the
S.
with
span associated
time
G. Sanchez,
Gonzalez, S. Martin,V. Garcfa,R. Schneider,
Brook, pp.
M.
and
ak K'ak'.
Yich'
Rojas,
N.
Paul,
A.
R. Carrillo,
de
Nacional
Instituto
Tecnico,
117-125. Archivo
Conclusions
Antropologfae Historia,Mexico, D.F.
N. M.
Hellmuth,
Peten,
discoveryof Tomb4 at Calakmulprovidesus
The
Structure SD- 73, Burial 196, Tikal,
1967
bunLatin
the
for
on
Foundation
information
Report.
of
source
Preliminary
a nch new
Guatemala.A
with
Research,WinterPark,Florida.
us
forces
Anthropology
also
It
American
rulers.
Maya
of Classic-penod
als
J.
Marcus,
Lowlands:An
reevaluatethe hypothesis that JaguarPaw, the
to
1976 Emblemand State in the Classic Maya
political
of
Organization.
peak
its
Territorial
to
dunng
site
Approach
of this
Epigraphic
governor
DumbartonOaks, Washington,D.C.
was takencaptiveby the rulerof Tikal.We
power,
at a
The Inscriptions of Calakmul:Royal Marriage
1987
Report No.
to cany out DNA analysesin the future,which
Technical
plan
Mexico.
Campeche,
in
City
Maya
of Michigan,
help confirmthe genetic affiliationof the per21. Museum of Anthropology, University
may
popArbor.
Classic-penod
Ann
the
with
4
Tomb
buned in
son
J., and W. J. Folan
Marcus,
sobre
of Calakmul.In the meantime,however,the
ulation
Una estela mas del siglo V y nuevainformacion
1994
en el
paper,
this
Campeche,
in
Calakmul,
descnbed
de
goods
gobernante
Patade Jaguar,
splendidbunal
Ano IV (15-16):21-26.
of
name
Universitaria,
the
Gaceta
VII.
bearing
siglo
plate
a polychrome
including
UniversidadAutonomade Campeche,Campeche.
Yich'ak K'ak', suggest stronglythatJaguar Martin,
Yukom
S.
In Proyecto
was buned at Calakmul.
Paw
1996 Calakmul en el registro epigraf1co.
Campeche.
Arqueologico de la Biosfera de Calakmul,
R., S. Boucher,C. Baudez,
Project was
Carrasco,
by
Archaeological
general,
Calakmul
Informe
The
Acknowledgments
V. Garcfa,
State of
J. P. Courau,A. Dowd, E. Gonzalez, S. Martin,
by PEMEX through the government of the
financed
N. Rojas,
Paul,
A.
Carrillo,
R.
Sanchez,
G.
for
R. Schneider,
Mexico. We thank architect Emyly Gonzalez
Campeche,
Archivo Tecnico, Instituto
63-113.
pp.
Brook,
M.
plate's
and
the
drawing
D.F.
drawingthe maps, Simon Martin for
Nacional de Antropologfae Historia,Mexico,
his assistance in
glyphs,and biologist FernandoSanchez for
Grube
N.
and
S.,
Martin,
Amongst
identifyingthe organic materials.
1994. Evidencefor Macro-PoliticalOrganization
on file.
Classic Maya Lowland States. Manuscript
Biosfera de
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Notes
analisis como una fuente primaria de investigacion
XV
estructura
la
de
I
tumba
la
de
caso
el
this ruler and called him
antropologica:
l J. Miller (1974) f1rst identiE1ed
thesis,
(1990) changed the
de Calakmul,Campeche.Unpublishedbachelor's
Freidel
and
Schele
Smoke.
JaguarPaw
y
Escuela Nacional de Conservaci6n, Restauraci6n
Martin (1996) has
S.
Instituto name to Jaguar Paw. More recently,
Museograffa "Manuel del Castillo Negrete,
K'ak', which he
Yich'ak
Yukom
as
phrase
D.F.
name
read the
Nacional de Antropologfae Historia,Mexico,
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
58
LATINAMERICANANTIQUITY
interpretsas Claw of Fire. However, we feel that zarpazo de
fuego more adequately translatesthe glyphs.
2 The birth date of Jaguar Paw is recorded on Stela 9 and
Panel 6 of Calakmul.The date of his accession appearsboth
at Dos Pilas (Stela 13) and El Peru (Stela 30) (Schele and
Freidel 1990:180-18 1).
3 At the moment, we believe that the nude body of the
deceased was directly wrappedin this shroud.
4 A Primary StandardSequence is a glyphic dedicatory text
[Vol. 10, No. 1,1999]
that usually indicates the type of vessel according to its function and may include the names of the owner of the vessel, its
patron,or even the scribe who painted it (Reents-Budet et al.
1994). An abbreviatedPrimaryStandardSequence, however,
does not include personal names.
Received October 30, 1997; accepted March 17, 1998;
revisedApril 23, 1998.
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions