061
GENERAL
NAVIGATION
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
061 00 00 00
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
GENERAL NAVIGATION
061 01 00 00
BASICS OF NAVIGATION
061 01 01 00
The Solar System
−
REMARKS
Define the terms ‘Declination’, ‘Hour Angle’ and ‘Altitude’ in respect of astronomical bodies
− State that the Solar System consists of the Sun, nine major planets (of which the Earth is one) and
about 2000 minor planets and asteroids
− Explain that the planets revolve about the Sun in elliptical orbits, each one taking a different amount of
time
− State the laws relating to the motion of planets in their orbits as evolved by Kepler
− Explain in which direction the Earth rotates on its axis
− Explain that the Earth revolves around the Sun along a path or orbit to which the Earth’s axis is inclined
at about 66½ 0
− Define the terms ‘Apparent Sun’ and ‘Mean Sun’ and state their relationship
− Define the terms ‘Ecliptic’ and ‘Plane of the Ecliptic’
− Describe the effect of the inclination of the Earth’s axis in relation to the declination of the Sun; seasons;
time interval from sunrise to sunset at various latitudes and seasons
− Define the terms ‘Perihelion’ and ‘Aphelion’
− Illustrate the position of the Earth relative to the Sun with respect to the seasons and months of the year
061 01 02 00
The Earth
− State that the Earth is not a true sphere. It is flattened slightly at the Poles
− State that the Earth could be described as an 'ellipsoid' or 'oblate spheroid'
− Explain that, when producing maps and charts, a reduced earth model is used and the compression
factor is so small that it can be ignored.
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-2
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Explain what is meant by the term ‘Position Reference System’
− Explain how a reference system may be developed on a plain sphere
− Describe the position of the Poles and Equator on the Earth’s surface
− Explain that the Equator has its plane perpendicular to the Earth's axis and defines the East - West
direction
− Define a Great Circle in relation to the surface of a sphere
− Explain the geometric properties of a great circle
− Name examples of great circles on the surface of the Earth
− Define a small circle in relation to the surface of a sphere
− Describe the geometric properties of a small circle
− Name examples of small circles on the surface of the Earth
− Define latitude
− Illustrate and explain the definition of latitude.
− State the terms in which latitude is measured
− Define Geographic/Geodetic and Geocentric Latitudes and explain their relationship
− State the maximum difference between Geographic and Geocentric Latitudes.
− Interpret a map/chart to locate a stated latitude
− Calculate ‘change of latitude (Ch.Lat) between two stated latitudes.
− State the distance to which one degree of latitude equates
− Convert Ch.Lat to distance
− Define longitude.
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-3
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Illustrate and explain the definition of longitude
− State the terms in which longitude is measured
− State that the Greenwich meridian is also known as the Prime meridian
− Explain that the Greenwich anti meridian is the maximum longitude possible - 180º E/W.
− Calculate change of longitude between any two stated meridians
− Describe a meridian as a semi great circle which runs North and South from Pole to Pole
− Explain that the meridians and their anti meridians complete a great circle.
− Interpret a map/chart to locate a stated meridian
− Explain how the meridian is used as the reference datum for angular measurement
− Define a Rhumb line
− Explain the geometrical properties of a rhumb line
− Explain the term ‘Convergency of the Meridians’
− Explain that convergency between two meridians equals the angular difference between measurements
on the great circle at each of these meridians
− Explain how the value of convergency can be determined using either calculation or geometrical
construction
− Calculate the value of convergency between two stated meridians at a given latitude
− Explain the Great circle - Rhumb line relationship
− Explain the term ‘conversion angle’ (CA)
− Explain how the value of CA can be calculated.
− Carry out calculations involving the application of the concepts of great circles; convergency; rhumb
line; conversion angle
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-4
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Explain that along the Equator a difference of one degree in longitude represents a distance of 60 nm
− Explain that because meridians converge towards the Poles the distance between meridians will
reduce.
− Explain at which latitude the maximum and minimum distance between two meridians will be.
− Explain the connection between the cosine function and the calculation of Earth Distance
− State that the Earth Distance (ED) along a parallel of latitude is also known as Departure.
− Calculate the Earth distance between two meridians along a parallel of latitude
Using arguments of ChLon
and Latitude
− Explain that, with latitude being defined as North and South of the Equator and longitude being defined
as East or West of Greenwich meridian, each place on the Earth's surface will have a unique reference
for its position
− Interpret a map/chart to locate a position
061 01 03 00
Given Latitude and longitude
Time and time conversions
Apparent time
− Explain that, because the Earth rotates on it's axis from West to East, the heavenly bodies appear to
revolve about the earth from East to West
− Define and explain the term ‘transit’ as applied to a heavenly body
− Explain that the period of this apparent (real) revolution of the heavenly body is measured, the time
elapsing between two successive transits is called a "day"
− Explain what is meant by the term ‘sidereal day’
− State that the sidereal day is of constant duration
− State that, because we measure the day by the passage of the sun, the length of the day varies
continuously.
− Explain the reasons for the variation in the length of the day.
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-5
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Illustrate that, since both the direction of rotation of the Earth around its axis and its orbital rotation
around the sun are the same, the Earth must rotate through more than 360° to produce successive
transits
− State that the period between two successive transits of the sun is called Apparent solar day and
that the time based on this is called Apparent Time
− State that the time of orbital revolution of the Earth in one year is constant at 365 days 5 hours 48
minutes 45 seconds mean time (365.24 days mean time).
Mean time
− State that, in order to have a constant measurement of time which will still have the solar day as a
basis, the average length of an apparent solar day is taken. This is called the Mean Solar Day. It is
divided into 24 hours of mean time
− Explain the concept of the mean sun, including the plane and period of its orbit in relation to the plane
and period of the orbit of the apparent sun. State how the plane of orbit of the mean sun is related to
the plane of the Equator
− State that the time between two successive transits of the mean sun over a meridian is constant.
− Define the term ‘Equation of time’ and state its relevance
− State that the calendar year is 365 days and every 4th year is a leap year with 366 days and 3 leap
years are suppressed every 4 centuries
− State that time can also be measured in arc since, in one day of mean solar time, the mean sun is
imagined to travel in a complete circle round the Earth, a motion of a 360°.
− Illustrate the relationship between time and arc along the Equator
− Deduce conversion values for arc to time and vice-versa
Local Mean Time (LMT)
− State that the beginning of the day at any location is when the Mean sun is in transit with the anti
meridian. This is known as midnight or 0000 hours LMT
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-6
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− State that when the Mean sun is in transit with the location's meridian it is noon or 1200 hours LMT
and, when in transit with the anti meridian, it is again midnight or 2400 hours LMT
− State that the LMT at locations in different longitudes vary by an amount corresponding to the change
in longitude
Universal Co-ordinated Time (UTC)
− State that the Greenwich meridian is selected as the standard meridian from which all LMT's can be
referred
− State that LMT at Greenwich meridian is called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
− State that UTC is more accurately calculated than GMT but in practice is the same at GMT
− Calculate examples of GMT/UTC and LMT conversions
− Calculate examples of GMT/UTC and LMT conversions
Standard Times (ST)
With and without arc/time
Conversion tables
− State that standard time is the set time used by a particular country (or part of a country) determined
by the government of that particular country
− Explain that, in theory, standard time is based on the LMT 7.5° on either side of a regular meridian
divisible by 15°.
− State that, in practice, standard times do not necessarily follow the theory. The times vary in
different countries and sometimes in different part of countries
− State that Summer Time (daylight saving time) may be used
− State that Standard Time corrections should be checked from documents
− Extract Standard Time corrections from appropriate documents
− Convert UTC to ST and ST to UTC
Given appropriate data
− International Dateline
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-7
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Explain the effect, on the LMT, of approaching the 180° meridian line from either side
− Explain that, when crossing the anti meridian of Greenwich, one day is gained or lost depending on
direction of travel
− State that the dateline is the actual place where the change is made and, although mainly at the 180°
meridian, there are some slight divergences in order to avoid countries being cut out by it
− State that, when calculating times, the dateline is automatically taken into account by doing all
conversions via GMT/UTC
− Calculate conversions of LMT and GMT/UTC and ST for cases involving the International dateline
Given 'Arc to Time' tables
and lists of ST corrections
− Determinations of Sunrise (SR) and Sunset (SS)
− State that SR or SS is when the sun's upper edge is at the observer's horizon. State how
atmospheric refraction affects this apparent sighting
− State that, except in high latitudes, the times of SR and SS at any place changes only little each day.
The time of occurrences at specified latitudes on the Greenwich meridian may therefore be taken as
the same for all longitudes
− State that SR and SS times are tabulated against specified dates and latitudes. The times are LMT
− State that at equator SR is always at ≈ 0600 and SS at ≈ 1800 LMT
− Calculate examples of SR and SS in LMT, ST or UTC
Given tables
− Civil Twilight
− Explain the meaning of the term ‘twilight’
− Define the term ‘civil twilight’
− State that the beginning of morning Civil twilight and the end of evening Civil twilight has been
tabulated in LMT with latitude and date as the entering arguments
− Define the term ‘Duration of Civil Twilight
Issue 1: Jan 2003
Given astronomical tables
061-GN-8
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Calculate examples of twilight in LMT, ST or UTC
− Determine the ‘Duration of Civil Twilight’ for morning and/or evening
− Explain the effect of declination and latitude on the duration of twilight
061 01 04 00
Directions
− True Directions
− State that all meridians run in north-south direction and the true north direction is along any meridian
toward the true north pole
− State that true directions are measured clockwise as an angle in degrees from true north
− Magnetic Directions
− State that a freely suspended compass needle will turn to the direction of the local magnetic field.
The horizontal component of this field is towards magnetic north
− Define the term ‘Magnetic Meridian’ and name the angle contained between the true and magnetic
meridians
− State the terms in which variation (VAR) is measured and annotated
− Define the term ‘Isogonal’
− State that the magnetic variation varies due to the movement of the magnetic north pole rotating
around the true north pole in an easterly movement once every 960 years
− Explain the term ‘Agonic’ line
− Define dip or inclination in relation to a freely suspended magnetic needle
− Explain the terms ‘Magnetic Equator’ and ‘Aclinic Line’
− State the angle of inclination at the magnetic poles
− State that, in polar areas, the horizontal component of the Earth’s field is too small to permit the use
of a magnetic compass
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-9
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Compass Directions
− State that, in a standby type of compass, the magnetic element will align along the magnetic field
which is a resultant of the earth's magnetic field, the magnetic field of the aeroplane and the effects
of attitude and movement of the aircraft
− State that the effect of the aircraft magnetism (on the compass) changes with different headings as
well as different magnetic latitudes
− State that the angle between the magnetic north and compass north is called deviation (DEV) being
measured in degrees East (Positive) or West (Negative) of magnetic North
− Convert between compass (C) magnetic (M) and true direction (T)
Given appropriate values
− Gridlines
− Explain the purpose of a Grid datum (G) based on a suitable meridian
− Explain that the gridlines or the grid meridians are drawn on the chart parallel to the Datum Meridian
− Define the term ‘Grid convergence’
− State that it is named east or west according to the direction of True North relative to Grid North
− State that the sum of Grid Convergence and variation is called Grivation
− State that a line joining points which have the same grivation is called an isogriv
− Calculate examples of directions converting between Grid (G), True (T), Magnetic (M) and Compass
(C)
061 01 05 00
Given appropriate values
Distance
− Explain how a nautical mile at any place on the Earth's surface is measured assuming the Earth to be a
perfect sphere
− State that because latitude is measured along meridians, it makes it possible to calibrate the meridians
in nautical miles, i.e. 1′ of latitude is one nautical mile and 1° is 60 nm
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-10
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Explain that a nautical mile varies a little because the Earth's shape is an oblate spheroid
− Explain how altitude affects the Arc/Distance relationship
− Define the terms ‘Nautical Mile; ‘Statute Mile’; ‘Kilometre’; ‘Metre’; ‘Yard’; ‘Foot’
− State that when dealing with heights and altitudes we use metres or feet subject to the choice of
individual states
− State that horizontal distances are calculated in metres, kilometres or nautical miles
− Calculate examples of linear measure conversions
061 02 00 00
MAGNETISM AND COMPASSES
061 02 01 00
General Principles
Using a simple calculator or
mechanical navigation
computer
− Terrestrial Magnetism
− Describe in simple terms why a magnetised compass needle can be used to indicate Magnetic
direction on the Earth
− State the properties of a simple magnet
− Illustrate the approximate location of the North and South Magnetic Poles
− Describe the direction and shape of the lines of Total Magnetic Force
− State the conventions for assigning colour to the North and South Magnetic Poles
− Resolution of the Earth's Total Magnetic Force (intensity) into Vertical and Horizontal components
− Define the term 'Magnetic Meridian'
− Define the terms 'Magnetic Equator’ and ‘Magnetic Latitude’
− State the relationship between the Vertical (Z) and Horizontal (H) components of the Earth's field and
the Total force (T).
− Calculate T, Z, or H given appropriate data
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-11
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− The effects of change of Magnetic Latitude on these components
− Explain how H and Z are affected by a change of Magnetic Latitude
− Given H and Z values for one magnetic latitude, calculate their values at another magnetic latitude
− Directive Force
− Define the term 'Directive Force'
− State how Directive Force varies with Magnetic Latitude
− Explain the "6 micro teslas zone" near Magnetic North Pole
− Magnetic Dip and Variation
− Define Dip (or inclination).
− State the value of Dip at the Magnetic Poles and the Magnetic Equator (Aclinic Line).
− Define the term 'isoclinal'
− Describe how dip is related to ‘H’ and ‘Z’ components of ‘T’
− Define Variation
− Define the term 'isogonal'
− Define the term 'Agonic Line'
− Explain why Variation changes with location on the Earth and with time
− Calculate Variation, True Direction or Magnetic Direction given appropriate data
061 02 02 00
Aircraft Magnetism
− Hard iron and vertical soft iron
− Define Hard and Soft Iron Magnetism
− State typical causes of Hard Iron magnetism
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-12
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− State typical causes of Soft Iron magnetism
− The resulting magnetic fields
− Identify the Hard Iron and Vertical Soft Iron components of aircraft magnetism which produce
compass deviation
− Identify which Hard Iron and Vertical Soft Iron components produce Coefficients B and C
− Calculate Coefficients A, B and C given the appropriate data
− The variation in directive force
− Explain how Coefficients B and C affect the Directive Force and produce compass deviation
− Describe the methods of measuring compass deviation
− Explain the cause of apparent Coefficient A
− Change of deviation with change of latitude and with change in the aircraft’s heading
− Calculate the total deviation caused by Coefficients A, B and C on a given aircraft heading
− Calculate the heading on which maximum deviation will occur
− Describe the effects of change of magnetic latitude on Coefficients A, B and C
− Calculate Magnetic heading, Compass heading or Deviation given appropriate data
− Using a typical Compass Deviation Card, identify the Compass heading to fly a specified
Magnetic heading
− Turning and Accelerations errors
− Describe the effect of a linear acceleration or deceleration on a given indicated heading of a Direct
Reading Compass (DRC) at a given North or South Magnetic Latitude
− State the comparative effect of a given linear acceleration/deceleration on a given indicated heading
of a DRC at different Magnetic Latitudes in the same Hemisphere
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-13
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Describe the effect of a radial acceleration on the indicated heading of a DRC during a specified
amount of turn at a given Magnetic Latitude
− State the comparative effect of a given radial acceleration on the indicated heading of a DRC at
different Magnetic Latitudes in the same Hemisphere
− Keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass
− Explain the meaning of compass safe distance
− List the items likely to affect the deviation of a DRC
061 02 03 00
Knowledge of the principles, standy and landing compasses and remote reading compasses
− Direct Reading Compasses (drc)
− Explain the construction of the Direct Reading Compass (DRC) using the basic three principles of
Horizontal, Sensitivity and Aperiodicity
− State the pre-flight and in-flight serviceability checks on the DRC
− Interpret the indications on a DRC
− Identify the conditions in which the indications on a DRC may be unreliable or in error
− Explain why the indications may be unreliable or inaccurate in these conditions
− Explain the steps which can be taken to minimise the effects of acceleration and turn errors
− Explain how the magnitude of the acceleration errors are affected by:
− Magnetic Latitude
− Aircraft Heading
− Magnetic Moment
− Rate of turn
− Remote Reading Compass
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-14
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Describe the construction of the Remote Reading Compass (RRC) with particular emphasis on the
principle of operation of the :− Flux valve or Detector Unit
− Synchronising Unit (Selsyn).
− Annunciation indicator
− Precession circuit and precession coil
− Gyro unit
− Heading indicator
− Feed back to the Null-seeking rotor
− Erection system for the gyro
− Describe how to conduct a serviceability test
− Name the errors of the RRC and describe how the errors are minimised
− Compare RRC with the DRC in terms of advantages and disadvantages
− Calibration (Compass Swinging)
− List the occasions when a full calibration swing or a check swing is required
JAR’s
− Describe the basic method for obtaining deviations on the cardinal points using the Landing
Compass or other datum compass
− Explain the calculations of Coefficients A, B and C
− Explain the method for compensation of Coefficients A, B and C on a DRC
− State the maximum limits for residual deviation in the DRC and RRC
061 03 00 00
CHARTS
061 03 01 00
General properties of miscellaneous types of projections
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-15
JARs? Reference?
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Define the term conformality
− State that the ICAO-rules define the chart as a conformal projection on which a straight line
approximates a great circle
− State that different chart projections are used, depending on the application and area of use involved.
− State that all charts, even if they have been developed mathematically, are designated as projections
− State that the following kind of projection surfaces are used:
− Plane
− Cylindrical
− Conical
− State that, depending on the position of the rotational axis of the cone or cylinder in relation to the earth's
axis, we obtain the following projections:
− Normal projection
− Transverse projection
− Oblique projection
− Describe the type of projection surface in each of the following :
− Mercator
− Lambert conformal
− Name the origin of each of the projections (Mercator (direct) and Lambert;)
− Define the scale of a chart
− Use the scale of a chart to calculate particular distances
Use a calculator
− Describe how scale varies on an aeronautical chart
− Define the following terms:
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-16
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Standard Parallel
− Constant of the cone/Convergence factor
− Parallel of origin
− Define and determine chart convergence
061 03 02 00
The representation of meridians, parallel, great circles and rhumb lines
− On all charts in the syllabus
− Describe the appearance of parallels of latitude and meridians
− Describe the appearance of great circles and rhumb lines
− Calculate, in the polar-stereographic chart, the radius of a parallel of latitude given the chart scale
− Calculate the angle, on the chart, between a great circle and a straight line between two given positions
(Mercator and Lambert's.)
Use a calculator
− Resolve simple geometrical relationships on any chart in the syllabus
061 03 03 00
The use of current aeronautical charts
− Enter positions on a chart using geographical co-ordinates or range and bearing
− Derive co-ordinates of position
Use protractor,
compasses/dividers
Ruler
− Derive true track angles and distances
− Resolve bearings of a NDB for plotting on an aeronautical chart
− Resolve radials of a VOR for plotting on an aeronautical chart
− Plot DME ranges on an aeronautical chart
− Find all the information for the flight and flight planning on the following Charts:
− ICAO topographical map
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-17
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− VFR Chart
− Crossing Chart
− Radio facility Chart
− Terminal Area Chart
− Standard Instrument Arrival Chart (STAR)
− Standard Instrument Departure Chart (SID)
− Instrument Approach and Landing Chart
− Aerodrome Chart
− Aerodrome Obstruction Chart
− Describe the methods used to provide information on chart scale. Use the chart scales stated and be
aware of the limitations of a stated scale for each projection
− Describe methods of representing relief and demonstrate the ability to interpret the relevant relief data
− Interpret the most commonly used conventional signs and symbols
061 04 00 00
DEAD RECKONING NAVIGATION (DR)
061 04 01 00
Basics of dead reckoning
− Explain the difference between speed and velocity
− Explain the concept of vectors including adding together or splitting in two directions
− Introduce Triangle of Velocities, e.g. TAS/Hdg, W/V, Trk (Crs)/GS and Drift
− Derivation of TAS from IAS/RAS
− Definition and derivation of Mach number
− Revise directional datums for Hdg, Trk (Crs) and W/V, e.g. True, Magnetic and Grid
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-18
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Determination of ETA from distance and GS
− Define DR position versus the Fix
− Demonstrate use of DR track plot to construct DR position
061 04 02 00
Use of the navigational computer
− Calculation of speed/time/distance
− Calculation of fuel consumption
− Conversion of distances
− Conversions of volumes and weights including use of specific (relative) gravity
− Calculation of air speed including IAS, EAS, CAS/RAS, TAS and Mach No. (both on navigation computer
and Mental DR)
− Application of drift to give Heading or Track (Course).
061 04 03 00
The Triangle of velocities, methods of solution for the determination of:
− Heading
− Ground Speed
− Wind Velocity including multi-drift method
− Track (Course)
W/V also mentioned in
− Drift angle
previous section
− Head/Tail/Cross wind component
061 04 04 00
List elements required for establishing DR position
− Describe the role and purpose of DR navigation
− Illustrate mental DR techniques used to:
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-19
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Calculate head /tailwind component
Given appropriate input
− Calculate Wind Correction Angle (WCA)
Given appropriate input
− Revise ETA’s
− Describe course of action when lost:
− Calculate average heading and TAS
− Calculate average wind velocity vector
− Calculate estimated ground position
− Illustrate DR position graphically and by means of DR computer:
Given appropriate input
− Find true heading and ground speed
Given TT, TAS and W/V
− Find true track and ground speed
Given TH, TAS and W/V
− Find wind velocity vector
− Compare the validity of wind triangle vectors
− Apply track (course), heading and wind symbols correctly.
− Discuss the factors that affect the accuracy of a DR position
061 04 05 00
Calculate DR elements
− Calculate attitude
− Calculate True Altitude given indicated altitude, elevation, temperature and pressure inputs
Using a DR computer
− Calculate indicated altitude given true altitude, elevation, temperature and pressure inputs
− Calculate density altitude
Using a DR computer
− Define and explain QFE, QNH and Pressure Altitude
− Calculate height on a given glide path
Issue 1: Jan 2003
Given relevant data
061-GN-20
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Calculate distance to touchdown
− Explain temperature
− Explain the expression ram-air/Total Air Temperature (TAT).
− Explain the term ‘ram-rise’
− Explain the term ‘recovery coefficient’
− Compare the use of OAT and TAT in airspeed calculations
− Calculate airspeed
− Explain the relationship between IAS-CAS-EAS and TAS
− Calculate CAS for a given value of TAS or Mach No.
− Calculate TAS by means of DR computer and given IAS or CAS, with various temperature and
pressure inputs
061 04 06 00
Given appropriate input
− Calculate TAS and GS for use in DR navigation
Given appropriate input
− Calculate Mach No.
Given appropriate input
Construct DR position on Mercator and Lambert Charts
− Solve practical DR navigation problems on any of the above charts
061 04 07 00
Using a computer
Given appropriate input and
relevant chart
Name range specifics of maximum range and radius of action
− State that the maximum range is the distance that can be flown with the usable fuel, a given speed and
meteorological condition
− Calculate maximum range of the aircraft
Given fuel, characteristic
speed table and
− Define radius of action
Meteorology
− Calculate radius of action, returning to point of departure with all reserves intact, under prevailing wind
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-21
Given appropriate input
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
conditions
− Define point-of-safe-return, name importance and use
− Calculate point-of-safe-return, returning to point of departure, with specified reserves intact under
prevailing wind conditions
− Define point-of-equal-time
− Calculate point-of-equal-time between the point of departure and the destination
061 04 08 00
Miscellaneous DR uncertainties and practical means of correction
− Describe the concept of ‘Circle of Error’
− List the factors that will affect the dimensions of that circle
− Discuss practical methods of compensating these factors
061 05 00 00
IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION
061 05 01 00
Use of visual observations and application to in-flight navigation
− Describe what is meant by the term ‘map reading’
− Define the term ‘visual check points’
− Discuss the general features of a visual checkpoint and give examples
− State that the flight performance and navigation can be refined by evaluating the differences between
DR positions and actual positions
− Establish fixes on navigational charts by plotting visually derived intersecting lines of position
− Describe the use of a single observed position line to check flight progress
− Describe how to prepare and align a map /chart for use in visual navigation
− Describe visual navigation techniques including:
− Use of DR position to locate identifiable landmarks
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-22
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Identification of charted features/ landmarks
− Factors affecting the selection of landmarks
− An understanding of seasonal and meteorological effects on the appearance and visibility
of landmarks
− Selection of suitable landmarks
− Estimation of distance from landmarks from successive bearings
− Estimation of the distance from a landmark using an approximation of the sighting angle and the
flight altitude
− Describe the action to be taken., if there is no check point available at a scheduled turning point
− State the function of contour lines on a topographical chart
− Indicate the role of ’layer tinting’ (colour Gradient) in relation to the depiction of topography on a chart
− Determine, within the lines of the contour intervals, the elevation of points and the angle of slope from
the chart
− Using the contours shown on a chart, describe the appearance of a significant feature
− Understand the difficulties and limitations that may be encountered in map reading in some
geographical areas due to nature of terrain, lack of distinctive landmarks or lack of detailed and accurate
charted data
− Understand that map reading in high latitudes can be considerably more difficult than map reading in
lower latitudes since the nature of the terrain is drastically different, charts are less detailed and less
precise, and seasonal changes may alter the terrain appearance or hide it completely from view
− Understand that in areas of snow and ice from horizon to horizon and where the sky is covered with a
uniform layer of clouds so that no shadows are cast, the horizon disappears, causing earth and sky to
blend
− Understand that since there is a complete lack of contrast in a "white-out", distance and height above
ground distance and height above ground are virtually impossible to estimate
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-23
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
061 05 02 00
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
Navigation in climb and descent
− Evaluate the mean TAS for climb or descent.
− Evaluate the mean W/V for the climb or descent
− Formulate the general term to calculate the distance covered during climb or descent
− Calculate the average ground speed based on average true airspeed, average wind and average course Use a graphical computer or
as experienced during the climb or descent
rule of thumb method
− Find the climb and descent time using an appropriate formula
− Find climb/descent gradients by means of an appropriate formula
− Evaluate rate of climb/ descent (required to achieve a stated gradient) using an appropriate formula
− State the rule of thumb formula for finding the rate of climb or rate of descent for a standard 3° slope
− Discuss the need to accurately determine the position of the aircraft before commencing descent
061 05 03 00
Navigation in Cruising Flight, Use of Fixes to Revise Navigation Data
− Establish a position line (PL) from radio aids including NDB, VOR and DME
− Plot a PL taking into consideration factors such as convergence and different North references
− Establish fixes on navigational charts by plotting two or more intersecting positions lines (PL)
− Adjust PL’s for the motion of aircraft between the observations, considering known accuracy of ground
speed and course (along and across track PL’s).
− Establish the aircraft's position by a series of bearings on the same beacon (running fix)
− Discuss the most probable fix established on multiple PL’s allowing for the geometry of intersection
angles
− Calculate the track angle error (TKE), given course from A to B and an off-course fix, utilising the 1 in 60
− Calculate the average drift angle based upon an off-course fix observation
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-24
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Calculate the average ground speed based on two observed fixes
Use graphical computer, e.g.
− Calculate average wind speed and direction based on two observed fixes
Aviat/CRP5
− Plot the wind vector by means of two or more track lines experienced on different headings
Graphical solution on the
− Calculate the heading change at an off-course fix to directly reach the next check point/destination using
the 1 in 60 Rule
Aviat/CRP5
− Calculate ETA revisions based upon observed fixes and revised ground speed
061 05 04 00
Flight Log
− Enter revised navigational en-route data, for the legs concerned, into the flight log. (e.g. updated wind
and ground speed and correspondingly losses or gains in time and fuel consumption).
− Enter, in the progress of flight, at each checkpoint or turning point, the "actual time over" and the
"estimated time over" for the next checkpoint into the flight log.
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-GN-25
Given a sample navigation
mission
CJAA Licensing Division
062
RADIO NAVIGATION
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
062 00 00 00
RADIO NAVIGATION
062 01 00 00
RADIO AIDS
062 01 01 00
Ground Direction Finder D/F (including classification of bearings)
REMARKS
− Principles
− Describe the role of a Ground Direction Finder
− Explain why the services provided are subdivided as
− VHF direction finding
− Describe, in general terms, the propagation path of VHF/UHF signals with respect to the
ionosphere and the Earth’s surface.
− Describe the principle of operation of the VDF in the following general terms
− radio waves emitted by the radio telephony (R/T) equipment of the aircraft
− directional antenna.
− determination of direction of incidence of the incoming signal
− Indicator
− Recognise the Adcock antenna with its vertical dipoles
− Presentation and Interpretation
− Describe the common types of bearing presentations on VDU and radar display.
− Define the terms QDM; QDR; QTE;
− Explain how, using more than one ground DF station, the position of an aircraft can be determined
and transmitted to the pilot.
− Coverage and Range
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-2
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Calculate the line of sight range (quasi optical visual range)
− Errors and Accuracy
− State the classification of bearings .
− Factors affecting Range and Accuracy
− Explain that the range is affected by gradients of temperature and humidity
− Differentiate between the phenomena ‘super refraction’ and ‘sub refraction’
− Explain how intervening terrain can restrict the range
− Explain why synchronous transmissions will cause errors
− Describe the effect of multipath signals
062 01 02 00
ADF (incl. NDB’s and Use of RMI)
− Principles
− Name the approved frequency band assigned to aeronautical NDB's (190 - 1750 kHz)
− Recognise typical antenna arrangements for ground station (NDB) and aircraft (ADF)
− Explain the difference between NDB and locator beacons
− State which beacons transmit input signals suitable for use by the ADF
− Define the abbreviation ‘NDB’
− Describe the use of NDBs for navigation
− Describe the use of locator beacons
− Interpret the term 'cone of silence' in respect of a NDB.
− State that the transmission power limits the ranges for locators, en-route NDBs and oceanic
NDBs.
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-3
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Explain why it is necessary to use a directionally sensitive receiver antenna system in order to
obtain the direction of the incoming radio wave
− Presentation and interpretation
− Name the types of indicator in common use and state the indications given on the :
− radio magnetic indicator
− fixed card indicator/ radio compass
− Describe and sketch the presentation on the following ADF indicators:
− radio magnetic indicator (RMI) and
− fixed card indicator/ radio compass
− Describe the procedure for obtaining an ADF bearing including the following :
− switch on instrument (on ADF),
− scan frequency,
− regulate volume,
− receive and identify the NDB,
−
read bearing.
− State the function of the BFO (tone generator) switch.
− Calculate the compass bearing from compass heading and relative bearing.
− Convert compass bearing into magnetic bearing and true bearing.
− Describe how to fly the following in-flight ADF procedures (in accordance with DOC 8168 Vol.I) :
− homing
− tracking
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-4
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− interceptions
− procedure turns
− holding patterns
− Coverage and range
− Describe the influence of the transmission power on the range.
− Differentiate between NDB range over land and over the sea
− Identify the ranges of locators, en-route NDB’s and Oceanic NDB’s
− Describe the propagation path of NDB radio waves with respect to the ionosphere and the Earth’s
surface
− Errors and Accuracy
− Define quadrantal error and identify its cause
− State that compensation for this error is effected during the installation of the antenna.
− Explain the cause of the dip error due to the bank angle of the aeroplane
− Define the bearing accuracy as ± 6°
− Factors affecting range and accuracy
− Indicate the causes and/or effects of the following factors
− multipath propagation of the radio wave (mountain effect)
− the influence of skywaves (night effect)
− the shore line (coastal refraction) effect
− atmospheric disturbances (static and lightning)
− interference from other beacons.
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-5
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
062 01 03 00
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
CVOR and DVOR (incl. use of RMI)
− Principles
− Name the frequency-band and frequencies used for VOR
− Interpret the tasks of the following types of VOR:
− En-route VOR
− conventional VOR (CVOR)
− Doppler VOR (DVOR)
− Terminal VOR (TVOR)
− Test VOR (VOT)
− Define a VOR radial
− Recognise antenna arrangements for ground facilities and for aircraft
− Describe the effect of rough terrain in the immediate vicinity of the transmitter.
− Explain the principle of operation of the VOR using the following general terms:
− reference phase
− variable phase
− phase difference
− Explain the use of the Doppler effect in a Doppler VOR
− Describe the identification of a VOR in terms of Morse-code letters, continuous tone or
dots(VOT), tone pitch, repetition rate and additional plain text
− Describe how ATIS information is transmitted via VOR frequencies
− Name the three main components of VOR airborne equipment
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-6
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Identify a VOR from the chart by chart symbol and/or frequency
− Presentation and Interpretation
− Read off the radial from the Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
− Read off the angular displacement, in relation to a pre-selected radial, from the HSI or CDI
− Explain the use of the TO/FROM indicator to determine the aircraft position relative to the VOR
considering also the heading of the aircraft
− Interpret given VOR information as displayed on HSI, CDI and RMI.
− Describe the following in-flight VOR procedures (in accordance with DOC 8168 Vol. 1) :
− homing
− tracking
− interceptions
− procedure turns
− holding patterns
− Enter a radial on a navigation chart, taking into account the variation at the transmitter location
− Coverage and Range
− Describe the range with respect to the transmitting power and the quasi-optical range in NM
− Calculate the range in NM
− Explain the sector limitations in respect of topography-related reflections
− Errors and Accuracy
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-7
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Describe the use of a test VOR for checking VOR indicators in an aircraft
− Describe the signals emitted by the test VOR with respect to reference phase, variable phase and
transmitted radial.
− Identify the permissible signal tolerance
− State the 95% accuracy of the VOR bearing information is within + 5°
− Factors affecting Range and Accuracy
− Explain why the Doppler VOR is more accurate than the conventional VOR
− Illustrate the effects of bending and scalloping of radials.
062 01 04 00
DME (distance measuring equipment)
− Principles
− Identify the frequency band
− Illustrate the use of X and Y channels.
− State that a DME facility is integrated with the military TACAN
− Describe the tuning of the DME frequency by the pilot
− Describe the navigation value of the slant range measured by the DME
− Illustrate the circular line of position with the transmitter as its centre
− Describe, in the case of co-location, the frequency pairing and identification procedure
− Recognise DME antennas on aircraft and on the ground
− Identify a DME station on a chart by the chart symbol
− Describe how the pairing of VHF and UHF frequencies (e.g. VOR/DME) enables selection of two
items of navigation information (distance and direction, rho-theta) with one frequency setting
− Explain the combination of transmitter/receiver in the aeroplane (interrogator) and on the ground
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-8
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
(transponder)
− Explain why airborne and ground equipment use different frequencies
− Describe the principle of distance determination using DME in terms of:
− pair of pulses;
− fixed frequency division of 63 MHz,
− the propagation delay and
− the 50 microseconds delay time
− irregular transmission sequence
− search mode
− tracking mode
− Differentiate between Search, Tracking and Memory modes
− Explain how the combination of a DME distance with a VOR radial allows the aircraft’s position to
be determined
− Presentation and Interpretation
− Describe the identification (time sequence and frequencies) in the case of co-location with a VOR.
− Describe the probable indications when in each mode of operation.
− Interpret the direct distance (slant range) which is displayed in nautical miles.
− Explain why DME indicators display distances up to a maximum of approx. 300 NM.
− Calculate the slant range correction
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-9
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Describe the use of DME to fly a DME arc (in accordance with Doc 8168 Vol. I).
− Coverage and Range
− Explain why a ground station can generally respond to a maximum of 100 aircraft. Identify which
aircraft will be denied first, when more than the maximum number of interrogations is made.
− Illustrate how the DME transponder processes more than 2700 interrogations in the DME's
reception area. State how this affects the strongest signals and the closest aircraft units.
− Describe how the range is related to the transmitter power and the quasi-optical range in NM.
− Calculate the range in NM
− Errors and Accuracy
− Interpret the 95% accuracy as stated in ICAO annex 10
According to ICAO Annex
10 Vol. I par 3.5.3
− Factors affecting Range and Accuracy
− Interpret the relationship between the number of users, the gain of the receiver and the range.
− State the maximum number of aircraft that can be handled by a DME transponder. Explain what
limits this value.
− Illustrate the effect of bank angle hiding the antenna from the transponder on the surface, taking
into consideration the time limits of the memory circuit.
− Explain the role of the Echo Protection Circuit in respect of reflections from the earth’s surface,
buildings or mountainous terrain
062 02 00 00
BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES
062 02 04 00
SSR (secondary surveillance radar) and Transponder
− Principles
− Name the frequencies used for interrogation and response
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-10
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Identify the ground antenna
− Sketch the radiation pattern of a rotating slotted array which transmits a narrow beam in the
horizontal plane
− Explain, in general terms, how a side lobe suppressor avoids answers on interrogations via side
lobes
− Sketch the radiation pattern of the antenna of the aircraft which transmits omnidirectionally
− Define the terms: ‘interrogator’ (on the ground) and ‘transponder’ (in the aircraft)
− Explain that information from primary radar and secondary radar can be combined and that the
radar units may be co-sited.
− Explain the advantages of SSR over a primary radar
− Explain the following disadvantages of SSR:
− code garbling of aircraft less than 1.7 NM apart measured in the vertical plane perpendicular to
and from the antenna
− ‘fruiting’ which results from reception of replies caused by interrogations from other radar
stations
− Presentation and Interpretation
− Explain how an aircraft can be identified by a unique code
− Illustrate how the following information is presented on the radar screen:
− the pressure altitude
− the flight level
− the flight number or aircraft registration
− the ground speed
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-11
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Name and interpret the particular codes 7700, 7600 and 7500
− Describe how the antenna is shielded when the aircraft banks
− Interpret the selector modes: OFF, Stand by, ON (mode A), ALT (mode A and C) and TEST
− Explain the function of the emission of a SPI (Special Position Identification) pulse after pushing
the ident button in the aircraft
− Modes and Codes, including mode-S
− Explain the function of the three different modes:
− mode A
− mode C
− mode S
− Explain why a fixed 24 bits address code will avoid ambiguity of codes
− Explain the need for compatibility of mode S with mode A and C
− Interpret the terms: selective addressing, mode ‘all call’ or selective calling
− State the possibility of exchanging data via communication protocols
− Name the advantages of mode S over mode A and C
062 02 05 00
Use of Radar Observations and Application to In-flight Navigation
− Explain the need for radar observations of aircraft by Air Traffic Control
− State the two main functions of the ground radar used by the ATC (TCAS: 022 03 04 00)
062 06 05 00
Global Navigation Satellite Systems GNSS: GPS/ GLONASS
− State the basic differences between the NAVSTAR/GPS system (GPS) and the GLONASS system
regarding ellipsoid, time, satellite configuration, codes and frequencies
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-12
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Principles of System Operation
− State the four basic information elements supplied by GPS-Navstar.
− Explain why the measured distances are called pseudo ranges
− Explain why the minimum requirements, to establish the 3 spatial co-ordinates and a possible
error in the receiver clock, consist of the measured distances to 4 satellites and a dead
reckoning(DR) position.
− Describe the geometrical interpretation of the position fix using four spherical surfaces, with the
satellite being in each case located at the centre of the sphere involved
− Name the synchronous time system used in the satellites
− Describe the C/A, P and Y code and state the use of these codes
− Explain how pseudo range measurement is achieved using satellite signals
− State that the conversion of pseudo ranges is carried out, by means of transformation equations,
in order to obtain geodetic co-ordinates (ϕ, λ) and altitude over a reference ellipsoid.
− Basic GPS segments
− Control segment
− List the components of the control segment
− Describe the tasks of the Control segment
− Space segment
− Describe the satellite constellation concerning number of satellites, inclination of orbits, altitude
and orbital period
− State the different types of satellites
− Describe the types and amounts of clocks in the satellites and the way to obtain the exact GPS
time
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-13
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Identify the main task of the space segment
− User segment
− Identify the tasks of the User Segment
− Interpret the 3 categories of GPS receiver architecture: multi channel, multiplex and sequential
− State the meaning of the term “all in View”
− Explain why multi channel receivers are preferred for aviation
− State the current use of GPS
− Navigation performance
− Explain the following terms in relation to the horizontal 95% accuracy:
− Selective Availability (S/A)
− Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
− Precision Positioning Service (PPS)
− Explain the term integrity in relation to GPS receivers
− RAIM (receiver autonomous integrity monitoring)
− Integrity messages from earth stations or communication satellites
− State the availability of GPS
− Explain that the continuity is interrupted by switching to another satellite for the best GDOP
− State the applications of GPS
− Interpret the following Special Applications of GPS
− precise time measurement and time interval measurement
− altitude determination
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-14
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Define the following Future Applications of GPS
− Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS)
− Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B)
− Satellite Constellation and Geometric Dilution of Precision
− Define the following parameters relating to GPS orbital configuration:
− orbit semi-major axis
− satellite ground tracks up to 55°N/S
− orbit satellite phasing
− satellite visibility angle,
− mask angle
− satellite coverage
− Explain how the actual position of the satellite is found
− Illustrate the use of the (X, Y, Z) Earth Centred/ Earth Fixed co-ordinate system to define position
vectors
− Explain, in qualitative terms, how (x, y, z) co-ordinates can be transformed to co-ordinates (ϕ, λ ,
h) on the WGS-84 or on any other ellipsoid
− Indicate the influence of the following perturbation factors
− solar wind
− gravitation of sun, moon and planets
− Define the following terms:
− Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP)
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-15
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP)
− Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP)
− Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP)
− Time Dilution of Precision (TDOP)
− User Equivalent Range Error (UERE)
− Indicate the influence of elevation angle on dilution of precision
− Explain the influence of dilution of precision on navigational accuracy
− GPS Signals and Navigation Messages
− Name the desired GPS navigation signal properties and signal specifications
− Describe the GPS signals with reference to the following aspects:
− GPS frequencies
− signal characteristics: spread spectrum
− signal structure, pseudo-random noise P and C/A codes, navigation message
− Describe the level of the receiver Signal-to-Noise Ratio
− Describe the navigation message and list the data in the 5 different subframes
− Explain the relevance of ionospheric delays and indicate how their values are determined
− Illustrate the relationship between the satellites and the control segment in respect of signal
formation and transmission
− GPS Generic Receiver Description
− Name the basic elements of a GPS receiver
− Identify, and give reasons for, the optimum antenna location.
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-16
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Name the primary information supplied by a GPS receiver:
− Describe the presentation and interpretation of GPS data on a typical receiver type
− Interpret GPS data presented on a control display unit
− Name the requirements for GPS hardware and integration
− Name the number of receiver channels required for various applications
− Describe the cockpit equipment connected with GPS receivers
− Describe in general terms the signal processing
− Explain the 12.5 minutes to read the complete almanac with the parameters of all the satellites
To be specified by JARFCL
According JAA leaflet 3,
TSO C129a, DO208, FAA
AC’s
− In the algorithm to solve the position and receiver clock error from the pseudo range
measurements, name the four unknown parameters.
− Explain the following terms (in connection with the applications and the navigation algorithms)
− pseudo-range
− Doppler shift
− phase angle
− Explain why, for accelerated satellite selection after a long suspension of use or a change in
position,
− approximate position, time and date should be entered to shorten the search of the sky
− time to first fix may take up to 15 minutes
− Describe the operation after a short suspension
− Define the term ‘Time to First Fix’
− Signal Perturbations and Errors
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-17
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Describe the method of Selective Availability (S/A) as used in the GPS system
− State the intended aim of S/A
− Name the errors produced in the receiver
− Name the cause and the behaviour of ephemeris errors
− Name the errors produced in the troposphere and in the ionosphere in relation to the elevation and
mask angle
− Indicate the influence of multipath propagation of GPS signals on navigational accuracy
− Interpret the two methods used for the mitigation of multipath effects:
− special antenna design
− design of software in the receiver
− Explain the effect of masking of satellites
− Name the influence of satellite clock errors on the accuracy of GPS navigation
− State possible interference sources for, and their effects on, a GPS C/A receiver
− Differential GPS and Integrity Monitoring
− Explain the elementary principle of Differential GPS
− Name the major categories of Differential GPS
− Explain why, for Differential GPS, a ground-based reference station is required in order to obtain
differential corrections
− Name the method of error correction used in DGPS (data message, data links)
− State which errors can not be diminished by DGPS
− Describe the characteristics of local area differential GPS (LADGPS) with reference to :
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-18
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− differential corrections
− integrity messages
− reference station in the vicinity of e.g. an aerodrome
− communication direct from ref. station to aircraft
− Describe the characteristics of wide area differential GPS (WADGPS) with reference to :
− differential corrections
− integrity messages
− more than one reference station in a nation or continent
− communication from ref. stations via co-ordination centre to aircraft
− Describe the characteristics of local area Augmentation system (LAAS) with reference to :
− differential corrections
− integrity messages
− reference station in the vicinity of e.g. an aerodrome
− communication direct from ref. station to aircraft
− pseudolite(s) to improve the dilution of precision (DOP)
− Describe the characteristics of Wide Area Augmentation (WAAS) with reference to :
− differential corrections depending on lat./ long co-ordinates
− integrity messages
− reference stations in a wide area
− communication from co-ordination centre station via INMARSAT satellites to aircraft
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-19
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− INMARSAT satellites with nav. channel
− Describe the characteristics of European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS)
including reference to :
− integrity messages
− reference stations in the whole of Europe
− communication from co-ordination centre station via INMARSAT satellite to aircraft
− two INMARSAT satellites, Atlantic Ocean Region East and Indian Ocean Region, with nav.
channel
− Pseudolites
− Describe the principle of the use of pseudolites
− Name the data given by an integrated DGPS/Pseudolite installation:
− Indicate the required aircraft antenna locations for GPS and for a pseudolite
− Define ‘Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring’ (RAIM)
− State the minimum number of satellites necessary to perform RAIM
− State the use of the failure detection and exclusion algorithm of RAIM
− Integrated Navigation Systems using GPS
− Define the term Multisensor System
− GPS and INS Integration
− State the advantages of GPS/INS integration with respect to redundancy and short and long term
stability
− Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) Availability for GPS Augmented with Barometric
Altimeter Aiding and Clock Coasting
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-20
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
− Identify the possible extension of the use of RAIM to include barometric altimeter aiding and clock
coasting
− Combination of GPS and GLONASS
− Explain the requirements of Civil Aviation with respect to the combined use of GPS and GLONASS
− GPS Navigation Applications
− GPS Applications for Air Traffic Control
− Interpret the application of GPS within the context of air traffic control for
− oceanic control
− enroute control
− basic area navigation (cf. JAA Leaflet 2)
− terminal control
− non-precision approaches
− precision approaches
− surveillance
− Name the required augmentations relating to the use of GPS for precision approaches
− GPS Applications in Civil Aviation
− Interpret the requirements for the use of GPS in Civil Aviation with respect to
− dynamics
− functionality: GPS position integrated with Inertial positions presented on a (EFIS) screen
− accuracy:
en-route GPS,
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-21
CJAA Licensing Division
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE (A)
(NAVIGATION)
JAR-FCL
REF NO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
REMARKS
non precision approaches: DGPS, WADGPS or WAAS
precision approaches LAAS and phase measuring
− availability
− reliability
− integrity by differential stations
− The following are to be described by LO’s at a future date when the system architecture has been
clarified and the use of GPS for automatic landings is accepted:
− Automatic Approach and Landing with GPS
− Precision Landing of Aircraft using Integrity Beacons
− Future Implementations
Issue 1: Jan 2003
061-RN-22
CJAA Licensing Division