Unit 5
Electronic Structure and the PT
AP Chemistry Problem Set
Screencast 5-7
40. The following questions pertain to the element potassium.
a. Write the equation for the first ionization of potassium
b. Draw the shell model that represents the potassium atom
c. Identify the electron that has the lowest ionization energy in the shell model you
drew.
d. Use coulomb’s Law to explain why this electron has the lowest ionization energy.
e. Use the “shielding effect” to explain why this electron has the lowest ionization
energy.
Unit 5
Electronic Structure and the PT
AP Chemistry Problem Set
41. Why is the first ionization energy for lithium less than that of neon? Discuss both atoms in
your response.
42. The following questions pertain to the element aluminum.
a. Draw a photoelectron spectrum for aluminum, which includes all of the peaks but does
not include exact ionization energies.
b. Label each peak with the numbers and letters that indicate its associated shell and
subshell.
c. Indicate the number of electrons that are contained within each sublevel on you
photoelectron spectrum for aluminum.
Unit 5
Electronic Structure and the PT
AP Chemistry Problem Set
d. Which subshell contains the electron with the lowest ionization energy?
43. The following questions pertain to the photoelectronic spectrum below.
a. Identify the element that produced the above spectrum.
b. Label each peak with the numbers and letters that are contained within each sublevel
on the photoelectron spectrum.
c. Indicate the number of electrons that are contained within each sublevel on you
photoelectron spectrum.]
d. Which subshell contains the highest energy electron(s)? Justify your answer
e. Which subshell contains the lowest energy electron(s)? Justify your answer.
Unit 5
Electronic Structure and the PT
AP Chemistry Problem Set
44. Photoelectron spectrometry (PES) data indicates that the ionization energy for an electron
in the 2s orbital of calcium is 42.7 MJ/mol and the ionization energy for an electron in the
3s orbital of calcium is only 4.65 MJ/mol. Provide an explanation that accounts for this
data.
45. For each of the following sets of atoms, decide which has the highest and lowest ionization
energies and why.
a. Mg, Si, S
b. Mg, Ca, Ba
c. F, Cl, Br
d. Ba, Cu, Ne
46. Fill in the orbital diagram for each of these atoms:
N
__ __ __ __ __
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
O
__ __ __ __ __
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
How do the electrons being removed differ from each other?
Unit 5
Electronic Structure and the PT
AP Chemistry Problem Set
47. Choose the orbital in which an electron would experience the highest Zeff, effective
nuclear charge (least shielded), and the highest first ionization energy.
Na (3s)
Mg (3s)
Al (3p)
P (3p)
S (3p)
48. Match the following electron configurations with the appropriate ionization energies (I).
a) 1s 2s 3p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s
i) 1356 kJ/mol
b) 1s 2s 3p 3s 3p 4s
ii) 595 kJ/mol
c) 1s 2s 3p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
iii) 409 kJ/mol
49. Which of the following would have the largest first ionization energy?
Na
K
Li
Cs
50. Shown below are the ionization energies for three elements in the third
period. Label each box with the correct element:
I1
I2
I3
496
737
578
4560
1451
1816
6912
7733
2744
I4
9543
10,540
11,577
Unit 5
Electronic Structure and the PT
AP Chemistry Problem Set
51. Which of the following has the largest I2? (Transition metals lose their s electrons before
the d electrons)
K
Ca
Sc
Fe
52. Which species of each pair has the higher ionization energy?
a) Mg or Mg2+
b) O or O2c) K+ or Cld) P3- or S2-