University of Groningen
Using ILP to learn local linguistic structures
Konstantopoulos, Stasinos Themistokleous
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Publication date:
2003
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Konstantopoulos, S. T. (2003). Using ILP to learn local linguistic structures s.n.
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Download date: 17-06-2017
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