Status, priorities and needs for sustainable soil management in

STATUS, PRIORITIES AND NEEDS FOR SUSTAINABLE
SOIL MANAGEMENT IN SUDAN
AbdelMagid Ali ElMobarak
Land and Water Research Centre,
ARC, Wad Medani
Medani,,
Sudan
Workshop on Global Soil Partnership in East and Southern Africa
25--27 March 2013
25
Nairobi--Kenya
Nairobi
The Soils of The Sudan
• 1‐ Introduction
– Sudan is one of the largest African countries.
– It covers about 13 degrees latitudes crossing a range of climatic zones from dry monsoon to bare desert.
– The soils reflect the climatic diversity and the local conditions.
conditions
– The soils are very fine to course and shallow to very deep.
Climatic Zones of Sudan
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
D1.1 Desert,summer rain, warm winter
D1 2 Desert,summer
D1.2
Desert summer rain,cool
rain cool winter
D2 Desert, winter rain
D3.Semi-desert
D3.2 Semi-desert, cool winter
D4 Semi-desert,
Semi-desert winter rain
A1.1 Arid, summer rain, warm winter
1.2 Arid, cool winter
A2 Arid, winter rain
A3 Arid,, no marked seasons
S1.1 Semi-arid, summer rain, warm winter
S1.2 Semi-arid, summer rain, cool winter
M1.1 Dry monsoon, long dry season.
M1.2 Dry monsoon, cool winter.
M2 Dry monsoon, medium dry season
H1 Highland, short wet, warm summer
H2 Highland, medium wet.
–
Kevie, W.V (1976)
2‐ 1 DESERT CLIMATE:
North of Khartoum, with low rainfall and very scanty vegetation.
• 2‐1‐‐1 Desert Soils
– In the north western desert, the soils are mainly Aridisols, flat, formed insitu, coarse textured, with weakly developed diagnostic horizons.In the eastern desert the soils are Aridisols with coarse texture, active wind erosion, isolated inselbergs, no detailed studies were made.
• 2‐1‐2 Riverain Soils
– According to age and topography, divided into:
– Recent, middle and old (high ) terraces.
– Recent Terrace Soils
• Recent alluvial deposits, dark gray, medium texture, platy structure, mildly alkaline, non‐saline, non‐sodic, belongs to Entisols order.
– Basins Soils
• Low
Low lying, formed in old channels, deep, moderately permeable, heavy texture, lying formed in old channels deep moderately permeable heavy texture
salinity and sodicity increases with depth, most of the middle terrace soils lie in the this group, they are mainly Aridisols and Vertisols.
– Old Terrace Soils
• Old soils,deep, salts seen on surface, saline sodic, Aridisols.
– Other soils are Tokar delta soils with varying textures from fine, medium to coarse.
2‐2 ARID ZONE CLIMATE:‐
•
•
•
•
High temperature in summer.
g
p
Rainfall ranging from 225‐400mm.
Sparse acacia trees ad grasses.
The soils of this zone are of diverse nature and parent materials:‐
–
–
–
–
Nubian sandstone.
Nubian
sandstone
Marine deposits of the White Nile.
Gezira Clayey deposits.
Basement complex.
• 2‐2‐1 N. Kordofan, N. Darfor and White Nile Goz:‐
,
– Formed from aeolian deposits of the Nubian sandstone, they are deep, fine to coarse textured soils, with yellowish red colour.
• 2‐2‐2 soils of the White Nile
2 2 2 soils of the White Nile
– They are the weathering product of :
• African Plateau.
• Occasionally flooded plains.
• The high flood plains.
•
Active flood plain:
– This group occupy low lying sites, flooded annually, slowly permeable, free of soluble salts and sodium.
•
Occasionally flooded high plains:
– Flooded at high years of floods, cracking clay soils, moderately permeable, moderate to slightly sodic, contains gypsum in lower horizons.
•
The high flood plains:
– Areas between 382‐386m asl, cracking clays, poorly drained, alkaline, south Gebelain.
– North of Kosti, none to slightly cracking, cemented with aeolian sands, saline sodic soils.
di
il
• 2‐2‐3 Gezira clayy p
plain: Alluvial deposits originating from the p
g
g
Ethiopian highlands, they are broad flat clay plains, high CEC, high clay %, high buffering capacity, low N, OM and Avail.P.
• 2‐2‐4 Butana Clay Plain:
2 2 4B t
Cl Pl i
– Formed insitu from the basement complex and filled in by colluviated materials from the surrounding hills.
• 2‐2‐5 Gash Delta
– Recent alluvial deposits from the igneous rocks of the basement complex, divided physiographicaly and texture wise to:
• Medium
Medium textured soils, permeable, free of soluble salts, belongs to textured soils, permeable, free of soluble salts, belongs to
Entisols.
• Fine textured soils, wide cracks, similar to the clays of the central clay plain, but less saline and contains less gypsum and CaCO3 , falling into the Vertisols order.
2‐3 SEMI‐ARID CLIMATE
• Hot summer and warm winter
• Rainfall 400‐ 750 mm.
• Savannah trees and long grasses.
• 2‐3‐1 Dinder‐Kenana Plains:
– All
Alluvial deposits of the Blue Nile, formed from the weathering of the i ld
i f h Bl Nil f
df
h
h i
f h
basement complex.
– Heavy texture soils, with very high clay content, deep, widely cracking, calcareous, non‐saline and non‐sodic.
l
li
d
di
• 2‐3‐2 Gedarif‐Gallabat:
– Formed insitu, deep, cracking clays, with inclusions of Azaza( red sealed surface soils) Alfisols.
• 2‐3‐3 Nuba Mountains:
– Large granitic hills intersected by wide clay plains formed either insitu, by water or colluviated materials from the surrounding hills. The soils are deep cracking clays, free of salts, neutral to acidic.
– Gardud soils( Alfisols) are found in this region, they are red colour soils and free of slats.
• 2‐3‐4 The Soils of South Darfor
– Ragaba soils formed by meandering channels mixture of clays and non‐cracking light texture soils.
– Naqa
Naqa’a
a heavy or medium texture soils( physiography)
heavy or medium texture soils( physiography) sealed sealed
surface, salt free.
– Baggara Repeating PatternTwo or more soil types(clays and naqa’a) in a continuous repeated pattern They are affected by water and wind
in a continuous repeated pattern. They are affected by water and wind erosion.
2‐5 HIGHLANDS CLIMATE
• Jebel Merra and Red Sea hills.
– Intersected by valleys and water courses with shallow soils ( lithic).
– Volcanic ash soils of Jebel Merra.
•
Soil properties of Arid Zone
Landform
Soil name
:
Weighted
g
average
g for 0 – 30 cm depth
p
Weighted
g
average
g for 0 – 100 cm depth
p
pH
paste
0.C
%
N
%
CEC
cmol/ kg
K
cmol/ kg
E.C dS/m
ESP%
CaCo3
%
Clay
%
0.072
0.015
35
2.50
6.9
07
2.9
31
0.097
32
0.70
2.1
20
1.6
33
Desert and semi–
desert plains
Dammer
8.3
Atbara
8.3
Ridges
Keli
8.0
0.090
0.022
33
0.90
9.2
03
2.5
28
Hasayia
y
7.6
0.036
0.016
14
0.77
0.3
02
0.2
23
Abu Gudin
7.6
0.079
0.210
06
0.52
0.4
03
0.2
11
Wadi Khowi
8.6
0.406
0.024
43
0.57
2.9
30
4.3
14
Hudiba
8.4
0.132
0.020
28
0.73
40
76
3.1
30
Merowe
8.0
0.620
0.034
48
0.73
0.6
02
1.4
54
Karima
7.7
0.420
0.046
37
1.10
0.5
01
0.3
28
Burur
7.4
0.970
0.200
54
0.23
81
-
0.8
33
ERS02
8.0
0.244
0.021
48
0.43
5.1
05
0.7
39
Toker
7.8
0.200
0.042
09
0.30
1.3
01
0.1
04
Digain
8.0
0.412
0.045
24
0.40
0.7
01
0.4
29
Remitab
8.1
0.362
0.040
50
0.75
2.6
20
4.4
54
U Takal
Um
T k l
82
8.2
0 970
0.970
0 048
0.048
50
0 20
0.20
35
3.5
42
48
4.8
62
Gadambaliya
7.5
0.640
0.041
75
0.50
0.3
03
0.3
68
Ditto
7.3
0.170
0.011
02
0.23
0.2
03
0.6
0.5
Salama
7.7
0.101
0.009
06
0.45
1.1
00
1.1
07
Wadies
Riverain
Red sea region
Deltas
Arid clay plain
Sand sheets and
dunes
•
Soil Classification of Arid Zone
Landform
Soil name
U S Soil Taxonomy 1999
U.S.
Order
Great group
Family
Aridisols
Typic Haplocambids
Fine loamy, mixed, superactive,hyperthemic.
Desert and semi–
desert
plains
Dammer
Atbara
Vertic Haplocambids
Fine, semectitic, hyperthremic,
Ridges
Kelli
Typic Haplargids
Fine loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic
Hasayia
Typic Haplocambids
Loamy skeletal, mixed,hyperthermic
Abu Gudian
Typic Haplocambids
Coarse loamy, mixed, active, hyperthermic
Wadi Khowi
Sodic Haplocambids
Coarse loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic
Hudiba
Typic Haplosalids
Fine loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic
Wadies
Riverain
Red sea region
Merowe
Vertisols
Chromic Haplotorrerts
Fine, semectitic, hyperthermic
Karima
Entisoils
Typic Torrifluvents
Fine loamy,
loamy mixed,(calcareous),
mixed (calcareous) superactive,
superactive
hyperthermic
Burur
Aridisols
Typic Haplosalids
Coarse loamy, mixed, active, isohyperthermic
Typic Haplocambids
Fine, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic
Typic
i Torrifluvents
if
Sandy, mixed, superactive, isohyperthermic
Typic Torrifluvents
Fine loamy, mixed, superactive, isohyperthermic
ERS02
Deltas
Tokar
Entisols
i
Digain
Arid clay plain
Sand sheets and
dunes
Remitab
Vertisols
Sodic Haplusterts
Fine,semectitic,isohyperthermic
Um Takkal
Aridisols
Vertic Haplcambids
Fine,, semectitic,, isohyperthermic
yp
Gadambaliya
Vertisols
Ardic Haplusterts
Very fine, semectitic, isohyperthermic
Ditto
Entisols
Typic Torripsamments
Mixed, active, isohyperthermic
Typic Torripsamments
Mixed, superactive, hyperthermic
Salama
Desert and semi–desert
plains
Ridges
Wadies
Riverain
Red sea region
Deltas
Arid clay plain
Dammer
S3tsg
Topography, Salinity and surface gravels
Atbara
S2aef
Sodicity, erosion and fertility
Keli
S3dgs
Soil depth, gravels content and salinity
Hasayia
N1dtg
Soil depth, topography and gravels content
Abu Gudin
S3mef
Low moisture availability ,erosion and fertility
Wadi Khowi
S3sae
Salinity, sodicity and erosion
Hudiba
N1ase
Sodicity, salinity and erosion
Merowe
S2vf
Vertisolic characteristics and fertility
Karima
S1
-
Burur
N1swa
Salinity, wetness and sodicity
ERS02
S3dme
Soil depth, low moisture availability and erosion
Toker
S3mie
Low moisture availability, inundation and erosion
Digain
S2ief
Inundation, erosion and fertility
Remitab
S2va
Vertisolic characteristics and fertlity
Um Takal
S3vas
Vertisolic characteristics, sodicity and salinity
Gadambaliya
S2vf
Vertisolic characteristics and fertility
-
-
-
•
Soil properties of Semi ‐Arid Zone Landform
Soil name
Weighted average for 0 – 30 cm depth
pH paste
0.C
%
N
%
Weighted average for 0 – 100 cm
depth
CEC
cmol/Kg
K
cmol/kg
E.C
dS/m
ESP%
CaCo3
%
Clay
%
83
0.66
0.3
3
0.6
82
Gedaref-Gallabat
ridges
Shueite
8.30
0.690
Dinder-Kenana
Di
d K
region
(Resdiual plain )
Di d
Dinder
7 30
7.30
0.82
820
0 050
0.050
88
0 60
0.60
02
0.2
3
12
1.2
79
Abel
8.30
0.740
0.060
82
0.96
0.6
21
3.8
72
Shamfur
6.6
0.905
0.050
21
0.13
0.1
0.0
0.4
65
White Nile region
Renk
7.6
0.920
0.049
79
0.56
0.3
1
1.7
75
Korfofan basin
W. Ghalla
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
K.Abu
Habil
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Goz 62
5.6
0.389
0.023
0.4
0.15
0.17
0.0
00
18
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Jabel Marra
•
Landform
Soil Classification of Sem ‐Arid Zone
i
Soil name
U.S. Soil Taxonomy 1999/1975
FAO/UNESCO
soil classification
1997
O d
Orders
G t group
Great
F il
Family
Vertisols
Typic Haplusterts
Very fine,
semectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutric Vertisols
Gedaref-Gallabat
ridges
Shueite
Dinder-Kenana
region
i
--- ---- ---- ---Residual plain
Dinder
Typic Haplusterts
Very fine,
semectitic,isohyperthermic
titi i h
th
i
Eutric Vertisols
Abel
Sodic Haplusterts
Very fine,
semectitic,isohyperthermic
Calcic Vertisols
Shamfur
Alfisols*
Plinthic Paleustalfs
Fine loamy, mixed,
isohyperthermic
Haplic Luvisols
White Nile region
Renk
Vertisols
Chromic Haplusterts
Very fine,
semectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutric Vertisols
Korfofan basin
W. Ghalla
-
-
-
-
K.abu
K
b
Habl
-
-
-
-
Goz 62
Entisols
Typic Ustipsamments
Mixed, isohyperthermic
Cambic
Arenosols
-
-
-
-
Jabel Marra
Ethiopian foothils
-
-
Gedaref-Gallabat
ridges
Shueite
S2vf
Vertisolic characteristics and fertility
Dinder-Kenana
region
Dinder
S2vf
Vertisolic characteristics and fertility
Abel
S2vf
Vertisolic characteristics and fertility
Shamfur
S2vf
Erosion, physical characteristics and fertility
White Nile region
Renk
S2vf
Vertisolic characteristics and fertility
Korfofan basin
W. Ghalla
-
-
K.Abu Habil
-
-
Goz 62
S3mef
Low moisture availability, erosion and fertility
-
-
-
(Resdiual plain)
Jabel Marra
• Soil properties of Dry Sub‐Humid Zone
Landform
Soil name
Weighted average for 0 – 30 cm depth
Weighted average for 0 – 100 cm depth
pH paste
0.C
%
N
%
CEC
cmol/k g
K
cmol/kg
E.C
dS/m
ESP%
CaCo3
%
Clay%
Undulating
piedmont
Soil unit 6
7.1
0.810
0.047
51
0.97
0.42
5
2.0
56
Flat clayy p
plain
Roseries
7.4
0.950
0.035
67
0.10
0.35
2.2
.
1.5
.5
76
Agdi
8.1
1.080
0.137
85
0.43
0.45
3
1.5
80
Bados
7.6
0.715
0.030
15
0.40
0.25
1
0.4
23
El Kadi
75
7.5
0 820
0.820
0 038
0.038
23
0 21
0.21
0 11
0.11
00
11
1.1
59
El Shair
4.8
0.870
0.047
48
0.73
0.13
19
0.0
42
Um Agaga
6.1
0.610
0.048
37
0.80
0.25
4
1.4
66
Um Harira
7.1
0.640
0.042
22
1.10
0.95
21/6
1.2
44
Bagara pattern
Fuda
5.3
0.468
0.040
10
0.20
0.09
01
00
21
Darfur erosion
plain
Naga'a 28
7.3
0.570
0.049
18
0.31
0.37
19
00
30
Nubian mountains
Ragaba pattern
•
Soil Classification of Dry Sub‐Humid Zone
Landform
Soil name
U.S. Soil Taxonomy 1999/1975
Order
Great group
Family
FAO/UNESCO
soil classification
1997
Undulating piedmont
Soil unit 6
Vertisols
Chromic Haplusterts
Fine, semectitic,isohyperthermic
EutricVertisols
Flat clay plain
Roseries
Vertisols
ChromicHaplusterts
Very fine, semectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutric Vertisols
Typic Haplusterts
Very fine, semectitic,isohyperthermic
Eutric Vertisols
Agdi
Bados
Alfisols*
Typic Haplustalfs
Fine loamy,mixed, isohyperthermic
Chromic Luvisols
El Kadi
Vertisols
Typic Haplusterts
Very fine, semectitic,isohyperthermic
EutricVertisols
El Shair
Alfisols*
Udic Palustalfs
Fine,mixed, isohyperthermic
Chromic Luvisols
Um Agaga
Vertisols
Chromic Haplusterts
Very fine, semectitic,isohyperthermic
EutricVertisols
Um Harira
Alfisols*
Typic Natrustalfs
Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic
EutricVertisols
Bagara pattern
Fuda
Incepisol
s*
Typic Ustropepts
Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic
Ferralic Cambsols
Darfur erosion plain
Naga'a 28
Alfisols*
Mollic Natrustalfs
Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic
Haplic Luvisols
Nubian mountains
Ragaba pattern
Roseries
S3vwf
Flat clay plain
Vertisolic characteristics, wetness and fertility
Agdi
S3vwf
Vertisolic characteristics, wetness and fertility
Bados
S3pf
Physical characteristics and fertility
Soil unit 6
S2vt
Undulating piedmont
Vertisolic characteristics and topography
El Kadi
S2vt
Vertisolic characteristics and fertility
El Shair
S3epf
Erosion, physical characteristics and fertility
Um Agaga
S2vf
Vertisolic characteristics and fertility
Um Harira
S3ef
Erosion and fertility
Fuda
S2fe
Fertility and erosion
Darfur erosion plain
Naga'a 28
N1pa
Physical characteristics and sodicity
Darfur erosion plain)
p
)
Dischol
N1iv
Inundation and vertisolic characteristics
Nubian mountains
Ragaba
g
pattern
p
Bagara pattern Ragaba
pattern
•
Management of the Dry lands fro various farming Systems:
Limitation
Remedy
Topography (t)
Leveling / pivoting
Salinity
(s)
Leaching (LR) , Tolerant crops
S di it
Sodicity
(a)
( )
G
Gypsum
and
d leaching
l
hi (GR
(GR, LR)
LR), T
Tolerant
l
t crops
Erosion
(e)
Shelter belts, soil conditioners, etc
Fertility
(f)
Fertilization, organic manning, rotation
Depth
(d)
Shallow- rooted crop
Gravels
(g)
Removal (surface) ,+ migration (subsoil)
Moisture
(m)
Watering by proper migration method )
Vertisolic
(v)
Manu ring , Ridging ,etc
Wetness
(w)
Inundation
(I )
physical
(p)
Drainage , suitable crop (eg. rice)
Plowing, sub soiling , chiselling , manuring
Mean fertilizer nutrient consumption in the irrigated sector
h
d
Fertilizer
000 Tonnes
N (urea)
54.3
P2O5 (TSP)
11.1
K2O (Potassium Chloride)
O (Potassium Chloride) 3.8
38
Fertilizer Imports Prices
Year Urea USD/Tonne
/
TSP
USD/Tonne
1995
73.63
54.02
1996
96.45
146.37
1997
157.29
170.69
1998
111.72
159.86
1999
116 72
116.72
179 36
179.36
2000
150.99
173.40
2001
87.58
174.61
2002
139.47
162.09
2003
152.53
170.86
2004
215.54
229.27
2005
209.96
260.32
Source: MOA, Agric.Stat. Dept. 2005
Fertilizer Recommendations for some crops
Crop1N‐2N
Dose
Locality
Cotton
2N
Gezira
Wheat
2N+1P
Gezira+North Sudan
S h
Sorghum
1N 2N
1N‐2N
G i R i f d areas
Gzeira‐Rainfed
g
Sugar cane
4N
Kenana
Rice
3N+1P
White Nile Gezira
Kenaf
2N
Abu Naama
Maize
2N
Irrigated sector
Sunflower
1N‐2N
Gezira
Source: Dawelbeit, Sh. et al.2005. Current Researech in Fertilizer use in Irrigated Agriculture in Sudan
S
Surveyed Areas in Sudan:
dA
i S d
LLevell off S
Soilil
Survey
‫*المساحة بالفدان‬
Area/
Feddan
‫من مساحة‬
‫ من مساحة السودان‬%
‫عدد‬
% % ‫ الحصر‬%of Sudan Area ‫التقاريرلكل‬
of Total Surveyed
‫مستوى‬
Areas
Number of
Survey
Reports
Detailed Survey
1,401,671
1%
0.28
33
Semi-detailed
Semi
detailed
8,128,900
,
,
5%
2
100
Reconnaissance
10,240,916
6%
2.7
42
Explaratory
155,356,152
88%
36.4
5
Total
175,127,639
100%
41.3
190
Needs and Priorities:
• Soil
Soil Map of Sudan at 1:250,000
Map of Sudan at 1:250 000 •
• Benchmark Soils as a base for soil research
•
• Climate change in relation to Climate change in relation to
soil properties and •
management
• Education ‐value of land
•
• Bridge the gap in knowledge management‐ coordination
• Unified Planning and investment body integrating b d
needs and priorities in different •
parts of the country
• Highlight the importance of soil Highlight the importance of soil
as non‐renewable resources for life –present and future
• Harmonization of data (Q&Q).
(
)
Desertification and its Desertification
and its
impacts
Capacity building for soil di it l
digital mapping
i
Equipments Investments? Regulations
Investments? Regulations should consider soil as valuable none renewable resource
Encourage investments by consulting the soil institutes on where to
institutes on where to invest, what measures to be taken
Pi ii
Priorities:
• Capacity building‐training‐
provision of equipments
• Soil map of 1:250,000 at least
• Education –endorse on soil
• Awareness on the importance of regulating the use of soil and water resources and the
and water resources and the critical role they played in human life
• Encourage—
investment‐ set rules
• Consult the specialist on where to‐how
on where to
how Thank You

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