27th Nov Learning Intention
We are learning to
•Understand the digestive
system in relation to the
cow
27th Nov Class Objs/Success Criteria
Students:
• Will be able to identify the
different parts of the tooth
• Will be able to distinguish between
the teeth layout for various animals
• Will be able to understand the
processes involved in the four
stomach compartments of the cow
• Hooved Animals have evolved a special
arrangement of their legs. The horse hoof
structure is the same as that of a fingernail
• Hooved animals are collectively called
ungulates
• The horse is an odd-toed ungulate because it
has only 1
• Pigs, sheep + cattle are even-toed because
they have 2
Tooth
Dental Formula (note x2!!)
• Omnivore Pig
• Omnivore Human
• Herbivore Cow
• Herbivore Sheep
• Herbivore Rabbit
3
3
2
2
0
4
0
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
* Incisors Canines Premolars Molars
4
4
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
• Carnivore
Dog
• Herbivore
Horse
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
4
4
3
3
2
3
3
3
Digestive System
Ruminant Stomach
Rumen
- bacteria and protozoans aid digestion
- Anaerobic conditions
- Microbes break down cellulose – ph=6.5-7.0
Reticulum
- Used to regugitate food back up to mouth – chewing
the cud
Omasum
- Food is squeezed dry
- Water and other liquids are absorbed
Abomasum
- Normal stomach
- Breakdown of food fod by enzymes before passing
into intestines (same as monogastric animal)
Learning Intention 4th Dec 2012
We are learning to:
- Further our understanding of the
digestive system
Success Criteria 4th Dec 2012
Students will be able to:
 Understand the role that protein, fats
and fibre play in the diet of the animal
 Describe the digestive processes in the
small and large intestines
 Identify the parts of the heart and its
role in the circulatory system
Set induction 4th Dec 2012
Name and describe the actions of the four
compartments of a ruminant's stomach
Digestive Enzymes
Enzyme
Source
Site of Action
Substrate
Products
Salivary Amylase
Salivary Glands
Mouth
Starch
Maltose
Pepsin
Gastric Glands
Stomach
Protein
Peptides
Lipase
Gastric Glands
Stomach
Lipid
Fatty Acids+ Glycerol
Trypsin
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Protein
Peptides
Amylase
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Starch
Maltose
Lipase
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Lipids
Fatty Acids + Glycerol
Sucrose
Wall of small
intestine
Small Intestine
Sucrose
Glucose
“
“
“
“
“
“
Maltose
Glucose
Lactose
Glucose
Lipids
Fatty Acids + glycerol
Peptides
Amino Acids
Starch
Maltose
Maltase
Lactose
Lipase
Erepsin
Amylase
“
“
“
“
“
Microbial Protein
• Anaerobic bacteria swallowed on the
grass
• Source of protein in the cows diet
Foods
• Vitamins + minerals are for general
good health
• They can be added as a supplement if
they are in short supply or if the animal
needs it i.e. pregnant ewe/newly born
bonham
Carbohydrates
• Provide energy by respiration of glucose
• Excess is stored as fat, in plants its stored as
starch, some excess is stored as glycogen in
muscles
• Used as a structural material i.e. cellulose cell
wall, exoskeleton of insects
Structure
• All contain carbon, hydrogen + oxygen e.g.
C6 H12 O6 = glucose
Monosaccharides – single sugar units
• Small enough to be absorbed into
bloodstream e.g. glucose, fructose,
galactose
Dissacharides – 2 sugar units e.g.
• Sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides – many sugar units
• E.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose
Very long chains
Tests
• Test for starch – iodine – black
• Test for reducing sugars (monosaccharides) –
benedicts solution – blue – red, green, yellow
Lipids/Fats
• Also contain carbon, hydrogen + oxygen
• At their smallest, they are a glycerol with 3 fatty acids
• They are an excellent source of energy but they will
only be used if carbohydrate is absent
• Used as a energy storage device
• Used as a structural material in cell membranes
• Insulates animals (adipose layer)
Tests for Fats
• Brown paper test – translucent spot
• Ethanol test – turns cloudy when water
added
* Animal feeds that are high in fat include
maize distillers, fish oils
Proteins
• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen + nitrogen with
sulphur as a bonding agent
• At their smallest called amino acids
• Chains of amino acids are called peptides
Functions
• Growth + repair
• To make new cell materials, enzymes, antibodies,
fibrinogen (used in blood clotting) + hormones
• As a source of energy when carbohydrates + fats are
absent
Test for Protein
• Biuret test – sodium hydroxide + copper sulphate –
get a violet colour
Fibre
• Fibre is usually large molecules that cant be
digested
• Its bulky + satisfies appetite
• Prevents constipation
• Absorbs poisons
Water
• All farm animals need lots of water to keep
the osmotic balance
• It replaces water lost in sweat, exhaled air,
urine + faeces
The Small Intestine
• Food leaving the stomach is called
chyme
• It enters the duodenum where bile acts
on it
• It also receives pancreatic juice from
the pancreas
• The pH is 8 due to the sodium
bicarbonate in the bile
Animal Feeds
1.
Bulk Feeds – they are fed relatively high in feed or water e.g. fresh
grass, hay, silage, root, crops, straw, forge crops.
2.
Concentrates: feeds low in fibre and water e.g. cereal grain, cereal
grain by-products, fats oiled molasses, beet pulp, animal products
and feed supplements
3.
Dry Matter (DM) – all feeds are made up of water, organic matter
and ash. Organic matter and ash make up dry matter.
Dry matter
100
X
= % DM
Original
1
1.
Crude Protein – nitrogen contains 16% protein. Use the Kjeldahl
technique to calculate the nitrogen content. CP%=Nitrogen content
X 16/100
2.
Crude Fibre
3.
Metaboliseable energy (ME) –THE ENERGY FROM FEED THAT AN
ANIMAL CAN CONVERT INTO LIVEWEIGHT GAIN (LWG), MILK OR
WOOL. ME IS MEASURED IN MU/kg
Gross Energy in feedstuff
Digestible
Energy
Metabolisable
Energy
*Target = 11 mj/kg
Faecal
energy
Methane
Urine
Bulk Feeds
A = Fresh grass – varies in quality according to management. Can be a fully balanced feed and
it is capable of high levels of production
18% DM
18% CP
21% CF
13% ME
B = Silage: grass used as winter feed, quality is varied due to a lot of factors. In general silage
has higher feeding value than hay.
20% DM
17% CP
30% CF
10% ME
C = Hay
85% DM
10% CP
33% CF
9% ME
D = Root Crops: generally higher in energy and lower in protein than grass. Labour input tend
to be high, except turnips grazed – 12%DM, 11% CP, 10% CF, 13% ME
E = Fodder beet – high energy low protein
22% DM
6% CP
6% CF
12% ME
F = Straw – low nutrional value can be added in a diet feeder for bulk
86% DM
4% CP
45% CF
6% ME
G = Fodder crops good nutrional value but should be limited to 30% intake, as a chemicals
cause health problems
14% DM
16% CP
18% CF
11% ME
H = Rape
14% DM
20% CP
25% CF
10% ME
CONCENTRATES
DAIRY RATION
CP= 18%
CF = 8%
CRUDE OIL = 2.8%
BEEF RATION
CP = 15%
CF = 7.5%
CO = 4.5%
PIG RATION
CP = 18%
CF = 3.5%
CO = 4%
*Remember vitamins and minerals are part of the ingredients of the rations in order to
prevent diseases in animals e.g. lysine in pig ration, an essential amino acid required
by pigs
- SOYABEAN CAN BE FED FOR HIGH ENERGY VALUE AND HIGH PROTEIN CONTENT
- IF FEEDING BARLEY TO RUMINANTS IT MUST BE ROLLED TO BREAK THE SEED COAT
FOR DIGESTION
- IF FED TO PIGS IT MUST BE CRUSHED TO AID DIGESTION AS THEY CAN'T DIGEST
FIBRE
Exam Question 5 2003
• 5. (a) Explain the term metabolism.
• (b) Describe three ways in which
energy is lost from a farm animal.
• (c) Distinguish, using named examples,
between bulky foods and concentrates.
• (d) Contrast (1) the structure and (2)
the dietary requirements of a ruminant
and a monogastric farm animal. (48
marks)
Exam Question 5 2003 - solution
•
5. (a) Metabolism is the set of life sustaining chemical transformations
that take place in the cells of living organisms and is involved in the
breaking down of substances
•
(b) The farm animal loses energy through:
metabolism - describe
Respiration – describe
Excretion – describe
•
(c) Concentrates = e.g. Dairy Ration & Barley
Bulky = e.g. Silage & Fresh Grass
*use different factors e.g. type, nutrition (protein/fibre), energy value from
notes to distinguish them
•
(d) 1. Ruminant has 4 chambers = rumen, reticulum, omasum &
Abomasum. Monogastric has just one i.e. normal stomach.
– 2. Ruminant (e.g.) will eat mostly bulky feeds such as grass, silage
& hay as they are able to digest cellulose. Monogastric (e.g. pig)
will eat mostly concentrates such as ration which are lower in fibre
Homework 4th Dec 2012
2008
2007
2007
2006
2004
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
1f
3 op 1
6
6
8a
The Large Intestine
• Contains the caecum, appendix, colon,
rectum + anus
• In the colon, water is reabsorbed into
the blood and the waste becomes more
solid
• The waste is egested through the anus
Type of Tissue found in Vertibrates
• Epithelium – this lines all cavities in the body i.e. the
digestive system, lungs etc. – secretes mucus,
enzymes etc. – forms skin for protection. – epithelial
cells are generally flat
• Connective – bone, cartilage, tendon, ligaments,
adipose tissue for storing fat under the skin. Bone is
made from calcium phosphate
• Blood –
• Muscle – cardiac muscle – does not fatigue – striped
(striated) – voluntary control. Smooth muscle –
involuntary
• Nervous Tissue – brain, spinal cord, nerve cells
Functions of liver
• Largest gland in body
• Has 2 blood supplies
- hepatic portal vein ( bringing amino acids +
glucose)
- hepatic artery bringing oxygen + lipids
• It secretes bile
• Changes glucose to glycogen for storage
• Changes excess glucose to lipid
• It deaminates amino acids to urea
• Stores vitamins A, D, B12 + Iron
• Breaks down red blood cells, poisons
• Heats the blood
Blood + Circulation
• Most animals have a 4 chamber heart
which pumps blood around the body
• Blood vessels which carry blood to the
heart are called veins
• Blood vessels that carry blood away
from the heart are called arteries
•
•
•
•
•
Veins
Blood to the heart
Deoxygenated
Blood flow sluggish
Large lumen
Back flow valves
•
•
•
•
•
Arteries
Blood away from
heart
Oxygenated
Blood flows under
pressure
Small lumen
No valves
Pathway of Circulation
Double Circulation
•The blood flows twice through the heart
during one circulation of the body
•RA
LA
Chambers
•RV
LV
ABO Blood Grouping
Blood Type
A
B
AB
O
Antigen
A
B
AB
None
Antibody
B
A
none
A+B
Factors Affecting Heart Beat
• CO2 concentration in the blood
• Chemicals e.g. caffeine, depressants, ethanol
• The hormone adrenalin
Constituents
• Plasma – made up of serum (watery substance + fibrinogen for
blood clotting)
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- biconcave
- no nucleus
- contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen
- made in bone marrow
- 5 million per millimetre
• White blood cells
- larger + variable shape
- fight infection
- 5,000 per mm
- 2 types
A) granulocytes – made in bone marrow
(phagocytes)
- engulf bacteria (phagocytosis)
B) agranulocytes – these make antibodies
- made in lymph node
•
-
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Fragments of cells with no nucleus
250,000 mm
Made in bone marrow
Needed in blood clotting
Function of Blood
• Vascular System
- transports glucose, amino acids, lipids,
vitamins, minerals, wastes (urea), gases
(O2 + CO2) + hormones
• Distributes heat
• Fights infection
Process of Blood Clotting
• Warfarin
• Heparin
• Disprin
• Blood kept in storage has fibrinogen
taken out of it
Immune Response
• Natural Active immunity is when you
produce your own antibodies to fight infection
• Active Artificial immunity is when a vaccine
is given to trigger the production of
antibodies
• Natural passive immunity is when a child
receives antibodies across the placenta wall in
the womb from its mother (colostrum
contains antibodies)
Lymphatic System
• Used to mop up extra-cellular fluids and
return them to the blood
• Also used to absorb lipids from the
small intestine and it produces white
blood cells
• Lacteals – small lymph capillaries which
are important for the uptake of fluids
Lymph Nodes
• Lymph nodes are swellings found along the lymph
vessels in the neck, under the arm and groin. Lymph
nodes filter bacteria and store white blood cells
Respiration & Breathing
•
•
•
•
The Parts of the
Larynx/voice box
Trachea/windpipe
Bronchi
bronchioles
Breathing System
• Alveoli/air sacs
• Lungs
• Diaphragm
• Ribs
Breathing Actions
• Inspiration: the taking of air into the lungs
- Medulla Oblongata – an area in the brain
that detects the level of carbon dioxide in the
blood. When there is an increase in the level
of carbon dioxide, a message is sent to the
intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to
breathe in
• Expiration – the release of air from the lungs
Urinary System - parts
Parts
• 2 kidneys
• The bladder
• 2 ureters
• The urethra
The Kidney
Internal Structure
• Cortex
• Nephron
• Bowman’s capsule
• Loop of henle
• Medulla
• pelvis
Functions
• Excretes water, salts
+ urea
• Controls the water +
salt concentration of
the blood
• Reabsorbs wanted
minerals + water
Reproductive System
•
•
•
•
•
Parts of the male
Testes
Penis
Epididymis
Scrotum
Urethra
reproductive system
• Cowper’s gland
• Prostrate gland
• Seminal vesicle
• Sperm duct
• Epididymis: sperm cells mature here and are stored
for up to six weeks
• Cowper’s gland, prostrate gland + seminal vesicle:
These produce a liquid called seminal fluid. This fluid
is added to sperm cells to form semen
Hormones in the male RS
• Testosterone: causes the development of the primary
and secondary male sex characteristics
• FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): Causes the
production of sperm cells.
• LH (Luteinising Hormone): Stimulates the testes to
produce testosterone
Parts of the Female Reproductive System
•
•
•
•
•
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Birth canal (vagina)
Ovulation and Pregnancy
• The egg leaves the ovaries and travels along the
fallopian tube
• Fertilisation occurs in the FT
• Fertilised egg then travels to the uterus where
implantation occurs
• Fertilised egg mulitiplies to become an embryo
• After some time, the embryo is then referred to as a
foetus
• Ovulation= the release of the egg from the ovary
• Fertilisation= the fusion of an egg cell with a sperm
cell, it occurs in the fallopian tube
• Implantation= when the embryo attaches itself to the
lining of the womb wall
1999
•9
• 1999 (a) State two differences between
plant and animal cells
2000
1(b) State where each of the following is
located in the animal body; sperm, thyroid
gland, spleen, colon.
1(d) State which phylum each of the following
belongs to: earthworm, aphid, liver fluke,
Babesia.
5. (a) Describe, with the aid of a labelled
diagram, the pathway taken by food in a
ruminant animal during digestion.
9(d) GASE A low incidence of liver fluke in cattle
grazing on a well drained pasture.
2000 marking schemes
2001
1(f) Name the stomach compartments of a
named ruminant.
1(g) List two characteristics of any named
organism belonging to the Phylum Annelida.
1(h) Explain how an application of lime helps to
reduce the incidence of liver fluke.
1(j) State two functions of the lymphatic
system.
9(a) GASE The presence of a red colour in the
urine of a bovine animal.
2001 MS
2002
1(b) (1) Name one member of the Phylum
Arthropoda. (2) State two characteristics of
this example from the Phylum Arthropoda.
1(d) The picture shows a stage in the lifecycle
of the liverfluke, Fasciola hepatica. (1) Name
the larval stage shown in the diagram. (2) In
what animal would this larval stage be found?
2002 MS
2003
1(f) Name one food constituent stored in
each of the following animal tissues: (1)
Adipose tissue (2) Bone (3) Muscle
Exam Question 5 2003
• 5. (a) Explain the term metabolism.
• (b) Describe three ways in which
energy is lost from a farm animal.
• (c) Distinguish, using named examples,
between bulky foods and concentrates.
• (d) Contrast (1) the structure and (2)
the dietary requirements of a ruminant
and a monogastric farm animal. (48
marks)
2003 MS
Exam Q8a 2004
1(a) (i) Identify the animal in photograph A.
(ii) State the phylum to which this animal belongs.
(iii) Write a note on the importance of any member of
this phylum in agriculture.
1(i) State two functions of the liver of a farm animal.
8. (a) (i) Describe the digestion of cellulose in a
ruminant animal.
(ii) Distinguish between a maintenance ration and a
production ration for dairy cows.
9(d) GASE The production of carbon dioxide in the
animal body.
2004 MS
Exam Q3a 2005
1(h) State the specific function of each of the following in the animal body:
(i) Diaphragm, (ii) Thyroid gland, (iii) Hepatic portal vein.
1(j) Outline three functions of blood in the animal body.
3. (a) The diagram labelled 1 is of a ruminant stomach. The arrows
indicate the movement of food. (i) Identify the parts labelled A, B, C. (ii)
Describe briefly what happens to the food as it moves through the part
labelled A. (iii) Describe three functions of the part labelled C.
8 (a) (ii) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D of the genital tract of a
cow, as in diagram 2.
9(a) GASE A high incidence of liver fluke in cattle grazing on poorly drained
pasture.
2005 MS
EQs 2006
1(e) Name a plant or animal parasite, belonging to the
Phylum Nematoda, and describe its lifecycle.
1(f) (i) Name the organ that produces bile in the body.
(ii) Where is bile stored? (iii) State a function of bile.
3(b) Describe the life cycle of a named parasitic
fungus, which causes a disease in a crop, under the
following headings: (i) Mode of reproduction. (ii)
Mode of nutrition. (iii) Environmental conditions that
favour the spread of the disease.
9(d) GASE The function of a gizzard in poultry.
EQ Q3a 2006
2006 MS
2006 MS
Exam 2007
1(d) The diagram shows an ectoparasite of farm
animals. (i) Explain the underlined term. (ii) Identify
the ectoparasite shown. (iii) To which phylum does
this parasite belong?
1(f) Explain the function of each of the following: (i)
masseter muscles, (ii) saliva, (iii) reticulum.
1(g) Write out the dental formula for an adult pig.
8. (a) (i) Outline the role of microbes in the rumen of a
farm animal.
(ii) Describe the pathway taken by any named food
nutrient within an animal’s body following digestion.
2007 MS
2008
2008 Q1(a) Write notes on glycogen in
the body of a mammal under the
following headings: (i) its site of
production, (ii) its function.
2008 Q1(g) (i) Name the larval stage of
each of the following; click beetle,
crane fly, (ii) Describe the damage done
by each of these larvae.
2008
2009
Q1(h) Explain the functions of the following parts of the digestive
system of poultry: (i) The crop, (ii) The gizzard.
6. (a) (i) To what phylum do insects belong?
(ii) Describe a role insects can play in crop production.
(iii) Suggest two reasons why the number of some insect species
is declining in farm land.
(iv) Name the stages in the life-cycle of an insect that undergoes
complete metamorphosis.
(v) Explain what is meant by incomplete metamorphosis of insects.
(b) Describe the dental formula of a ruminant.
(c) Describe the process of digestion in the stomach compartments
of a ruminant animal. (48 marks)
2009
2010
2010 Q1(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a
longitudinal section through a
mammalian tooth.
2010 MS
2011
2011 Q1(c) Explain the difference between
active and passive immunity and give one
example of each from agriculture.
2011 Q1(f) Name one monosaccharide and
one polysaccharide found in grass and list
the three main elements found in these
compounds.
2011 Q1(g) (i) Name one member of each of
the phyla Platyhelminthes and Arthropoda. (ii)
Identify one disease of cattle caused by
each member of the phyla you have named.
EQ5 2011
Experiments
Animal Physiology
Experiment: To dissect a rabbit and
observe its digestive system
Method:
Skin a freshly killed rabbit.
Cut the abdomen wall in a ‘T’ shape.
Find and label all the parts of the
digestive system
Result:
See diagram
Diagram
Animal Physiology
Experiment:To observe and dissect a
sheep’s heart
Method:
Get a fresh sheeps heart from the
butchers
Dissect and label all relevant parts
Result:
See diagram
Diagram
Animal Physiology
Experiment: To observe animal cells
under a microscope
Method:
1. Using a sterile spoon, take a scraping
from the inside of your cheek
2. Place it on a clean glass slide
3. Add methalene blue stain
Result:
See diagram
Diagram
Animal Physiology
Experiment:
Method:
Result: