Biology 3B - Lab Practical #2
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Chordate Lab:
o There might be 1 stations worth of taxonomy ID questions for verts (use the classification list
as a guide)
o Be able to ID chordate characteristics, functions for each and what they are in you:
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post anal tail, endostyle
o Urochordates: be able to recognize larval (slide) and adult, where found, chordata
characteristics
o Cephalochordate (lancelot): be able to ID: wheel organ, buccal cirri, chordata characteristics,
intestines, myomere
o Ammocetes larva: be able to ID chordate characteristics,
o Lamprey dissection: ID and know functions for: nostril, olefactory sac, cloaca, pharynx,
esophagus, internal/external gills/slits, liver, heart, paired kidneys, intestines, testis, ovary,
notochord, brain, dorsal hollow nerve cord
Histology
o Be able to ID the tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous) along with any specific
cells, structures, the associated functions and location(s)
o Differentiate between an artery and vein
 Know the 3 layers: tunica interna, tunic media & tunic externa and what tissue type
is associated with each layer
o Epithelial tissue
 Simple squamous
 Simple cuboidal
 Simple columnar (ciliated or non-ciliated)
 Pseudostratified columnar
 Stratified squamous
o Loose connective tissue (-blasts, -clasts or –cyte)
 Areolar CT
 Adipose tissue
o Dense connective tissue
 White fibrous CT
 Bone: osteon, osteon canal, lacunae, canaliculi, Volkmann’s canal, lamellae
 Hyaline cartilage
 Elastic cartilage
o Vascular tissue
 Erythrocytes
 Leukocytes: function and percentages
 Agranulocytes: Monocyte & lymphocyte
 Granulocytes: eosinophil, neutrophil & basophil
o Muscle tissue
 Skeletal, smooth & cardiac (intercalated discs)
o Nervous tissue (motor neuron  axon, dendrite, soma)
Early embryology: be able to ID & know functions: zygote with fertilization membrane, early
cleavage, morula, blastula (blastocoel), gastrula (blastocoel, blastopore, archenteron, endoderm,
ectoderm, mesoderm (a derivative), fate of the blastopore, deuterostome development, radial vs
spiral cleavage
Skeletal system
o Shark: mandibular arch (palatoquadrate & mandibular/Meckel’s cartilage), hyoid arch
(hyomandibular, ceratohyal, basihyal), branchial arches (epibranchial & ceratobranchial),
rostrum, carina, eye orbit, otic capsule, heterocercal tail
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Bowfin (Amia) skull: nasal, frontal, postorbital, parietal, maxillary, dentary, angular, quadrate
and operculum
o Perch skull: nasal, frontal, parietal, pre-maxilla, maxilla, dentary, articular, quadrate,
hyomandibular, operculum
o Bony fish skeleton: neural arch, neural spine, epipleural & pleural ribs, haemal arch, haemal
spine (dorsal aorta), actinotrichia, lepidotrichia, pterygiophores,
o Mud puppy skull/skeleton: quadrate, squamosal, premaxilla, frontal, dentary, angular,
vertebra (cervical, trunk, sacral & caudal), humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, scapula,
ilium, ischium and pubic cartilage
o Frog skull/skeleton: premaxilla, maxilla, nasal, frontalparietal, pterygoid, squamosal,
quadratojugal, dentary, vomer, urostyle, suparscapula, scapula, clavicle, coracoid, humerus,
radioulna, carpals, ilium, ischium, pubis, femur, tibiofibular, tarsals,
o Snapping & sea turtle skulls: premaxilla, prefrontal, frontal, postorbital, parietal, squamosal,
supraoccipital, quadratojugal, quadrate, exoccipital, basioccipital, supraoccipital, opistotic,
prootic, dentary, angular, articular, surangular, columella (stapes)
o Turtle skeleton: clavicle, ribs, scapula, acromion, coracoid, pubis, ischium, ilium, femur, tibia,
fibula, humerus, radius, ulna
o Diapsid, anapsid vs synapsid skulls:
o Bird skull/skeleton: synsacrum, pygostyle, uncinate process, sternum, carina, coracoid,
scapula, furcular (2 fused clavicles), foramen triosseum, humerus, radius, ulna, ilium, ischium,
pubis, frontal, parietal, premaxilla, maxilla, jugal, quadratojugal, quadrate, dentary
o Mammal skull/skeleton: teeth  incisors, canine, pre-molar, molars (functions also), frontal,
parietal, nasal, maxilla, premaxilla, dentary, temporal, zygomatic, occipital, (vertebra: atlas,
axis, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral & caudal/coccyx), sternum, manubrium, xiphisternum,
ribs, scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, ilium, ischium, pubis,
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals
External anatomy and Muscles for: shark, mudpuppy, rat  see the list on the webpage