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Exercise 1.1
Exercise Answers
Exercise 1.1
Part I
1. P: Titanium combinesreadily with oxygen,nitrogen,andhydrogen,all of which
havean adverseeffect on its mechanicalproperties.
C: Titanium must be processedin their absence.
2. P: The good, accordingto Plato, is that which furthersa person'sreal interests.
C: In any given casewhen the good is known, menwill seekit.
3. P: The denial or perversionof justice by the sentencesof courts, aswell as in any
other manner,is with reasonclassedamongthe just causesof war.
C: The federaljudiciary ought to havecognizanceof all causesin which the citizens
of other countriesare concerned.
4. P: When individuals voluntarily abandonproperty,they forfeit any expectationof
privacy in it that they might havehad.
C: A warrantlesssearchand seizureof abandonedproperty is not unreasonableunder
the Fourth Amendment.
S. PI: Artists and poetslook at the world andseekrelationshipsand order.
P2: But they translatetheir ideasto canvas,or to marble,or into poetic images.
P3 Scientiststry to find relationshipsbetweendifferent objectsand events.
P4: To expressthe order they find, they createhypothesesandtheories.
C: The great scientific theoriesare easily comparedto greatart and great literature.
6. PI: The animal speciesin Australia arevery different from those on the mainland.
P2: Asian placentalmammalsand Australianmarsupialmammalshave not beenin
contactin the last severalmillion years.
C: There was never a land bridge betweenAustralia andthe mainland
7. PI: Following the birth of a defectiveinfant, not only is the mother deniedthe normal
tensionreleasefrom the stressof pregnancy,but both parentsfeel a crushingblow
to their dignity, self- esteem,and self-confidence.
P2: In a very short time, they feel grief for the lossof the normal expectedchild,
angerat fate, numbness,disgust,wavesof helplessness
and disbelief.
C: The psychologicalimpact andcrisis createdby birth of a defectiveinfant is
devastating.
8. PI: The classroomteacheris crucial to the developmentand academicsuccessof the
averagestudent.
P2: Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort.
C: Classroomteachersought to be paid at leastthe equivalentof administratorsat all
levels, including the superintendent.
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Exercise 1.1
9. PI: An agreementcannotbind unlessboth partiesto the agreementknow what they
are doing and freely chooseto do it.
C: The seller who intendsto entera contractwith a customerhasa duty to disclose
exactly what the customeris buying andwhat the terms of the saleare.
10.PI: Punishment,when speedyand specific, may suppressundesirablebehavior.
P2: Punishmentcannotteachor encouragedesirable alternatives.
C: It is crucial to usepositivetechniquesto model and reinforce appropriatebehavior
that the personcanusein placeof the unacceptableresponsethat hasto be
suppressed.
11.PI: High profits arethe signalthat consumerswant moreof the output of the industry.
P2: High profits provide the incentivefor firms to to expandoutput and for more
firms to enterthe industry in the long run.
P3:For a firm of aboveaverageefficiency, profits representthe reward for greater
efficiency.
C: Profit servesa very crucial function in a free enterpriseeconomy,suchas our
own.
12.PI: My cat regularly usedto closeand lock the door to my neighbor'sdoghouse,
trapping their sleepingDobermaninside.
P2: Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leashon him--he'll glare at you and say,
"I don't think so. You shouldhavegotten a dog."
C: Cats canthink circles arounddogs.
13.PI: Private propertyhelpspeopledefinethemselves.
P2: Private property freespeoplefrom mundanecaresof daily subsistence.
P3:Private property is finite.
C: No individual shouldaccumulateso muchpropertythat othersare preventedfrom
accumulatingthe necessitiesof life.
14.PI: To every existing thing God wills somegood.
P2: To love any thing is nothing elsethan to will good to that thing.
C: It is manifestthat God loves everythingthat exists.
15.PI: The averageworking mancan supportno morethan two children.
P2: The averageworking womancantake careof no more than two children in decent
fashion.
C: Women of the working class,especiallywageworkers, shouldnot have more than
two children at most.
16.PI: The nationsof planet earthhaveacquirednuclearweaponswith an explosive
power equalto morethan a million Hiroshima bombs.
P2: Studiessuggestthat explosionof only half theseweaponswould produceenough
soot, smoke,and dustto blanketthe Earth,block out the sun,and bring on a
nuclearwinter that would threatenthe survival of the humanrace.
C: Radioactivefallout isn't the only concernin the aftermathof nuclearexplosions.
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Exercise 1.1
17;PI: An ant releasesa chemicalwhen it dies,and its fellows carry it awayto the
compostheap.
P2: A healthy ant paintedwith the deathchemicalwill be draggedto the funeral heap
againand again.
C: Apparently the communicationis highly effective.
18.P: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to
aim at somegood.
C: The good hasbeenrightly declaredto be that at which all things aim.
19.PI: Antipoverty programsprovidejobs for middle-classprofessionalsin social work,
penologyand public health.
P2: Suchworkers' future advancementis tied to the continuedgrowth of
bureaucraciesdependenton the existenceof poverty.
C: Poverty offers numerousbenefitsto the non-poor.
20. PI: Com is an annualcrop.
P2: Butchers meatis a crop which requiresfour or five yearsto grow.
P3: An acreof land will producea much smallerquantity of the one speciesof food
(meat) than the other.
C: The inferiority of the quantity (of meat)mustbe compensatedby the superiority
of the price.
21. PI: Loan oft losesboth itself and friend.
P2: Borrowing dulls the edgeof husbandry.
C: Neither a borrower nor lenderbe.
22. PI: Take the nursewho allegesthat physiciansenrich themselvesin her hospital
through unnecessarysurgery.
P2: Take the engineerwho disclosessafetydefectsin the braking systemsof a fleet of
new rapid-transitvehicles.
P3: Take the DefenseDepartmentofficial who alertsCongressto military graft and
overspending.
P4: All know that they posea threatto thosewhom they denounceand that their own
careersmay be at risk.
C: The stakesin whistleblowing are high.
23. PI: If a pieceof information is not "job relevant,"then the employeris not entitled
qua employerto know it.
P2: Sexualpractices,political beliefs,associationalactivities, etc., are not part of the
descriptionof mostjobs
P3: They do not directly affect one'sjob performance.
C: They are not legitimate information for an employerto know in the determination
of the hiring of a job applicant.
24. PI: One of the most noticeableeffectsof a dark tan is prematureaging of the skin.
P2: The sun also contributesto certaintypesof cataracts,and,what is most
worrisome, it plays a role in skin cancer.
C: Too much sun can leadto healthproblems.
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Exercise 1.1
25. PI: It is generally acceptedthat by constantlyswimming with its mouth open,the
shark is simply avoiding suffocation.
P2: This assuresa continuousflow of oxygen-ladenwater into their mouths,over
their gills, and out through the gill slits.
C: Contraryto the talesof somescubadivers,the toothsome,gapinggrin on the
mouth of an approachingsharkis not necessarilyanticipatory.
26. P: If you place a pieceof Polaroid(for example,one lens ofa pair of Polaroid
sunglasses)in front of your eyeand rotateit asyou look at the sky on a clear day,
you will notice a changein light intensitywith the orientationof the Polaroid.
C: Light coming from the sky is partially polarized.
27. PI: The secondarylight [from the moon] doesnot inherentlybelongto the moon, and
is not receivedfrom any star or from the sun.
P2: In the whole universethere is no otherbody left but the earth.
C: The lunar body (or any other dark and sunlessorb) is illuminated by the earth.
28. PI: Anyone familiar with our prison systemknows that there are someinmateswho
littlepenalty
betterthan
beasts.
P2:behave
If thedeath
hadbrute
beentruly
effectiveasa deterrent,
suchprisonerswould
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long ago havevanished.
C: The very fact that theseprisonersexist is a telling argumentagainstthe efficacy of
capital punishmentasa deterrent.
29. PI: REM (rapid eye movement)sleepstudiesconductedon adultsindicatethat REM
pressureincreaseswith deprivation.
P2: This would not occur if REM sleepand dreamingwere unimportant.
C: REM sleepand dreamingare necessaryin the adult.
30.PI: World government
meansonecentralauthority,a permanent
standingworld
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police force, and clearly definedconditionsunderwhich this force will go into
action.
P2: A balanceof power systemhasmany sovereignauthorities,eachcontrolling its
own army, combining only when they feel like it to control aggression.
C: World governmentandthe balanceof power arein many ways opposites.
Part ll.
1. College sportsare asmuch driven by moneyasprofessionalsports.
2. The creationof a multilingual societyis contraryto the best interestsof all of us.
3. The competitive aspectof team sportsis having a negativeimpact on the health and
fitness of our children.
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4. Businessmajorsare robbing themselvesof the true purposeof collegiateacademics,a
sacrificethat outweighsthe future salarychecks.
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Exercise 1.4
9. Disjunctive syllogism: a syllogism having a disjunctive statementfor one of its
premises
10.Prediction: An inductive argumentthat proceedsftom our knowledgeof the pastto a
claim aboutthe future
11. Argument from authority: An inductive argumentthat concludessomethingis true
becausea presumedexpertor witnesshassaidthat it is
12. Argument basedon signs: An inductive argumentthat proceedsftom the knowledge
of a sign to a claim aboutthe thing or situationthat the sign symbolizes
13. Causalinference: An inductive argumentthat proceedsftom knowledgeof a causeto
a claim about the effect, or ftom knowledgeof an effect to a claim aboutthe cause
14.Particular statement: A statementthat makesa claim aboutone or more (but not all)
membersof a class
15. Generalstatement: A statementthat makesa claim about all the membersofa class
Part ill
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
True
True
True
True
False
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
False
True
False
False
False
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
True
False
True
False
False
Exercise 1.4
Part I
1. Valid, unsound;false premises,false conclusion.
2. Valid, sound;true premise,true conclusion.
3. Invalid, unsound;true premises,false conclusion.
4. Valid, sound;true premise,true conclusion.
5. Invalid, unsound;falsepremise,true conclusion.
6. Valid, unsound;one falsepremise,true conclusion.
7. Invalid, unsound;true premise,true conclusion.
8. Valid, unsound;one false premise,true conclusion.
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9. Valid,
sound; true premises, true conclusion.
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Exercise 1.4
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10. Valid, unsound; one false premise, false conclusion.
11. Invalid, unsound;false premise,false conclusion.
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12. Valid, sound;true premises,true conclusion.
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13. Invalid, unsound;true premises,true conclusion.
14. Valid, unsound;one false premise,true conclusion.
15. Valid, sound;true premise,true conclusion.
Partn
1. Strong, cogent;true premise,probablytrue conclusion.
2. Weak, uncogent;true premise,probablyfalse conclusion.
3. Strong,uncogent;falsepremise,probablyfalse conclusion.
4. Weak, uncogent;true premise,probablyfalse conclusion.
5. Strong,cogent;true premises,probablytrue conclusion.
6. Weak, uncogent;true premise,probablyfalse conclusion.
7. Strong,uncogent;falsepremise,probablytrue conclusion.
8. Strong,cogent;true premises,probablytrue conclusion.
9. Weak, uncogent;true premise,undecidedtruth value of conclusion.
10. Strong, cogent;true premise,probablytrue conclusion.
11. Strong,uncogent;false premise,probablyfalse conclusion.
12. Strong,uncogent;falsepremise,probablyfalse conclusion.
13. Weak, uncogent;true premises,probablyfalse conclusion.
14. Strong,cogent;true premise,probablytrue conclusion.
15. Strong,uncogent;false premise,probablyfalse conclusion.
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