Equal distance from New York
and Montreal using Panama or
Northern Sea Route
Equal distance from London using
Panama or Northern Sea Route
Equal distance from Odessa using
Suez or Northern Sea Route
ran
F
n�
Sa isco
c
New
Victoria
York
Montreal
Yokohama
Vladivostok
Equal distance from
London using Suez or
Northern Sea Route
Dickson
Murmansk
Lo
nd
on
Arkhangelsk
Hong Kong
St Petersburg
Odessa
Seas permanently
covered by pack-ice
Seas covered by
pack-ice in spring