WEIGHT AND HEIGHT
IN
RELATION TO MALNUTRITION
BY
WILLIAM R. P. EMERSON, M.D.
AND
FRANK A. MANNY
BOSTON
PAMPHLET NO. 26
·H DWIGHT STREET, BOSTON
II
NUTRITION CLINICS FOR DELICATE CHILDREN
44 DWIGHT STREET, BOSTON
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
No.
1
A N UTRTTION CLIN IC IN A Punuc ScHOOL, by William R. P. Emers o n.
M.D.
2 NuTRtTION CuN1cs AND CLASSES : THEIR 0RGANtzATLON A-"' IJ Co.-.:DUCT, by \Villiam R. P _ Emerso n , M.D.
3 RECORD BooK FOR MEASURED FEEDING. by William R. P. E mers on.
M .D.
4
5
P ri ce
25
cents,
$16.00
a hundred.
VVEIGHT CHART FOR CIIILDREN I N THE HOME.
WEIGHT CHART FOR UsE IN NuTII.ITION CLASSES.
6 HISTORY AND PHYSICAL ExAMINATION FORM.
7
DEFECTIVE N UTRTTJON AND GtWWTJ-r:
F r ank A. ?\!lan n y.
Pr iceS ce nt <._
A Se lected Rihliog- r aphy hy
8 T HE PHYSICAL AND ME NTAL DEFECTS oF So-CALLED \\'ELL
by W ill iam R. P _ Emerson, ;-r.D _
C t~IJ.Ili<E=".
9 Fooo AND !VlAL NU TRrTioN.
J0 GENERAL HYGIENE AND MALN UTRJTION.
Jl 0VER-FATJG!JE AND MALNUTRITION .
12
PRACTICAL PsYCHOLOGY AND ~IALNl:TIUTJON.
13
THE 0VER-\VETGHT CHILD.
14
PRACTI CAL 1\IJE NTA L ExAM lNATlO NS FOR GRow rNG C Hil.llRE!\. hy .\ .
W arre n Stearns, M .D .
*15
THE N lJTRlTIO N W OI<K ER.
*16
EcoNOMIC :\sPt::CTS OF MALNL ' TRITION.
17
MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN: REPORT OF A CLINIC, by \\'illia111 R. ]'_
E m er son. M.D.
18 THE Ct•MM VNLTY N u nsE AND NcTRITION WoRKER.
19 A Co MMUNITY NuTRITION PROGRA:«I.
20 How TO ORGAN IZE A LocAL NuTRITIOK CENTER.
21
THE MALNOt! RISI-IED CHILD:
S UMMER \VORK AND RECR~: ATIOK.
22 TABLES OF \\ ' EIGIITS I N RE.LATION TO !-!EIGHT AND .-\GE. Price 5 Celll>.
23 REGISTRATION AND VISIBLE RECORD For<M.
*24 THE E ss E"iTIAL IN DmT FOR G;-xm 'J L"TIUTION. by Profes so r E. V.
McCo ll um.
*25
SCH OO L L UNC f-I ES AND MALN UTJHTIOK .
26 WEIGHT AND HEIGHT IN R ELAT!Ol\ TO :\'IALN UTRIT ION , by 'v\ "m. R. P.
Em erson, :vl.D .. and F r a nk /\ _ :\'lanny.
• In preparation.
With th e ex-cqtio n cf NumlJc!"s ~ 6 an d 22. the puhlica t iom are furnis h ed a t the p r ice of ten cents for a s in g le copy . postage not in c lud e d.
Special rates will he made for larger quantities.
WEIGHT c\ ND HEIGHT l N REL ATION TO
MALNUTRITION
Jh
\VlLI . I .\ i\ 1 R. I) I·:ME !{ C'OX, :M .D .. r\.\TD I •'!Ud\K A. \-L\ :'-: .\1\' . ':'
Malnutrition is a clinical entity with characteristic history,
definite symptom s and pathological physical signs. The malnourished ch ild is a sick child, and should be so classed. vVith
this clinical picture in mind we hav e a check on the various weight
tables in cnmmon use. The mere fact that a child is underweight according to a certain table does not necessarily mean that
he is malnourished or even unclemourishecl . The relationship
between the individual child 's weight and any table of average
weights is evidence, but not con clusive evidence, of hi s physical
condition. If the tables are ba sed on proper data they sho uld be
not only a means of diagnosing malnutrition , but an aiel in measuring its degree.
Pro jJosed tests. Jn dealing, then, with any condition requiring correction in the individual child it is important to know,
not only the actual facts of present status, but also the standard
which ought to be met. In matte rs of g rm\·th va riou s tests for its
measurement have been proposed. Many of these are suggestive,
an d t he fi eld is well deserving of further investi gation. The subj ect has been presented in another article' in which it is shown
that non e of these studi es have as yet given much direct help
except tho e concerned with developm ent in te rm s of \\·eight and
heig ht.
Weight and age. The basis most frequently used in discu ssion hith erto has been weight in relation to age. JJut in the
clinic we were early imp ressed with the practical difficulties of a
program which call ed for great effo rt on the part of t he chi ld
to come up to the average weig·ht fo r his age. The standard
set was in many in stances so far beyond his present achievement
as to appear unattain able. He therefore became di scouraged and
made no progress at alL To attempt the impossible is not a
reasonable means of reaching any g oal but failure.
I-1 eight and age. The basis of height for age is eve n more
confusing because many of the children most in need of care are
above the average scale of height for their years.
Weight aud heig ht. One general physiologi cal prin cipl e. holl'*Forme rl y Di rector of :\Tutritio n St udies, Association for I mprov in g the ConJition
of the Poor, New York City.
1
F . A. )lanny. Ind exes of 1\'utr iti on nnd Gro\nlt.
1
(Sec R e feren ces .)
EMERSON-MANNY:
Weig ht and Height Tables
ever, seems to be applicable to all cases; that is, however tall
or short a child may be, he requires sufficient body weight to
sustain that height. In the many thousands of cases that have
come under our observation we have never found an instance
in which this basis has proved to be impracticable.
The malnourished. ·w ith this as a sta rtin g point the next
step was to find what range of variation in the relation between
weight and height was compatible with co nditions of reasonably
good health and growth. Ten per cent. underweight was taken
as a working hypothesis, but it was soon evident that many children needing care did not come within th is rul e. After considering
all the clinical evidence, ,,.e have fo und that an habitual 7 per cent.
underweight for height is the most sa ti sfactory dividing line.
This marks off the lower boundary of the safety zone. It does
not indicate an ideal weight for height because children are
found to be better off if they run 10 per cent. higher than this
111111 1111Ul11.
Th r o!Jcsc. :\ con,_;iclera tion of the upper boundary 11·as
afforded by the ca~es oi chJd ren so much o1·erweight that they
showed impairment in acti,·ity and disposition, as well as a genera l lowering of thei r health. convenience and comfort. A study
of our cases indicates that 20 per cent. overweight serves to disti nguish the children \\·ho may be called obese.
The uormal :::o11e- st11nfed ·<.Jariants. This zone lying bet11·een
7 per ce nl. nndenn:ight ancl 20 per cenl. o1·e r \\·cight, separate::
tile f:ti rly normal g roup from those who should be under treatment at one extreme for malnutrition, and at the other for obes:ty.
There are, however. a conside rabl e number of children still left
in the central zone who are definitely stunted; that is, not only
underweight but also underheight. ·w ith proper health conditions these children soon prove that they have capacity fo r growth
in both weight and height not heretofore realized. l11 th is g roup
a rc included those who are constitutionally affected by such conditions as syphilis, deficient thyroid, the effect of drugs such as
caffe ine and nicotine, and those recovering from such long- cont inued illn esses as tuberculosis.
Individ11al dia g uos.-.1'. \Ve make it a rule to use the weig htheight ratio for the purpose of selecting that large g roup of malnourished children most urgently in neC'cl of attention, and then
2
EMERSON-MANNY:
Weight and Height Tables
depend upon individual diagnosi s to identify other cases not
reached by the general rule. A ny child who is clearly below the
heig ht and weig ht measurements usual at his age receives special
consideration eve n though his ratio may be normal. In such a
case an actual condition of good hea lth and proper growth factors
must be proved before it is fa ir to assume that the child is developing a s well as it is possible for him to do.
E:vtent of malnu.trition. The tests which we have applied to
large number s of children indi cate that from 20 to 40 per cent.
of the chil dren of school and pre-school age in thi~ cou ntry
arc habitua lly underweight for their height, a nd present both
physical and mental signs of malnutrition. T he resul ts accomplished in nutrit:on classes show that under prope r treatment and
care practically all of the e children can be made wc11 in their
O\\·n homes. The express ion "made well' ' is used adv ised ly.
for child ren who arc habitual ly uncl crn·eight for th ci 1· heig ht.
arc rea lly sick, and present, practica lly \Yi thout exception, in their
history and on physical exami nation other (Lst in ctive sig ns of
impai red nutrition which indi cate that they arc not only un dcrJ < otu·;~lwd hut 1nalnouri ~ h cc l.
The clinical p:ctttre. Tn the hi story \\"C find th e ma lnutritio n
~·om in g on afte r a certa in illn ess. or as a result of a\·e rfat igue,
or of fau lty food o r health habit~. .\t the same time the child
becomes irritable, tires eas ily, lack s phys:ca l and menta l co ntrol.
all(! exh ibits othe r indications of nervous disturbance .
. \mong the physical signs, besides th e we:ght to heig ht rat io.
a re lines under the eyes, anxious expression, pallor, mouth-breath ing a nd other signs of na sopharyngea l obstruction; the anterior
ce rvical g lands are apt to be en la rged; the muscles flabby (tested
by feeling the upper arm) ; there may be ptosis, fat:g ue posture,
round shoulders, lateral curvature, flat chest, rigid spine, promi nent abdomen and p ronated or flat feet. By fatig ue posture we
refer to an appearance simila r to the seni le stoop clue to weak
muscles.
As the chi ld approaches the normal there is clinical evidence
of a transformati on that is both phy sical and mental. There is a
return of color and a glow of health that is unmistakable. Practically eve ry parent states that th e patient has " become a diffe rent child ."
'\'annal reactions appear. restlessness and
irritability dim ini sh. a nd the ch ild ceases to be " finick y" a nd
3
E:llERSOK-MA:\XY:
Weig ht and Heig ht Tables
··nervo us." T hese arc the ~a mc changes ,,·e look fo r after ;1 Ion:<
rest o r a vacation.
E·vid c11 ce of slllllted g row th. When cond itions ha ve been
co rrected for a malnourished child, nature apparently g i,·es a
st rong iuitial impetus to hi s development. This is ev id enced
by the first rapid adva nce in g rowth, th e rat e of whi ch is g raduall y reduced as he approaches no rm a l condit ion. .\iter the
increase in weight ha, ,,·ell started there is an increase in heig ht
also. This is more rapid than th e ra te o f gro\\·th in the normal
chi ld- a sudd en making up of the retard ed growth fo ll O\I"ing;
the remova l of the cau;<es \Yhich li rst made the child stun ted. Th is
i~ illu stra ted in Chart I.
\\'hen a child is IJecoming maln ouri shed , th e los,; of \l"e:ght is
\-ery evi dent , but f requently the gain in height cont inue:,. T he
place o( these t\vo fadors in practica l ,,·o rk is suggeste d IJy
l~ obenson in th e fullo\\·ing statement: ··The ,·a riabil ity oi stature
i ~ m uch less than the q riability of \\· eig ht. from \\·hich \\"l' ma y
infer th at as a uitcrion of abn ormalit y the measure uf stat ure
is more reliabl e than that of \l"e:g;ht, \\·hile as a sensitiv e i11dicator
of the cficcts of environmental, ]Jhysiological or dietetic lluctuations, provid ed stati stical method s of investigation arc employed .
th e measure of \\"eight is to be prefer red to stature.··
Vitiated tables. :\ll tables of weight a nd heig ht now in L~:-.c arc
v itiated by the fact that they contain th e measurement s, not only
of those who have accomplished normal g rowth, but also thi s
20 to 40 per cent. g roup who are habitually underweight for their
height, as well as a n und etermined number less underw eight. hu t
presenting other definite signs of malnutrition. It may be argued
that the subnormal children arc balan cecl in the tables by those
who are overweight, bu t expe rience shO\I" S that the comparatively small number o£ cases sufficiently overweight to be conside red abnormal a rc more t han overba la nced by the borderline
cases, without taking into accoun t ;m y of those who arc clea rl y
underweight fo r their height.
\l.,Te need a record wh ich has ruled out as far as possibl e, by
physical exam ination, the groups described aboYe. The remainder
\\·o tlld furni sh us data for phy siolog ica l norm s showing the ran ge
of no rma l children within a zon e of hea lthy growth.
The forego ing paragraphs present the clini ca l evidence lyin g
back of the tables whi ch are here publi shed.
4
liT/eight and H ei,!', ht Tab les
EMERSO N -MA NKY
Cl9e 9 'i< s. 1 ..,.,o$.
Unde,- wc.i '\kt 'l." l lo. ~.C:. ~t 17
}(.,:;91-.t 4"1 ·o n .
Uv ev o '\• ){·. , 91,·\ \
w e;q\,t' 'I b 1\o s
<lve'C>'Je W e i ~lot ~o < \tei9\.-t :55" lloo._
/9 /7 No".
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s
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(l'tt>o~~cl s \
::tt-,.,eo o.v•,·o"\< ( I ,.,c\, \
t.Jio
CCl\o., 'ntS . J'f Cl..
CJL\Wt I ~hows Lhe rectlrd of a hoy o f 9 year:-. and I month!', who was 1 / per cent.
underwcig!lt for hi s height. Dut ing 14 wee ks he ga ined 14 pound~ in wei ght and 1
inch in height. Line A indi c::ttes his ex pected ga in line a:-5 worked out whe n he fir~t
came to u ~ . The fact, h O\\' C \ 'C r. that du r ing t he time i 11 w hic h he was gain ing rap idl y
in wei.ght he also made twice as much ga in in he ig h t as wou ld be expected at hi s age
is good C\·idcnce that he wac;; below normal in hc i!!ht, which has to d o w ith s keleta l
g rowth, as we ll as in we ig ht for he ight. Thi s would indi cate that he was s tun ted a nd
had capacity for growth beyo nd w ha t he had a ttain ed. Furth e r eviden ce of thi s statement ap pears cl inicall y, for the boy was _n ot up to normal when he had gai n e d th e 9.4
pounds wh ich he lacked itt t he start. His ga in in he ight r eq uired a new expected
weight lin e (see lin e D on the chart) an d it was only on reaching thi s new ra tio that
he beca me cl ini cally well.
Th e co n sta nt occurrence of thi s change see m s st rong evide nce that all chi ld ren
habituall y 7 per cent. u nderwcif!"ht for their hei g ht are retarded about a year i n
g rowth. T he 7 per cent. h:r it se lf does not am o un t to thi s h ut the a dditional weight
necessitated by t he extra gain in hei~ht ma kes ttp the di fference .
5
ElVIERSON- lVIA Nl\ Y:
Weight and H eight Tables
Sources of our tables. For the ea rly years we have used fo r
some time H olt's revised fi g ures wh ich he kindly fu rni shed t b
befo re publication. T hese a re now available in the latest edifo n
of " The Diseases of In fa ncy and Childhood." T he fig ures for
children of school age we have taken fo r the most pa rt fro m the
basal studies of Boas a nd Burk whi ch incorporate th e \vork of
Bowditch, Peckham, Po rter a nd others, aggregating in all some
90,000 measur ements. T he results of their studies ha ve appea red
in two fo rm s. O ne of t hese takes th e mean of all mea surements
for each year of age at the half year', wh il e th e oth er, connr, all
those of a g iven year a s if they were made at the beginni ng oi
the yea r ". T his p laces the weig hts and heig hts of the latter ,·ers:on 6 month s in advance of those of the for mer.
Tab les set j'orw ard. T he general correctness of the firs t fo rm
of t he table is evident in any study wh ich includes all th e chil d ren
examined, without excluding the 20 to 40 per cent. who a re
cl early below par. This is illustrated in Charts II a nd II I. T he
wide use made of the latter form of the table, in whi ch the figures
a re set forward half a yea r. ha s been du e, no doubt, to the fact
th at it represents better than the other th e measurements of fairly
normal chi ldren.
On th is account \\' e ha ve deliberately set the fi g ures i orward
half a year in our tables because cl ini cal work conducted both
in th e hospital and with so-call ed well children in school has
shown th at the curves on that basis represent better working
sta nda rds than do any others now availab le. l t \Yill be ob,;erved
that thi s form of the Doas-Burk fi g ures a rticulates " ·ell with
those of H olt's tabl e fo r younger chi ldren, ,,·bil e th e oth er iorm
leaves a break in the line.
Such studies as th ose of Daldwin and Robertson , made on
smaller g roups of selected children, ind:cate r esults which run
much hig he r than even our "set fo r ward" fig ures. (See Charts
IV and V ) . 'vVe have tested our tabl es by th e various records
referred to in Baldw in's bibliography and also by later inYestigations such as those made by the Metropolitan L ife In sm ance
Company in their study of can didates for wo rking papers. and
that of Greenwood which incl udes 350,000 measurements of
English school children .
1 B. T . Baldwin , Physical G row th and School Prog ress, p. 150.
"]. L. M orse. Case Histories in P ed iatrics, p. 13.
(
~
EMERSON-MANNY:
Weight aud H eight Tables
NUTRITION CLINICS FOR DELICATE CHILDREN
TABLE OF AVERAGE WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN AT VARIOUS HE IGHTS
Also S h owing Weights 7 % and 10% Underw eiJ(ht for H eig h t
. I tei"Of/U
IVciuht
BOYS
7%
I
H ei(Jhl iar II eiohl
l nct t•.;
Pounds
*:L:J
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: -.!.7
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,10
H
·12
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H
-15
IG
47
48
•19
50
.)1
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.~, ;)
.) I·
_-,,;
18.8
18.2
19 .6
20.0
2:i .4
22.1
23.3
2-I.S
2-t.U
27 .;l
28.6
3 0 .0
21.8
2:1 . 1
:!t.2
:!5.4
2ti.6
21 .a
~0.2
21 . 7
23 2
2L5
2.).9
27.3
28.7
30.0
:H . 6
:n .,
3li 3
38 . 1
:m.s
38.8
40.:i
4 .3 .4
4.~.2
47.1
49.5
5 L . -1
53.0
55.4
59.6
G2.5
65.8
li8.9
72.0
G7
103.R
108 .0
1H . 7
121. 8
127.8
132 . G
68
138.9
GTJ
(j(j
35.4
37 . 0
41 7
43 .:;
{j~
O·l
7. :~
8. 7
1U.2
1G. 7
!19.3
03
7 9
·1
11 0
12 5
17 .2
1)0
·,.~
:,!)
Pounds
7 . ·1
!i l
,-,7
/"'ound.-;
8.7
10 . 0
11 .3
12.5
13.8
15.2
75 . ·1
70.2
82.8
87.0
!l 1.1
03.2
--~u
flndf ra·eioht
7.G
I
I
L' ndcra•cighl
9.0
10.3
11.6
12.9
14.2
15 . 7
16 .2
18 . 8
20 . 2
2l.G
22.8
24. 1
25.4
26.7
27.9
29.4
30.9
33.8
18.5
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8.2
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for lfeiohl
Pouu ds
9.7
11.1
12 . 5
13.9
15.3
1
I
I
Underweioht
G IH.T.R
10%
Underuwiyht
Po nndi'\
+:l. s
+6.0
4.7.8
4.9.3
51.5
55.4
58.1
Gl. 1
64.1
67.0
70. 1
n.7
77.0
80.!!
84 '
88 5
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a
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1-1.4
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14 . 0
15.5
20.1>
L7 . 5
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18.5
19.8
2G.U
~TJ.S
27.0
28 .4
29 .9
32 .7
:Jl.ii
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:!2.7
:10.4
;j;j 2
:35.7
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4 1 .2
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·14 .s
34. . 3
35.8
:37 .5
39.2
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42.4.
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46.3
47.7
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71 .:!
7-1 ,j
78 :!
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sz o·
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102 .:;
110 .-1
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100..1
lOG . 7
H7 2
10:-l 2
113 .:l
10!1 ti
1:;o.o
118 .9
123.3
11 5 ()
ll!l :J
137.0
i -1:.> . 0
120 . 2
12:) . 0
1 18 . 0
12:~
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. ll
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' Without C lothing.
7
7.1
8 . .:;
9.!!
11 .3
ll .6
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15 5
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·II 7
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21.1
22.a
23.-1
24.()
25.7
27.0
28.4
29.'1
32.1
33.7
:;:;.3
37.1
3S.S
·10.3
41.7
4:l. 7
45.8
48.0
50.2
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:;u s
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{i2 . 1.
IJ:) . I
:;7 .4
GO. 1
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72.!1
70.G
70 7
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7 t. :3
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HU.7
IO!J . 7
114 . +
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1•7
TABLE OF AVERAGE WEIGHT AND HEIGHT MEASGRE::IIE)ITS
AT VARIOUS AGES
.\lonl/u;
l3Tith -
' ()
I /I eight
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"
·I
,j
;j
I
I
'
(j
'''3!l.U
8
10
0
.,0
'''39. :j
*40 .0
*40 . 5
:19 . :)
:jg .0
40.2
40.0
-11.0
41.4
4 1 .7
42.1
42.4
42.8
43.2
43.5
43.n
44.:l
I
G
s
10
II
2
4
5
;)
(i
.;
8
Ill
I)
(i
(j
-
I
4-1.7
(j
(j
G
G
8
10
7
7
7
7
II
45 . 1
45. 4
45.7
46 .0
46.5
46.9
47.4
4.7 . 9
48.3
48.8
49.0
49.2
-19 .4
-19 .fi
49 .8
li
~
·I
G
8
10
0
2
4
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
I
(i
I
s
I
I
I
*3 0.~
.j
I
I
''3 1 .1
''32.0
*32.7
*33.4
*34.0
'''34. 7
'''35.4
'''36.0
'''36.5
'''37 .0
*37.5
'''38.0
*38.:)
:!
I
u
:1
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
'''2G . .;
:;:'.27 . .)
'''28.-'i
*29 .:)
.j
(j
8
*20 . 0
*2:? . .-.
:::2l . .)
4
G
R
10
0
2
4.
G
8
10
0
2
2
:!
in
l nrhe .~
~
I
I
I
c---=========A
=T
BOYS
- ---. l yr
Y ears
TABLE OF AVERAGE WEIGHT AND HEIGHT ::II E.\ til'f!E::I!C:\TS
VARIOt:S AGE~
10
8
•Without Clothing.
W eight i n
Aye
Pon nds
:::
Y ears
9
9
!l
!I
n
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
ll
11
11
ll
ll
7.55
¥10.4
'''13 . 2
''' W .O
* 17. 7
*19 .3
*21.0
''22. 1
*23.3
*24.5
*25 . 5
*26.4
'''27 .3
''28.~
*2n .1
' '30.0
'''30.8
*:l1.6
'''33.2
•:•:H.O
'''3-l. 7
'''~5.4
I
4:).
~
4 ;-} _n
4u . li
47 .:l
48.1
48.8
49.;)
50. 3
51. 2
52.0
52.8
53 . 6
54.5
55.4
II
I
il
II,,
II
I
II
GG .:!
57. J
r,7 . n
:;s . ~
I
.,
.>0 . 0 -:;o . :1
-1
H
.'i O . fi
.->1 .n
s
.j
4
(j
52 . 7
s
:;:l,O
\f)
IJ
2
4
I
(i
s
10
0
2
55 . ·1
iJ:j.S
,j(j
li
s
11)
I
I
~
!)7. ~
:) ~. 3
,)') . j
50 . 2
;)8.
IJ
(lU.
u
0
2
oo .:;
4
G1 . 1J
(i
(lt . ."}
8
111
Ol.!J
.,
4
li
l.j
~
15
IG
10
Hi
IIi
IG
II J
I
II
2
•l
(j
lfj
H
111
17
17
17
17
17
li
·I
.,
I
II
(i;j_(j
6:3 .()
G.J . :!
Gl . li
G I . !J
{i ;) .1
n.-,
:)
(;.-, . 7
fi t~
.l
!it ) . .",
I
fjtj
fjl_j
li7
lj
H
II)
02 .4
02 . n
(j:~ . 2
(i .). !)
0
I
5li .;
:>G.S
10
()
1,;
.1
.) 7 .J
.>7. n
0
2
4
G
:;:J, :!
:)3 .6
.·,:l.n
;Jt.:?
;H . .>
M. S
55.1
·I
1 ;)
J!j
l. 0
.-.1. (j
51.0
52.2
.i2 . .)
10
0
2
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
1:3
13
1:5
1:3
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
I'-
in
I IIIeight
urhcs
-[)- -
ll
*:32.5
''':10. 1
'''30 .8
37.2
37.n
3R. :;
30.2
39 .8
40.•)
41. ~
41.8
42 . I
.u . l
4:l .S
-H _.-,
.lfonth.<
I
7
s
I)
fj7 2
J
U7 . 4
(i7
Jll eioht i11
P ounds
.;n . £;
fiO . G
61. .-,
enn:
;irt h
fi!l .S
70.7
71.7
72 . 7
73. 8
74 . S
75 .0
76.0
78 . 2
70 . :')
80 .8
82. 1
8:3 . 5
8-1 . 8
86 . 5
88.~
90.0
01.8
03 . ii
95.2
97.2
fl9 . 3
101.3
103.:5
105 . 3
107 ...
109.7
111.9
114 .2
11G .:)
118 . 8
121 . 0
122 . :i
12-1.0
125 . .)
127 . 0
128 . ,;
130 . 0
i30 .9
13 \ 7
l:l:!
(j
13:1 ·I
J:ll. :l
135 . 1
I
I
(12 . .)
03 ,;
6-1.1
65.4.
G6.3
67.2
68 . 0
68. 0
G IRT~
, S--~-------
I
Aoe
IHeioht 1' n
JVeiyht in
- ~fol!:~h~ --:
I n,:-;;c,.,h_es=--..c_--cp:;;-o-;;w:--ld-;-;.so:-l
2
-1
G
f..
10
0
2
I
:~~g j
~ ~: 66
''2.J..2
*26 . 0
'''12 . 7
''' 15 . .:>
* 27.0
=i- 17.2
*28.0
* 18. 8
*29.0
*20.5
*29.8
*2 1. 7
4
'''30.6
*22.8
6
1 *31 4
*24 .0
,
8
·:·32 : o
*24. 8
10
*32 . 7
*23.6
0
*33 . 4
'' 26. 5
2
*34. 0
''27. 3
·l
*3-L 6
*28 . 1
6
*35.3
*29.0
~
8
*3;; . 0
*29. 8
2
I
10
*3G . ;;
*30.6
3
0
*37 . 0
*3 1.5
;j
2
I
*37. 5
*32, 1
3
4
*38 . 0
*32. 7
3
6
*38 . 5
*33.3
3
8
I *39 . o
*34. 0
10
*39 .5
*34.6
3
1
0
*40 . 0
*35 . 3
--;4--7---:o~-:---..;;3:;;9'".~:;-,- ;---3;;;6;c_-;;2:-- l
4
2
30 . 7
36.8
4
37
1
1
1
1
1
I
2
2
2
2
I
I
I
I
!
!
~
~
v
-~
v
g
G
~
6
8°
!d ih
4.411 .36
4390.48
~
~u
!t g
8
10
42 . G
42 .9
42:2
42 . 8
43 4
·
02
g
4
~
•
!U
HI
:{~
g
·1~ . 3
44.f,. ·. 07
~
~
~~i
,
8
10
0
2
H .O
4.7 . I
47. 7
4.8 . 0
48 .-l
1S . 7
4!1 . 0
6
~
~1
"s
8
i:i
6
I~
10
4
G
s
8
10
4!1 . I
\'..ithout. (•!o thing .
•
•
~~·k
!(g
46.9
44.7 . ?
· ·>
~6:1
50.9
.J 1 . 7
52 . ,;
:)3. :1
I :;.;_, ,_
,
.0
,;.; .s
:) 6.u
I
I
Aoe
Y ea rs
g
Jl on tlu;
3
0
fl
·I
G
I itc itihl in
l n rl1 r.~
:~g ~
.-,0.4
.-.o . 7
n
X
.j L,O
!)
10
0
2
4
.') L. 7
10
10
10
10
10
10
ll
ll
11
ll
ll
11
G
8
10
0
2
i
G
8
10
0
2
12
12
12
12
12
12
1:!
11:53.
8
10
0
42
13
13
6
8
H
4
(j
1
g
14
14
14
g
1
6
8
1g
15
15
15
2
•1
6
1~
16
lG
16
16
i~
8
1
2
4.
6
8
1g
.)[. l
52.1
.)2.4
.>2 . 8
53. 2
.:;3 . .)
53 . 8
5~. I
.) -1. 5
5-UJ
:) 5. 3
:).') . 7
.')6.1
,)(l . ~
5(; . !)
ii7 . :~
,-, 7 . 7
" .l
38. 5
~89 ·.
g
5o. 5
59. 8
~H
60.8
Gl. 0
61.2
g 1~
0
l: 7
Gl.8
gn
61.0
62.3
62.-1
62.5
G2.:j
g~ : ~
eight i11
I WPou
ndR
.)7 .4
.iS. 3
.j!) . 2
li0.2
Gl.J
62.0
G2 .n
64.0
65.1
66.2
67.3
68.4.
69.5
71.0
72 . 6
74 .1
*75 . 7
77.2
78.7
80.4
82 . 0
83.7
85.4
87 .0
88.7
90.3
91.9
03.5
95.1
96.7
98 . 3
99.7
101. 1
102.5
103.9
105.3
106.7
107.6
108 . 0
10().5
110.4
111.3
112 . 3
11 2.8
113 .3
1!3 . 8
114.4
114 .9
115.4
Weight and Hrip:ht Ta Ules
EMER SON -M AX:\'\":
TABLE SHOWING INCREASES IN WEIGHT AT VARIOt::S
Q UARTERS, AND WEEKS
AGE~
HY YJ::.\1{,;
BOYS
Age
Birth to 1 ye ar
1 to
2
3
'4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ll
12
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
13 to
H to
v; to
Birth to
1 to
2 to
3 to
4 to
5 to
G to
7 to
8 to
9 to
10 to
11 to
12 to
13 to
14 to
j
year s
3 years
·1 ye ars
5 years
G yC'a r s
7 years
8 yea rs
9 years
10 yen rs
11 yea rs
12 yea rs
13 years
1-l years
15 years
l (i y ears
Aue
1 year
2 yea r s
3 yea r s
4 yea r s
5 yea r s
6 yca.rti
7 yearti
8 years
!.l YC[lt"S
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
H years
15 years
1.5 t o lli yPars
Y ear-52 lVeekt3
Poun d ~.·
1:.! . 45
G.3
5 2
4 . :3
4.0
4 .0
'1. 3
5 .0
5. 1
5 8
5. 3
G.2
7 .9
10 .4
12 .2
1:l.6
Oun cef.i
II
I
I
I
I
-
:!LJ .
lUll s
,,, . ::!
OS. :l
I PQuarter-l
f:J l.Yn/; ..,.
o1wds
OntH'es
I
:3 :lG2:)
53 8
25.2
20 .S
17 .2
lG . ll
1G . (I
17 .:!
20.0
1 ..~7,)
s··
1 .a
1 .0/,j
1 .0
1 .0
l . 07.j
1 . 25
1 .2 75
1 A5
1. 325
1.55
1.975
2 ()
.0
ti.t . 0
(i-1
mi s
80 . 0
S I .ll
!l2.:-<
Sl.S
99 . 2
126.-I
16G . 4
1!)5 . 2
217 . ()
20.4
23.2
21.2
2-1 .~
3 1 .ti
4 I .n
41> s
;'j l .-I
:;. o.-.
3.40
I
G lll L,;
Y ea.T-32 Wee{.-.
Qtwrt a-JJ
Ou m·e .. .:
Po1uu l s
:l .3:!3
213 . -1-l
06.0
I . 50
13.0
l . 2.)
80 .0
5 0
.a.;
3 ti
GO.~
.)7 (i
3.li
.!J
_!)
57 {j
3.0
. 0 7.)
()8 s
4. 3
/(j 8
.2
4.8
.22.j
78 .-1
4.0
,::;_,!)
:37.j
SS.O
. ij ,j
G.G
105 .0
~ a
9 .2
147 .,
2 ,j
10 .0
lGO.O
!) n
lS:J. (j
2 4
., 1
8.4.
1:34.4.
;) . G
8() .li
.·1
P oundl'i
1:! . 3-l
W eck.s
Oun ce.-;
5:_L:3G
24.0
20.0
15.2
H.4
H . -I
17 - "219 . "2
19 . ll
~2 .0
~G . I
:lll. s
40 0
:!8. I
:!:3 . (i
:?:! . 4
W eek
P ound<;
O twce'<
4 . 1-!
1 . !l4
1 . 60
l .32
.2 ~9
. 12I
.lOU
.ox:l
1 . ::?:~
l . :l::
1 .:3:1
.077
. 017
. OS3
. O!Hi
. 098
l . ;)-l
. 11~
1 1n
1 . ti:1
I . HI
t:l
:; ~II
I02
. 110
Ll~
. ~00
.:.?a.-,
. ~t)2
1. .}/
I
.,
I
·I 1'-
•> . j" .-)
ll'cek
Pou nd,...:
Ounc(:.;
- "lt)i
4 . ll
- l l i)
l -~ --.
. OD!i
I. • ;}..t_
07 :3
I .1 7
.(lli!J
1. I I
. Oii!J
l. II
.O,.,:l
I :j ~
.on2
1 .-17
. ll\J-1
I .-)1
. lOG
J t) ~ l
.
.
.
.
12-;"
17-;'
10:2
1.....}
1 ;:)
. 111.'-'
----------------- - ---The tab les on p ages 1 and 4 arc bascJ up o n th ose on pag<'.s 2 :1 nd :{. 'T h(·
., . o:l
2
~:;
., ,() .....
., .\1:,
:!
.-·!J
7:!
lll:\IPT i:d .,r
thL· latt er fur t h e first fo ur yea r:; is taken f rom H olt's Di:;cascs of [n faney :tad Child hood
( l!J H.lJ- t h a.t for the succeC'd ing years is deriYecl pr iu r-ip:-tlly frmu tiH' work of Boaci, Hur k .
Uowditch n.nd Srncdley. The weig hts and heights in H o lt's tahle n rc without cloth in!!,
\\·lJilc those of the bter yca r:s a rc wit h indoo r d othi ug: but \\'i tlto ut !"h oC'::;.
It wiJI be n oted that th e fi gures for thr Inter ye.trs differ from thr Bo:ls- B ud.;_ bi>lL·.-..
by six months. Our r<'aso u for setting the fi g ures for\\"arcl half a .\'C'ar i~ tk1t in the ir
o riginal form the y rep resPnt overages which include t lw ,·er_\· Jar:!<' numlwr 11f c·hildn•n
,., hvm our clinical experic n l'C and st udie::.: of e n t ire ~r h oo l group:' f·i nd t o Ue :sPr i ou~ l _,. Iu;tlnou rislicd. The tabl es in the ir p resent iorm run lower tha n tho~f' III:L<Le in :-.ludic~ I'OIIcc rn cd main ly with n ormal <'hildrc n . .\ .-; they an" h<'r'-' printL•d tlif'_..,. atTo rd thr· h(•:-t ICor/;inu standard for use un t il suc h :L t iiiJI"' a~ :::uffie ic n r dat a a rc ::i<'L'lln' d fro111 wcig-hi n!!" :1n d
mcu:-5uring: a large nutllbc r of chilclrPII who ar c normal.
NUTRI TI ON CLIN ICS FOR DELI CAT E CH ILDRE N
44
Dwi GH T
BosTo:: . MAssAC HUSET T S
STREET
9
EMEllSOX-MANN>:
Weight and Height Tables
The :::o1w standard. \\'ood has done va luable service m emphasizing the use of the zone system a opposed to any single
line as a standard of reference. In the latest revision of his
figures his r esults agree very nearly \Yith the standard which we
have adopted, although, as will be seen in Cha rt VI, he does
not allow as wide a range of variation.
I'
'!
.·' :.:1. ,.
5S .
5
;
·w hen we turn to age variations (see Cha rt VII) his range
is less consistent , and we know of no clinical data which justify
such modifications. For instance, according to vVood' s latest
table a g irl of 7, with a height of 47 inches, should weigh SO
pound , while a g irl of 9. of the same height , should weigh 53
pounds. In hi tables published in 1910 th is was reversed, and
the expected weight for the gi rl of 7 at the heig ht g iven was
10
E niEl{SON-iVI AN:-.JY:
W eig ht and H eig:ht T ables
50 pounds, while the g irl of 8 and 9, having th e same h eig ht, had
a n expected weig ht of only 49 p ounds . . As Cannon sta tes, '·There
is no physiological la w which shows that a child should g row in
heig ht out of p roportion to hi s weig ht. F urthermore, the average
child h as a n a verage r elation of h eig ht and weig ht."
\ i\lith in no rmal variations, therefore, we repeat t hat a g iycn
13
1:/
It
:·~
.':·
!'"
I·!·'·;
Qo
'(O
:['
::
"·
·:;
!~!1
Ill
l
!o
g
CH :\ KTS J L and ]J l show how closely the measurements of heigh t and wcip:ht of
the pupi ls in four Kew York City schools. taken in 19 1i , agree wi th the averages i n
the original Roas-Burk tables. The pupils were in two groups-the G ramercy and
Bowring Green districts-an d numbered in :11l about 2500, of whom o ne-fourt h to onethird were malnourished. S imilar results arc shown by including m easurements of
350,000 E ngli h school c hi ldre n compiled b y G reen wood in 1914.
height requires a ce rtain body weight to sustain it at any age.
T he increase in weig ht \Yhich a child m ay be expected t o ma ke
is, of com se, modi fied by hi s age no matte r what his nut rit iona l
condit ion because of th e facto r of a dolescence. T he relation be- .
i ween retardation of adolescence a nd malnut r ition is a subject
needing further investigation.
R etan has recently worked out a cha r t showing the zones of
11
EMER SON -MA NNY :
Weight and Height Tables
l'Ji:\HTS 1\. and V rtfford a c.omparison of the tables w-Eed in our nutrition d iu ic ..;
with the results obtained by Dald\\·in and Robertson from selected children measured
without clothing. T he former used some 30,000 measurements. and the lrttter 900.
Note that even with the ach·ance of h alf a vear the line on which we base our standard
runs 1.vith clothiug below the lines of tile more normal ch ild ren measured -:t"ithout
clothin(}.
12
E:'>In:'t>:-.:-:\ l.\ .\::'\Y:
""''t•ql·.J
We ig ht and Jl cight Tab les
"'l
pn.. \\d'f
;;f;,; .
l:iii!
Cili l~
!!filii,!
Ifill
! .
CHART VI shows the rcl:nionship between the zone boundaries which WC' ust'-; pl'r
cent. und erweight and 20 per cent. overwe ight for height-and those mad e.· hy \\'uod
for the usc of the Ch ild Ilcalth Organization. Note how closely \Vood' !! lin es f •d Jq"·
the " se t forward" Hoas-Burk figures which we u se as a basis. \ Vood's zone of lt~ alth
i..; much narrower than Otlt clinical evidence justifies.
13
Weight and Height Tables
EMERSO K -MAKNY:
;JJtJ
;:i; HHHii iil1l1;; w; :i:: :iii;,:; l!;: ~tu .P· ·n
: .~~!: ~:"~D~Z~~ ~~ ·:~
i:': ::!:
;ll
"
:
u: :il! r: ;=H ::q ifJi · _· ='~i ;1·:
~:~; L~: !;~=
:it, ;~,, : :l:· ;:: ~ ~ ~ :'~J:f;~ ~r: ~·~~
~ ~· ~~; :i:' m: :::: ~ili~1 ·~ ttf:f~ m= :1:~ ~,: ::;: ;:;: m: ~; ~:tr,~ '1~
f;;:1·: m: ,m ~r~ :T ·:;~ :':f mt
R;f'-$"+Jl~'M'-h¥."++.~~""\S-r81'rtil812+Y-'8~;dc!jl1ilf-.Jijj~,ft!m;fll'+.:+-:4-'8.cf~hv·D
:~~~~~i liililiill!i ! !!~~iii;~~~~·.!"'
1
17o ,:;;
fm ~;~ :r::·;~l ~~t~ti:~: :rt :n ;::~ ~~: ~:. ::: :: · "~~: :;:~ :::: ;~ l;~i ~~~~~ i:;: ~~: ;~: , ;i:,
:-;!
~~~"t it~~Ji,~~-~f:t;~*~ I!' :::,:;: :·' ;;,tH,~k
~-~~l~·:f~~~~~[~n~~,~"~;i~
'l l
Q.
'\
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I n Char t VI th e co mparison was kept to the relationship betwee n we ig ht and
he ig ht, but in CHART VII the fa ct o r of a ge is a lso use d . 'The we ight and hei g ht
factors are combined by u s in g a n index secured by dividin g the wei ght in pound s by
the height in inches. In a ddition to the figures prepared rece ntly by \Vood we haYc
a lso included those which he published in 19 10. N ot e that bo th his lowe r and uppe r
zo ne bc t1nda :- t tS are, on th e wh o le , much hightr in the late r editi on .
14
We1:ght and H eight Tables
EMERSON- M ANNY :
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CHART Vl ll shows the zone boundaries determined experim~n t ally by Retatl.
In
plotting a ll chi ld r en exa mined he made use of our general boundaries and then laid
o ut his zones according to th e ~ctltal location on the chart of obese and malnourished
cases. The general agreement of the two se ts of boundaries is here well illustra ted.
15
F:-IERO'O:'\- MA XX Y :
TV eig ht and H cig lzt Tables
nutritional cond ition. Sta rt ing " ·it h our tabl e~ . he has classified
in zones all the children examined. T he result reveal s the malnourished chJdren collected in th e range of un sati sfactory relation between weig ht and height. Chart V III shows how cl osely
hi s eYid ence agrees with th e boundari es \Y e have worked out.
Sex and race 7'ariation. Sex Yaria tion i:" an interesting study
in itself, but in t he p ractica l co nsid eration of children up to t he
age of a dolescence there is no reason fo r discussin g the subj ect
in thi s article. T herefo re space bas not been ta ken to p ubli sh
pa rall el c h a rt~ fo r the t \\" o sex es. To make compa rison easier all
t he charts used a rc th o~c ~ho,,· in g the heig ht s a nd \\·eig hts of
boys.
An obj ect ion f requentl y raised is th at no sing le ra nge of a \·e rag·cs ca n ~C r Ye for !he \·arious n al i o nali t i e~ in an A merican city.
\ Ve have tested our tables on t he m ixed population of se veral
schools, and fi nd that our range make,; suffi cient all owance in
dealing with eYen th e J ta l ian ~ and other types conside red fa rthest
he lo\\" the a\·erage.
Seaso nal p,rozt'lh . . \ section of thi:-. ;,ubject descrYin g special
,;tudy is th e matter of seaso n:li g rO\\·th. · It is commonly held that
during certain part s of the yea r g rO\\·th in \\·eig ht leads, whil e
gTowth in heig ht is e:;pecially cha racte ri stic of oth er seasons. A
summary of the literature of the subj ect is found in H all's
··c\dolescen ce.'' ]:{efercnce is made in t he lates t editi on of Holt' s
··Diseases of In fa ncy and Ch:Jdhoocl" to a study of 700 obscn ·ations mad e on boys ra ng ing in age f rom 9 to 16 yea rs in a New
Yo rk p rivate school. T hi s shO\\·ecl th e period f rom :.\'lay to
);ovembe r to have a decided ach·antage OYer t he other 6 m onths
in both weig ht and heig ht increases. Th is resul t is ascribed to the
gTeater f reedom f rom illn ess and th e la rger opportuniti es for ou tdoor life during th e open months. _\del eel interest is g iven to this
statement in the li ght of our experi ence which show s nasopharyngeal obstruction to be th e most seri ously di sturbing ph ysi ~al factor w ith whi ch we haYe to dea l.
( 1) :.\1alnutrition is a definit e clinical entity with cha racteristic history, definit e symptoms ancl pathological physical sig ns.
( 2 ) Cl:n ical evid ence shows that the physical sig n which may
16
EMERSON -MAN NY:
Weight and H eight Tables
best serve to identify this gro up of malnourished children
relationship existing between weight and heig ht.
IS
the
( 3) Th e age factor is of secondary importance and is mainly
serviceable in selecting cases st unted by constitutional disabilitie'i
such as syphilis, tuberculosis, defic:ent thyroid, the effect of certain d rugs, convalescence from long illnesses, etc.
( 4) The tables derived from the studies of Boas and Burk
represent the most extensive records of weight and heig ht
measurements made. Recent studies show that they are esse ntia lly true averages of un selected groups of A merican childreu.
( 5) The Boas-Bur!.~ and other tables in general use are
vitiated by the fact that they include a large number of mal nourished children whose measurements lower the averages of
w'eig ht and height, thus making them of relative value only
as standards.
(6 ) As a working basis it has been found necessary to set
forwa rd the Boas- Burk fig ures ha lf a year, thus offsetting to a
considerable extent the depression of ave rages stated above.
(7) Individual variation in the relation ship of weight to
he ight is of suf-ficient im portance to make it necessary to u ~e
a zone system rather than a ny single Lne as a l)as is of referen ce.
( 8) After variou~ experim ents at determini ng zone boundaries, clinical evidence is best satisfied by lines lying between
7 per cent. below and 20 per cent. above the ··set forward" BoasHurk figures. O utside of th is central zone are fo und, on th e
one hand, the malnouri shed, a 11d, on the other, the obese. \rVithir.
the zone are still a considerabl e number of ma lu ourished children
requiring ind ividual diag nosis.
(9) The malnourish ed children selected by this rul e of
habitual 7 per cent. underweig ht for height form, a lmost without
variation, 20 to 40 per cent. of any group of children in school
and pre-school periods.
( 10) When tables have been constructed fro m a suffici ent
uurnber of children proved to be normal, the line of average
we ig hts and heights will lie somewhere between the "set forward" Boas-Burk fig ures and those represented by a line drawn
17
EMER~nN-MAl'\NY:
Weight and Height Tab les
m idway bet ween the 7 per cent. un dc:rweight a nd 20 per cent.
over weight boundaries of the zone described above. Specia l
stml:es of somew ha t m ore carefully selected children, for example, those made by Baldw in an d R obertson, confi rm th i,;
statement.
L J ST OF REFERE NCE S.
Bird T. Baldwin : Phy!-.ical Growth and Sciwol Progrtss. U. S. Bureau of Educ<l!lon
Bulle tin No. 10. 19 14.
(H istor ical s ummar y of nearly 200 studies of weighL
and he ig ht. Bibli og raphy of ex p e r i m ~ ntal ~t uJi~.:: s in ph ys ical g r owth-300 tit les/.
C . R. llardccn: 'T he ll clght-WeJght I nd ex of Huil tl 111 tel a ti o n to Ltnear and Vol/
umetric Propo rtions and Surface-Area of the Body Durin g Post-Natal D evelop~
mcnt. Ca r n egie In s titution Publi ca ti o n No. 3i2, pp. 483 -554 .
franci s G . Bened ict: Energy R equir eme nt s of Children from Birth to Puberty. D o~.;.
ton ?vl edical a nd Surgical Journal , Jul y 31. 19 19.
Ft·an z Hoas : The Growth of Chi ldren . Science. S. S. No. 937 : 8 15·8. S ec a lso l'.
S. Bureau of Education, Re port of Commissioner. 18Y6-7 , val. 2 :1 54 1-99, and
1904, vol. 1 :25· : .32 .
I re nry P. Bowditc h: Th e Growth o f C h ildren . :\1.assachusc.tts Board of Health , I~ e·
port, 18 i5 and 1879 .
JJ en ry P. llowditch: Th e Relation Bet ween Growth and Di :-:ca sc. Amer ican :M edical
/
Association, Tran sacti ons, 1881, val. 32 :370 -6.
-- Fred e ric L. Burk : G row th of C hi ldren in rll"i g h t and \\l eiglll. Amer ica n J our nal o[
P syc h o lo gy, vol. Y:253·326 .
U J\rthur Greenw oo d : Jl cal th and Phy sique of School Chil d ren . Ratan Tata Foundation, Unive-rsity o f L on d on , 1 ~ 15.
G Stanley Hall: Growth in H e ight and We ig ht. Adolescence, Vol. 1 :1·50.
,.,,. L. Emmet Holt : Di seases o f lnfancv and Childhood. 19 19.
\
F ran k . -\. ·M anny : J ndex es of Nut1:ition and Crowth. ":\.llodcrn Hos pital, Novembe r,
19 16.
( l~ e fcr e n ces to dibcussions of indexes. s ig n s. formula e, e tc. , on growth
and phy!')iologica l dcvcloptllcnt).
(-.. Frank /\. :\ l ann y : Defec ti ve Nutrition and Growth, A Sel ec ted Bib liog r a phy. Ameri ·
can J o urnal o f School Hyg ie ne. Ju ne, 19 18. (140 title,) .
c._) F rank .'\. Mann y : 1\ Colllpariso n of Three iVl cthods of Dete rmining Defective Nutri tion. An C11 1VES OF PEDIATRIC S , .F ebruary, 191 8 .
Frank A. ~Janny: D efec t ive Nutrition a ncl th e St~ndard of Li v in g·. Survey, Ytarch
20. 1918.
Kutrition Clini cs fo r D eli cat e C hil dren.
\V c ight a nd He ig ht Tables.
I. Av c ragf'
\ Veights o f Children at Various H ci,12 ht s.
rL . . \v eragc V\fc igh t and H e ight
.\ l easure:llCilt~ at v ~niou5 A ges.
1 _11. 1n c r ca~cs in \\I e ig ht at \ 'ariou s Agf' ~ hy
Years, Quar te r s and \Vc c k s.
George ~J . R ctan : Th e )I easurement a n d D evelopmtlll of Nutrition in Childhoo(l.
AI~ C H1VE S OF PEDJATJH CS. Janua1·_v, 1920.
T. Brail sfo r d Rober tso n: Studi es in the G rowth o f ~I an. IV. Th e Va,·iab ility of thl'
\ Vei ght an d S tatu re of School Children nncl It ~ Rclation !-:i hip to T he i r Ph ys ical
\V e lf are . .\m crica n J ournal of Phy s iology, vol. 4 1: 54 7.
F. \7\r. Smedley: R e po r t o f Department of Chil d- study and P e da gogic I nvest igation o f
the Chicago Publi c Sch oo ls , Chicaoo . 1900. Vol. 2 :1 0-48.
1....
\•V m. Stephenson: On th e Rate of Gr owth in C hi ldren . Tran sactions I nternation al
" edical Congress. \>Va s hin ~lon. 1887. V ol. 3. pp. 446·452.
Th o m::. s D. \¥o od : I-Iealth a nd Educa tion. N int h Year Rook. Nat ional Society ftJr
th e StuJy of Education, 19 10. (Sec also revised form of h is ta bl es issu ed by
Child Hea lth Organi za tion, New York City).
.
Rep rin ted fr·lm .-\~<C J I I VE:s OF
E. B. Ti{EAT & lo .. r ublishe rs. 45
18
A ug-ust, 1920.
17th Streel , ~ew York.
PEDlATR I CS,
E~~t