Study of
the Macroeconomic Impact
of Renewable Energies
in Spain
Study of
the Macroeconomic Impact
of Renewable Energies
in Spain
Main sponsor
Sponsors
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Table of contents
Executive Summary................................................................................................................. 6
1. Overview 2014 ................................................................................................................... 14
2. Penetration of renewable energies in Spain ............................................................... 20
3. Macroeconomic assessment .......................................................................................... 32
4. Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies .................................................... 46
4.1. Biofuels.............................................................................................................. 48
4.2. Biomass............................................................................................................. 54
4.3. Wind power....................................................................................................... 62
4.4. Geothermal power.......................................................................................... 68
4.5. Marine power................................................................................................... 76
4.6. Small-scale wind power.................................................................................. 80
4.7. Small-scale hydropower................................................................................. 84
4.8. Photovoltaic solar power............................................................................... 90
4.9. Thermal solar power....................................................................................... 96
4.10. CSP (Concentrated Solar Power)..............................................................100
5. Impact of renewable energies on environment and energy dependence........106
6. Economic balance from renewable electricity production ....................................120
7. The Electricity System in Spain.....................................................................................130
8. Energy policy targets and renewable energies.........................................................140
2014
Executive summary
6
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Executive summary
T
he Renewable Energies sector is strategic for Spain and the vast majority
of the developed countries; their contribution to the economy is clearly
positive. It has been a long time since the main developed countries have
announced ambitious plans regarding these energies, with the aim of
gradually abandoning traditional power generation technologies mainly
based on fossil fuels, which pollute and are finite.
The unlimited renewable resources, environmentally friendly and increasingly
competitive with traditional energy sources, provide great benefits not only
to society but particularly to the economy.
This report compiles the main macroeconomic indicators from the several
renewable technologies. In 2014, the Renewable Energy Sector as a whole
contributed 7,387 m EUR to Gross Domestic Product (GDP); represented a net
tax contribution of 970 m EUR; contributed positively to the Spanish balance
of trade with exports for an aggregate value of 2,316 m EUR; invested 216 m
EUR in R&D&I; generated 5,871 m EUR in savings for the electricity market;
avoided imports amounting to 8,469 m EUR.
7
Executive summary
10,535
10,325
10,135
9,588
9,497
8,136
7,387
GDP, taxation, trade balance
and
innovation
5,561
6,123
contribution to GDP, the lowest in six years, fell
by 14.5% to reach 6.123 bn EUR. Additionally,
4,932
the Sector’s induced contribution to GDP also
sed its total contribution to GDP to 7387 m EUR
fell down to 1.265 bn EUR which has resulted in
3,531
In 2014 the Renewable Energies Sector decrea-
time registering a decrease in the annual se-
2013. By Technologies, the largest contribution
2,323
2,086
to GDP was solar photovoltaic (35.33%), fo-
ries (22% compared to 2013). In two years the
2007
2008
2009
Chart
2010
2011
2012
1,265
3,291
3,146
a significant reduction, by 45.5% compared to
3,307
(representing 0.7% % of GDP), for the second
3,204
3,476
7,173
7,389
GDP, as a result of government reform. Direct
6,794
6,844
6,280
sector has lost 3.15 bn EUR of contribution to
2013
2014
Renewable Energies direct, induced and aggregate contribution to GDP
3.1
Source: APPA
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
10,535
10,325
10,135 to GDP
Induced contribution
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
9,588
9,497
8,136
6,123
7,173
6,794
6,844
2007
2011
2012
2013
Current m EUR
Direct contribution to GDP
8
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
1,265
2,323
3,291
2010
3,146
3,307
2009
3,531
3,204
2008
2,086
3,476
4,932
6,280
5,561
7,389
7,387
2014
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
llowed by wind (20.66%), thermal solar power
amounted to 323 m EUR. It is the second hi-
(17.72%), biomass (13.93%), biofuels (5.65%)
ghest total of the series analysed and makes
and small-scale hydropower (3.64%).
the positive contribution of the renewable
2014
energy technologies in improving the Spanish
In 2014, the Renewable Energy Sector was
trade balance clear. On the other hand, the
once again a net fiscal contributor to the Spa-
decline in imports has been more pronounced
nish economy. The difference between taxes
since the paralysis of the sector in 2012, due
paid and subsidies received was 970 m EUR,
to the significant decrease in imported goods
which is lower than the previous year mainly
and services.
due to the decrease in income tax.
The industry spent in 2014 a total of 216 miIn relation to the sector’s trade balance, it re-
llion euros to research, development and
gistered once again a surplus, amounting to
innovation, representing 3.52% of its direct
2,316 m EUR. Renewable Energy companies’
contribution to GDP. It is noteworthy that the
exports totaled 2.639 m EUR whereas imports
average investment of the Spanish economy
9
Executive summary
10,286
8,922
8,492
8,469
in R&D in 2013 was 1.24% of European GDP
216 m EUR in research, development and inno-
and 2.2%. Thus, renewable companies nearly
vation (R&D&I), representing 3.52% of its direct
tripled in percentage terms the Spanish avera-
contribution to GDP. It is noteworthy that in
ge and approached twice the average for the
2013 the average investment of the Spanish
European Union.
economy in R&D&I was 1.24% of GDP whereas
7,111
073
5,674
the European average investment represented
743
2008
One year more the Renewable Energy Sector
2.2%. Thus, it can be concluded that the sec-
maintains its commitment to innovation. In
tor’s average investments was way above both
2014, renewable energy companies invested
the Spanish and the European average.
671
552
2009
619
Chart
2010
385
2011
5.1
2012
325
249
2013
2014
Savings produced by the use of renewable energies
Source: APPA
Total economic impact of
fossil fuel imports avoided.
Total economic impact of
greenhouse gases avoided.
10,286
8,922
8,492
8,469
7,111
6,073
5,674
4,678
765
2007
4,678
743
2008
552
2009
671
2010
619
2011
Current m EUR
Total economic impact of
fossil fuel imports avoided.
Total economic impact of
greenhouse gases avoided.
10
385
2012
249
2013
325
2014
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Benefits and employment
generated by renewable
energies
2014
Renewable Energy Sector avoided in 2014 imports of 20,577,904 tonnes of oil equivalent
(toe) in fossil fuels, resulting in economic savings amounting to 8,469 m EUR. Likewise, the
Renewable energies generate a number of
Sector contributed to avoid 54,433,800 tonnes
different benefits for the Spanish economy,
of CO2 emissions being released into the at-
for the energy sector and for the electrici-
mosphere, amounting to circa 325 m EUR.
ty system. The economic contribution of the
biomass, biogas, geothermal and solar techno-
In 2014, the penetration of renewable energies
logies has been measured in terms of savings
in the electricity system caused a reduction
in energy imports and savings in the purchase
in the cost of acquiring energy in OMIE’s Dai-
of CO2 emission rights. Considering its contri-
ly Market totaling 7,105m EUR resulting from
bution in electricity and thermal power, the
a 29.2 m EUR reduction in MWh prices. Such
4,919
Reduction in the cost of acquiring energy in
OMIE’s Daily Market due to penetration of renewable energies
Chart
6.3
Source: APPA
7,105
5,871
4,919
4,836
4,848
4,056
3,698
3,352
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Current m EUR
11
Executive summary
saving was 1,867 million EUR higher than the
FITs —5,238 m EUR— decreased in 2014 22%
Feed-in Tariff (FIT) received by renewable ener-
when compared to 2013.
gies. In addition to these savings in the pool,
12
in 2014 renewable energies generated savings
Considering the price savings in the mar-
in imports and reductions in CO2 emissions
ket, the savings on imports of fossil fuels
amounting to 3,105 m EUR; accordingly, the
and the savings on CO2 emissions, the ag-
aggregated savings amounted to 10,210 m
gregated savings provided by the renewable
EUR, i.e. 4,972 m EUR more than FIT received
energies to the Spanish energy mix amoun-
during the same period. The total amount of
ted to 70,898 m EUR.
36,163
115,833
2014
113,248
newable Energy Sector led to the loss of
70,750
indirect
employments, where the decrease
19,832 employments in 2014, representing
exceeded 58%, registering a total of 27,271
a 24.3% reduction compared to 2013. In ag-
employments. The technology that created
58,803
The most significant reduction took place in
65,548
The increasingly reduced activity in the Re-
the greatest number of employments in 2014
50,913
54,444
56,303
57,863
57,967
gregate, the sector registered a lump sum
was biofuel (895), whereas biomass was the
ce 2005). Direct employments amounted to
sub-sector that lost the greatest number of
43,479, 14.6% less than the previous year.
employments (-13 135).
2009
2010
2011
Chart
2012
27,271
42,502
43,479
of 70,750 employments (the lowest level sin-
2013
2014
Direct and induced employment in the Renewable Energy Sector
3.7
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
136,163
Induced employment
Total employment
121,850
121,483
115,833
113,248
98,494
93,415
2007
43,479
27,271
50,913
42,502
58,803
54,444
65,548
56,303
57,967
57,863
62,497
58,986
57,239
78,924
70,750
55,655
62,497
58,986
93,415
42,840
8
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
121,850
121,483
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
13
Overview 2014
1
14
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Overview 2014
2
014 data reflect the “success” of the energy policy implemented by the
current government since it came to power. This policy, which began with
the moratorium against renewable energies implemented in January 2012 was
materialized during the last year, when only 43 MW of new renewable power
were installed. The figure reflects the total paralysis suffered by the Spanish
renewable sector caused by the continuous regulatory changes. Operations
cannot take place without a predictable and certain framework, where there
is a broad consensus desirable for the Sector. Changing the energy policy is
an urgent priority if Spain wants to meet its European commitments on the
environmental field.
15
Overview 2014
As in previous years, in 2014 the Renewable
of the State bonds will be, both necessary to
Energy Sector focused on what (negative) sur-
calculate the profitability of their facilities.
prises the new legislation would bring, rather
than on the normal course of its business.
The result has been an unfair and discrimina-
During that year, the Ministry of Industry com-
tory reform. Whilst there are certain electrical
pleted the legislation for the energy reform,
costs inherent to the system that have bare-
which for the sector was only an additional
ly been cut, the disappeared Special Regime
step in the Governmental crusade against
technologies, and in particular the renewable
clean energy: Royal Decree 413/2014, adopted
energy industries have been those suffering
on 6th June and Order IET / 1045/2014, issued
the biggest cuts from the reform. The Minister
ten days later.
stated in the Parliament that the cut would be
equitable between companies, Government
These two regulations, like the other actions
and consumers but the reality is that the re-
of the Government when it comes to energy
newables have been the major companies
matters, are a clear example of the legislative
affected by the reform. The Minister of Indus-
improvisation that the industry has suffered
try announced a cut of 1.1 bn EUR to affect
and undergone in recent years. The Gover-
such industries. However, in 2014 the cuts to
nment has placed the focus of its misnamed
these technologies were around 2.3 bn EUR.
electricity reform on liquidating the controver-
Moreover, the same reform has left 7,500 MW
sial tariff deficit. In doing so, the Government
of renewable energy without any regulated
has mistakenly identified the renewable ener-
compensation. Those MW only count with the
gies as the main culprit for the tariff deficit and
market price, which on its turn has to compete
has not hesitated blaming renewable energies
with non clean technologies that barely pay for
for being expensive and even responsible for
their negative externalities.
the increase in electricity prices, a position proved wrong in this report.
The reform has come together with the cuts,
adding more taxes for renewables. Some ab-
16
The electricity reform has radically changed the
surdly justified as environmental taxes, ignoring
conditions in which investments were made
the fact that most of the renewable technolo-
and put the sector under the most absolute
gies help reducing emissions of greenhouse
legal uncertainty, with retrospective measures
as well as our high dependence on imported
(i.e. revision every six years) that have left pro-
energy. Last but not least, no consideration is
motors of renewable energy facilities without
made to the fact that renewable energies are
the capability to predict what the economic si-
the main Spanish available asset to achieve the
tuation in the future will be and what the cost
European environmental objectives.
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
17
Overview 2014
18
On the other hand, the so called energy re-
of the Ministry have been limited exclusively
form leaves many problems unresolved, two
to the electricity sector, but the main problem
of them worth to mention. Firstly, the actions
of our country regarding energy, remains
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
unresolved: Spain’s extremely high energy de-
to instruct the Ministry of Industry to facilita-
pendence on external sources. Secondly, the
te the reports of the consulting companies in
reform keeps many costs that have nothing
which the Ministry had relied on when fixing
to do with power generation in the electricity
the remuneration of various renewable tech-
bill, such as the costs associated with capa-
nologies in order to develop the appeal with
city received by combined gas cycle; the non
sufficient judicial guarantees. An enormous
interruption, only understandable within an
amount of documentation was provided but
industrial policy; and those associated with po-
not the reports issued by the consultants.
licies structuring the territory.
Before the insistence of APPA, the Ministry
2014
of Industry clarified that the calculations had
When legislating a reform without any con-
been based on a report issued by IDAE and not
sensus, without hearing or having considered
on the consultants’ ones. This was contradicted
minimally the allegations from the affected
by the Minister himself when, after the Coun-
Parties, the only defense such Parties may
cil of Ministers on September the 20th, 2013,
have to protect their interests is found at the
he clarified that “the compensation would be
courts. In fact, every legislative step the Gover-
fixed once the consultants’ reports had been
nment has made has been followed by a flurry
finished”. The reality is that one report was ne-
of lawsuits at both Spanish and international
ver finalized and the other was delivered after
courts. The aforesaid Royal Decree and the
the publication of the Order. On its turn, the
Order were challenged by numerous associa-
IDEA’s report to which the Minister of Industry
tions, companies, institutions and individuals.
had made reference, was made public in Sep-
As a result, the renewable sector devotes much
tember 2015 and is was dated as of June the
of its efforts to lawsuits when those should be
15th 2015, that is, twelve months after publi-
devoted to fostering their development. As a
cation of the IET / 1045/2014 on compensation
result, apart from the current and obvious im-
parameters.
plications, the definitive results of the reform
will be clarified at the court, probably long af-
The aforementioned is another example of the
ter the Government members have finished
lack of transparency that has characterized the
their governance responsibilities.
entire reform. With such reform the Government has repeatedly violated the Law 24/2013
Order IET / 1045/2014 on compensation pa-
on the Electricity Sector approved by it which
rameters, which has been appealed at the
specifically states: “the remuneration of activi-
Supreme Court by numerous industry associa-
ties shall be established in regulations subject
tions, deserves special mention. In particular,
to the principles of objectivity, transparency
APPA repeatedly requested the Supreme Court
and non-discrimination ... “.
19
Penetration of renewable energies in Spain
2
20
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Penetration of renewable
energies in Spain
I
n 2014 renewable energies reached their highest historical participation
in the consumption of primary energy, representing 14.4% of Spain’s total
consumption of primary energy. They remained in the third place behind
petroleum, which with 42.9% remains as the most used primary energy
source in Spain, and natural gas, which in the second position reached 20%
of Spain’s total consumption of primary energy. Nuclear energy, with 12.6%,
and coal, with 10.1%, ranked fourth and fifth, respectively.
According to the aforementioned rates, the order of sources of primary
energy consumption in Spain remains the same as in 2013, except in the case
of the renewable energies which have successfully moved up from fourth to
third place, beating nuclear power.
21
Penetration of renewable energies in Spain
10.1%
12.6%
42.9%
Since 2007, when representing 7% of the con-
aching in 2014 a lower level when compared
sumed primary energy, renewable energies
to the start of the series analysed. Nuclear
have not stopped growing to reach, in 2014,
power has alternated between increases and
the aforementioned 14.4% of primary energy
decreases in share throughout the years,
consumption. Different behaviors are obser-
reaching in 2014 its greatest participation.
ved from other technologies. Petroleum has
Finally, in the case of coal, its contribution to
ranked the first position for years and has
primary energy depends almost exclusively
seen its contribution reduced
14.4%by only 5.2
on the policies implemented by the Gover-
percentage points. Natural gas has slightly
nment, without following a defined path.
reduced its contribution year after year, re-
(Charts 2.1 and 2.2).
20,0%
Chart
Primary energy 2014
2.1
Source: MINETUR
10.1%
Petrolleum
Natural gas
Renewable energies
Nuclear energy
12.6%
42.9%
Coal
14.4%
20,0%
Percent
Petrolleum
Natural gas
22
Renewable energies
Nuclear energy
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Chart
2014
Primary energy 2007-2014
2.2
Source: MINETUR
48.1%
42.9%
21.5%
20.0%
14.4%
13.7%
12.6%
10.1%
9.8%
7.0%
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Petrolleum
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Natural gas
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Renewable energies
Nuclear energy
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Coal
Percent
In 2014, renewable energies represented
tribution slightly from 6.2% to 6.3% during
15.6% of the total final energy consumption
2014. (Chart 2.3). As for gross final energy —
in Spain. This share has decreased slightly
which is the benchmark for meeting the 20%
compared to 2013, when it reached 15.9%
target by 2020—, in 2014 the achieved rate
of the total final energy consumption due
was 17.1%, with half a percentage point over
to the decline in participation of renewable
the previous year. The gross final consump-
electricity generation, falling from the 9.7%
tion of energy increased again after the drop
obtained in 2013 to 9.3%. The renewable
experienced in 2013 and reached its highest
thermal technologies increased their con-
value in the analysed series. (Chart 2.4).
23
Penetration of renewable energies in Spain
Chart
Renewable energies percentage
on final energy
Chart
Final energy 2014
2.3
2.4
Source: MINETUR
Source: MINETUR
Oil products
Electricity (incl. Renewable sources)
17.1%
Natural gas
16.8%
Renewable energies
16.3%
Coal
15.1%
6.4%
1.9%
14.0%
17.6%
Oil products
13.9%
Electricity (incl. Renewable sources)
Natural gas
13.0%
Renewable energies
Coal
12.5%
23.4%
24
50.8%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Percent
Percent
One of the main challenges for Spain’ energy
has increased again in 2014 up to 70% while
sector is its extremely high dependence on
the rest of Europe averaged slightly over 50%
fossil fuels. This dependence was as high as
in 2013. Renewable energy sources offer a
81.3% in 2008 and has decreased every year
tremendous potential in resolving the serious
since then thanks, among other circumstances,
problem of energy dependence given their
to the generation of energy from renewable
local and clean nature, a very positive effect
sources. Nonetheless, the energy dependence
whilst avoiding fossil fuels imports. (Chart 2.5).
07
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
2014
Energy dependence
2.5
Source: Eurostat and MINETUR
Spain
79.6%
EU28
81.3%
79.1%
76.7%
76.3%
73.4%
73.0%
70.5%
54.7%
52.9%
2007
2008
53.7%
52.8%
2009
2010
54.0%
53.3%
53.2%
53.2%
2011
2012
2013
2014
Percent
Electricity Sector
solar photovoltaic 3.1%; solar thermal 2%; and
renewable thermal covered 1.9% of the deSpain
EU28
mand. (Chart 2.6). Noteworthy is the fact that
Including the production from large hydro-
on February 4th, 2014, between 8pm and 9pm,
power plants, renewable energy sources
the peninsular annual demand for electricity
accounted for 42.8% of the domestic electricity
reached its peak, 60.2 % of which was covered
balance in 2014. Wind power covered 20.3% of
by renewable energies with wind power at the
the demand, large hydropower covered 15.5%;
forefront, covering 34.5% of the demand.
25
Penetration of renewable energies in Spain
Chart
Demand coverage, 2014
2.6
Source: REE
Nuclear
3.1%
2.0% 1.9%
Wind power
22.0%
8.5%
Coal
Hydropower
Non-renewable thermal
Combined cycle
Photovoltaic solar
10.2%
Thermal solar
Renewable thermal
15.5%
20.3%
16.5%
Percent
Renewable electricity production of the old
average power plant registered had been grea-
Special Scheme was of 74,907 GWh in 2014,
ter than 2,500 MW within the analysed series,
4.8% lower than in 2013. By technology, wind
and nearly 2,000 MW were registered over the
power represented 68.1% of the total, followed
last three years, one could say that the sector
by photovoltaic solar with 11%, small-scale hy-
is paralysed. Wind power, with 23,002 MW in
dropower with 9.4%, thermal solar with 6.6%
installed capacity, represented 70% and was
Nuclear
Eólica2.7).
and biomass
with 4.9%. (Chart
the renewable technology with the largest ins-
Hidráulica
26
Térmica no renovable
talled capacity, followed by photovoltaic solar
fotovoltaica
Térmica
renovable
In terms Solar
of installed
capacity,
the total
capacity
power with 4,672 MW (14.2%), thermal solar
from renewable energies in 2014 was 32,850
power with 2,300 MW (7%), small-scale hydro-
MW, representing an increase of only 43 MW
power with 2,101 MW (6.4%) and biomass with
compared to 2013. (Chart 2.8). Given that the
770 MW (2.3%).
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Chart
2014
Production from renewable sources under Special Regime
2.7
Source: CNMC
78,685
74,907
68,773
60,142
60,019
2010
2011
52,947
41,709
34,323
2007
2008
2009
2012
2013
2014
GWh
Broken down by Autonomous Regions, the
la y León, followed by Andalusia, Castilla-La
largest installed capacity remained in Castil-
Mancha and Galicia. These four regions
Chart
Renewable installed capacity under the Special Regime
2.8
Source: CNMC
25,173
31,994
32,807
32,850
2012
2013
2014
29,112
26,812
22,347
17,689
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
MW
27
Aragón
2,238
Penetration of renewable energies in Spain
Galicia
3,979
Castilla La Mancha
5,257
Andalusia
5,
Castilla y León
Installed capacity in renewable technologies under the Special Regime,
by Autonomus Regions by the end of 2014
Chart
2.9
Source: CNMC
Balearic Islands
84
PV solar
Cantabria
122
Madrid
153
Thermal solar
Wind power
Hydropower
Biomass
Basque Country
304
Canary Islands
324
La Rioja
Asturias
Murcia
Navarra
Extremadura
Valencia
Cataluña
Aragón
565
600
760
1,395
1,467
1,642
1,922
2,238
Galicia
3,979
Castilla La Mancha
5,257
Andalusia
5,590
Castilla y León
6,447
MW
accounted for 64.8% of the total capacity in-
PVBasque
solar
stalled in Spain. With the sole exception of
Thermal
solar
changed
Canarias that climbs a position ahead of the
Wind power
2.10).
Hydropower
Biomass
28
Country the ranking remained uncompared to 2013. (Charts 2.9 and
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Installed capacity (MW) and electricity production (GWh) from renewable technologies
under the Special Regime, by Autonomous Regions by the end of 2014
Chart
2.10
Source: CNMC
Solar PV
Installed
capacity
(MW)
Solar Thermal
Electricity
production
(GWh)
Andalusia
869
1,565
Aragón
167
Asturias
Balearic
islands
Installed
capacity
(MW)
Electricity
production
(GWh)
Biomass
Installed
capacity
(MW)
Electricity
production
(GWh)
Installed
capacity
(MW)
Electricity
production
(GWh)
47
244
600
1,517
2
2
84
131
3
3
9
324
699
72
204
13
86
122
369
8,292
126
541
58
227
5,257
11,478
5,652
12,422
256
799
45
249
6,447
14,310
1,284
2,889
286
1,179
66
207
1,922
4,751
0
0
299
1,797
4,331
257
993
16
1
1
476
1,049
77
223
78
123
4
6
166
298
154
389
0
2
2
35
76
Castilla
La Mancha
923
1,685
3,800
Castilla
y León
495
840
Catalonia
265
410
0
0
Valencia
349
543
50
94
Extremadura
561
1,070
849
1,899
Galicia
16
19
3,362
La Rioja
86
129
448
Madrid
67
100
Murcia
440
795
Navarra
161
Basque
Country
Ceuta & Melilla
Total
Electricity
production
(GWh)
5,689
1,373
66
Installed
capacity
(MW)
2,238
252
23
Electricity
production
(GWh)
67
267
734
Installed
capacity
(MW)
11,779
143
349
Total
Other
5,590
6,450
Cantabria
2,124
Installed
capacity
(MW)
Hydropower
3,324
Canary Islands
997
Electricity
production
(GWh)
Wind power
1,193
5
0
31
38
18
41
1,642
3,237
20
37
37
194
1,467
3,201
8,398
522
1,860
79
427
3,979
10,705
948
27
88
4
7
565
1,171
44
93
43
167
153
360
2,522
263
511
14
65
11
47
760
1,459
296
1,016
2,279
171
509
47
306
1,395
3,391
26
29
194
433
54
145
30
53
0
0
304
660
4,672
8,203
23,002
50,995
2,101
7,043
770
3,706
5
0
32,850
74,907
31
2,300
41
4,959
29
Penetration of renewable energies in Spain
Thermal Sector
three previous years in which the contribution
of the thermal sector had grown by 3.71% on
In 2014, thermal renewable technologies rea-
average. By technology, biomass accounts for
ched an aggregate amount of 4,365.7 ktoe in
92.68% of the total, followed by thermal solar
terms of final energy consumption. This figure
with 5.91%, biogas with 0.96% and geothermal
represents a slight decrease of 0.42% compa-
with 0.45%. (Chart 2.11).
red to 2013 and breaks the trend traced by the
93
9.3
125
72
11.0
2007
155
28
13.7
2008
Chart
183
28
16.0
2009
205
53
16.8
2010
220
55
17.6
2011
238
55
17.9
2012
258
47
19.7
2013
42
2014
Final consumption of energy proceeding from thermal renewable sources
2.11
Source: IDAE and MINETUR
Geothermal
Thermal solar
Biogas
Biomass
3,720
9.3
2007
125
11.0
28
3,679
155
13.7
2008
28
183
16.0
2009
53
205
16.8
2010
Geothermal
Thermal solar
Biogas
Biomass
55
2011
ktep
30
4,046
3,876
3,817
3,735
3,626
93
72
4,081
220
17.6
55
2012
238
17.9
47
2013
258
19.7
42
2014
9.5%
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
6.7%
5.1%
4.2%
Biofuels Sector
4.3%
market share achieved a 3.9 % market share.
4.1%
3.9%Biodiesel
4.1%
3.6% 3.6%
from methyl esters of fatty acids
The overall target of biofuel sale or consump-
(FAME) contributed to it in 2.5 percentage
tion in diesel and petrol set for 2014 (4.1%) was
points while the remaining hydrobiodiesel
almost met as the volume of physically intro-
contributed to it in 1.4 points.
duced biofuels in the Spanish market achieved
a 3.9% market share thanks to the use of bio2010
2011
2012
2013
The specific annual target for biofuels in petrol
2014
(3.9%) was reached in physical terms, since
fuels certificates over from the previous year.
bioethanol consumed during the year achieSimilarly, the specific annual target for bio-
ved an actual 4.1% market share, which was
fuels in diesel (4.1%) was slightly exceeded
reduced to 3.9% once the certificates to be
(4.2%), also through the use of certificates
transferred to the following year had been de-
over from the previous year, once its actual
ducted. (Chart 2.12).
Chart
Biofuels actual market share, in energy terms
2.12
Source: CNMC
Biodiesel & Hydrobiodiesel
Bioethanol
9.5%
6.7%
5.1%
3.8%
4.2%
4.3%
4.1%
4.1%
3.6% 3.6%
3.9%
2.5%
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Share, %
31
Macroeconomic assessment
3
32
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Macroeconomic assessment
I
n 2014, the Renewable Energy Sector reduced its contribution to Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) for the second consecutive year as a result of the
reform of the electricity sector implemented by the Government through a
number of regulatory changes that have been particularly detrimental for
renewable energies. In fact, the contribution of the sector to GDP is 30%
lower than 2012. The impact of this reform has also adversely affected
employment in the renewable energy sector. To be precise, the measures
implemented by the Government have led to the destruction of more than
22,000 employments in the sector leaving the number of employments in the
lowest level of the series analyzed.
Conversely, once again the sector showed a positive trade balance by
exporting eight times more than what it imported, emerging as a net fiscal
contributor with more than one billion EUR, and maintaining its commitment
with the future of renewable energies, evidenced by its contribution to R&D&I.
33
10,325
10,135
9,588
Macroeconomic assessment
9,497
8,136
7,173
6,123
6,280
5,561
second time this contribution decreases (22.1%
6,794
6,844
Impact on GDP
7,389
7,387
when compared to 2013) in the annual series.
The reform undertaken by the Government
7,387 m EUR. The contribution of the sector to
has led to the loss of 3,148 million euros of the
3,531
GDP of the Renewable Energy Sector was of
reas in 2012 it represented 1% of the GDP with
weight of the renewable energy sector by 30%
2,323
2,086
in just two years. (Charts 3.1 and 3.2).
a contribution of 10,535 m euros. In fact, it is the
2007
2008
2009
Chart
2010
2011
2012
1,265
3,291
3,146
sector´s contribution to GDP and reduced the
3,307
GDP was 0.7% of the total Spanish GDP, whe3,204
3,476
4,932
In 2014, the total aggregated contribution to
2013
2014
Renewable Energies direct, induced and aggregated contribution to GDP
3.1
Source: APPA
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
10,535
10,325
10,135
Direct + Induced
contribution to GDP
9,588
9,497
8,136
6,123
7,173
6,794
6,844
2007
2011
2012
2013
Current m EUR
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
34
Direct contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
1,265
2010
2,323
3,291
2009
3,146
3,307
3,531
3,204
2008
2,086
3,476
4,932
6,280
5,561
7,389
7,387
2014
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Chart
2014
Relevance of Renewable Energy Sector in GDP terms
3.2
Source: APPA
0.89%
0.94%
0.96%
1.00%
0.91%
0.73%
0.70%
0.51%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Relevance. %
Direct contribution of the Renewable Energy Sec-
GDP is particularly noteworthy, as it is the third
tor to Spain’s GDP was of 6,123 m EUR in 2014,
time that such circumstance occurs in the annual
a 14.5% decrease compared to 2013. This re-
series and being the lowest direct contribution
duction in the sector’s direct contribution to the
within the last six years. (Charts 3.3 and 3.4).
Chart
Direct contribution to GDP from Renewable Energy Sector
3.3
Source: APPA
7,389
6,844
6,280
6,794
7,173
6,123
4,932
3,476
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Current m EUR
35
Macroeconomic assessment
Chart
Growth rate of the Renewable Energy Sector’s direct contribution to GDP
3.4
Source: APPA
36.3%
27.7%
7.1%
6.2%
-3.8%
-4.3%
-14.5%
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
% in real terms
Chart
Induced contribution to GDP from the Renewable Eenergy Sector
3.5
Source: APPA
3,531
3,204
3,307
3,291
3,146
2,323
2,086
1,265
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Current m EUR
36
2012
2013
2014
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
The sector’s induced contribution to GDP was
tion in the sector’s induced contribution to GDP
of 1,265 m EUR in 2014, a tremendous fall of
is explained, mainly, by the stalling of building
45.5% compared to 2013. This is the lowest
new generating plants. (Chart 3.5).
2014
contribution within the entire series analysed
herein and represents nearly a third of the
In 2014, contribution to the GDP from the diffe-
sector’s induced contribution in 2011 when it
rent technologies was as follows: photovoltaic
reached its highest value. The significant reduc-
solar power (35.33%), wind power (20.66%),
37
Macroeconomic assessment
Employment generated
CSP (17.72%), biomass electricity (13.93%),
biofuels (5.65%) and small-scale hydropower
(3.64%). Other renewable technologies con-
In 2014 the entire Renewable Energy Sector
tributed an aggregated 3.07% to Spain’s GDP.
employed 70,750 people, 22,665 less than in
(Chart 3.6).
2013 (-24.3%), which together with the 19,833
Chart
3.6
Total contribution to GDP from the Renewable Energy Sector, by technologies
Source: APPA
Current m EUR
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
147
151
350
494
426
359
299
418
1,055
1,103
1,044
1,089
1,150
1,310
1,395
1,029
68
79
78
76
72
69
72
79
3,294
3,803
3,214
2,984
2,623
2,898
1,928
1,526
High enthalpy geothermal
8
11
12
14
14
14
14
14
Low enthalpy geothermal
5
7
12
20
22
21
25
28
Marine
6
6
8
10
12
12
12
12
40
44
46
53
56
55
22
21
Small-scale hydropower
462
527
503
554
528
462
588
269
Photovoltaic solar
391
1,586
3,064
3,129
3,012
3,344
3,005
2,610
Thermal solar
42
95
75
63
50
49
65
73
CSP
45
723
1,182
1,650
2,360
1,942
2,072
1,309
5,561
8,136
9,588
10,135
10,325
10,535
9,497
7,387
Biofuels
Biomass electricity
Biomass thermal
Wind
Small-scale wind
Total contribution to GDP
38
115,833
113,248
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
93,415
yment increase in 2014 were biofuels (895),
herein. The sector has lost nearly half of the
thermal biomass (171), thermal solar (97), low
50,913
enthalpy geothermal (83) and small-scale wind
with an aggregate amount of 136,163 emplo-
power (12). In contrast, the technologies des-
yees. (Chart 3.7).
troying the greatest number of employments
2009
27,271
43,479
jobs it had in 2008, when it reached its record
42,502
54,444
56,303
57,863
58,803
figure at its lowest level in the series analysed
65,548
The technologies that registered a net emplo-
57,967
employments lost in 2012, left the employment
2010
2011
Chart
2012
2013
2014
Direct and induced employment in the Renewable Energy Sector
3.7
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
136,163
121,850
121,483
115,833
113,248
98,494
93,415
2007
43,479
27,271
50,913
42,502
58,803
54,444
65,548
56,303
57,967
57,863
62,497
58,986
57,239
78,924
70,750
55,655
62,497
58,986
70,750
42,840
08
121,850
121,483
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
39
Macroeconomic assessment
were biomass power (-13,135), thermal solar
In 2014 the sector employed directly 43,479
(-8,820), wind (1,097), photovoltaic solar (-823),
people, registering a 14.6% reduction compared
small-scale hydro power (-41), high enthalpy
to 2013, and losing 7,434 direct employments.
geothermal (-6) and marine (-1). (Chart 3.8).
2014 follows the trend traced by the previous
Chart
3.8
Breakdown of employment in the Renewable Energy Sector, by technologies
Source: APPA
Employments
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Biofuels
7,060
7,283
6,347
5,172
3,797
2,909
3,364
4,259
38,541
40,144
40,866
37,289
38,649
41,109
40,557
27,422
2,438
2,927
2,886
2,887
2,754
2,613
2,736
2,907
37,189
41,438
35,719
30,747
27,119
23,308
17,850
16,753
High enthalpy geothermal
106
139
213
217
212
208
208
202
Low enthalpy geothermal
207
248
349
408
569
547
623
706
85
94
115
129
153
166
302
301
745
788
806
825
847
829
285
297
Small-scale hydropower
1,491
1,597
1,610
1,588
1,528
1,497
1,502
1,461
Photovoltaic solar
9,325
27,963
12,504
11,509
11,683
11,490
10,767
9,944
Thermal solar
772
1,818
1,468
1,218
984
990
997
1,094
CSP
535
11,724
18,600
23,844
33,555
27,582
14,224
5,404
98,494
136,163
121,483
115,833
121,850
113,248
93,415
70,750
Biomass electricity
Biomass thermal
Wind
Marine
Small-scale wind
Total employment
40
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
six years: since 2008, 45% of direct employments in the renewable sector have been lost.
Noteworthy is the fact that direct employment
accounts for 61.45% of the renewables sector
taken in its entirety. (Chart 3.9).
Indirect employment
in the Renewable Energy Sector
Chart
3.10
Source: APPA
In 2014 the Sector only generated 27,271 in-
65,548
direct employments, the lowest figure in the
58,986
57,239
42,840
Direct employment
in the Renewable Energy Sector
Chart
3.9
58,803
57,863
42,502
Source: APPA
27,271
78,924
62,497
57,967
55,655
56,303
54,444
2007
50,913
43,479
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Number of employments
historical series. This employment segment
was reduced by 35.8% compared to 2013, losing 15,231 indirect employments. Since 2011,
when indirect employment reached its highest
figure, 65,548 employments, the number of
employees has been reduced by 58.4% in just
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Number of employments
2013
2014
four years. Indirect employment accounts for
38.55% of the renewables sector taken in its
entirety. (Chart 3.10).
41
Macroeconomic
assessment
3,853
3,433
3,393
3,340
3,331
3,165
3,073
3,067
2,639
2,316
Trade balance
1,300
reduction of imports of goods and services ini-
1,100
770
7242012. The Renewable Energy Sector
tiated in
710
680
Once again, in 2014 the Renewable Energy Sec-
reached the second highest total of the series
tor registered a positive trade balance. While
analysed. (Chart 3.11). The Renewable Energy
exports of goods and services increased to
-321
-323
Sector export balance
contributed
positively
2.639 m EUR, imports amounted to a mere
to level the Spanish trade balance, the latter
323 m EUR, resulting in an aggregate amount
amounting to 24,472 m EUR in 2014. The Spa-
of net exports of 2,316 m EUR. The significant
nish energy deficit (38,071 m EUR) decreased
-2,334
-2,343
-2,395
reduction-2,553
in imports is the consequence
of the
-2,630
-2,652
2007
2008
2009
Chart
2010
thanks to the 13,599 m EUR surplus achieved
2011
2012
2013
2014
Impact of renewable energies in exports, import and net exports
3.11
Source: APPA
Exports of goods and services
Imports of goods and services
Net exports
3,853
3,433
3,393
3,340
3,331
3,165
3,073
3,067
2,639
2,316
1,100
1,300
770
-2,334
2007
-2,553
2008
680
724
-2,652
-2,630
2010
2011
2012
Constant m EUR (2014 base)
42
Exports of goods and services
-321
-323
2013
2014
-2,343
-2,395
2009
710
Imports of goods and services
Net exports
49
89
38
9
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
by the Spanish renewable energy companies.
should pay more attention to the numbers
(Chart 3.12). In 2014, Spain had to pay abroad
illustrated herein and encourage the use of re-
29,065 m EUR in petroleum and oil products,
newable energies instead of preventing their
13,599
8.239 m EUR in gas14,746
and 767 m EUR in coal
and
development.
25,042
2014
-6,400
electricity.
-11,861
-45,504
-40,997
-38,071
Renewable
-39,938 energy sources constitute, given
-34,500
their tremendous potential and their local and
Fiscal balance
clean nature, the sole alternative for sustaina-30,758
-24,472
-46,338
energy
self-sufficiency.
It-15,955
is clear that
in a
Once again, as every year in the annual series
country like Spain, with enormous renewable
since 2005, the Renewable Energy Sector was a
resources and extremely high energy depen-
net fiscal contributor to the Spanish economy.
dence on foreign energy, the Government
The amount of taxes paid by Renewable Ener-
-46, 361
ble
2010
2011
2012
2013
Chart
2014
Spain’s trade balance
3.12
Source: Spain’s tax authorities
Non energy
25,042
Energy
13,599
14,746
-18,349
-11,861
-45,504
-44,056
-57,431
-6,400
-26,689
-34,500
-40,997
-38,071
-39,938
-45,038
-46, 361
-46,338
-30,758
-15,955
-24,472
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
-42,668
-33,815
-91,246
2007
-86,724
2008
Current m EUR
Non energy
Energy
43
Macroeconomic assessment
84
10
82
81
75
8
7
8
-12
6
-10
-11
2011
63
2012
-7
2013
2014
Chart
Fiscal impact of the Renewable Energy Sector in Spain
3.13
Source: APPA
Subsidies
Other taxes
694
690
Charges (local, property and other taxes)
Income tax
607
597
Tax on electricity generation
497
491
391
330
301
287
53
3
-14
5
-16
2007
5
-19
2008
84
75
61
7
6
-10
-11
2011
63
7
8
-12
2010
81
75
8
-20
2009
82
2012
-7
2013
2014
Current m EUR
gy Sector companies has always been much
greater than the amount of subsidies recei-
Contribution
to R&D&I
Subsidies
Other taxes
Charges (local, property and other taxes)
ved. In 2014 the difference between taxes paid
In 2014 investments
Income tax in research, development
and subsidies received was 970 million euros.
Tax on(R&D&I)
electricity generation
and innovation
from companies in the
This contribution taxation has decreased due
Renewable Energy Sector amounted to 216 m
to the reduction in tax on company profits and
EUR, representing in real terms 3.52% of the
the tax on electricity generation, both imple-
Sector’s total contribution to GDP.
mented in 2013. The tax on company profits
44
has been reduced by over 56% since 2010.
In order to assess the innovation effort of
(Chart 3.13).
Spanish renewable energy companies, the
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
average percentage of its contribution to
GDP (3.52%) has been compared with the
average percentage of the Spanish economy
Chart
R&D&I effort relative to GDP
3.14
in 2013 (1,24%). The renewable companies
nearly tripled in percentage terms this type
Source: APPA, Eurostat and INE
of investment. The figures show the Sector’s
strong commitment with innovation activities,
3.52%
seeking to help the economy towards the leading role worldwide. The sector´s effort can
2.02%
be also compared with the average percentage of the European Union in 2013 (2.02%),
1.24%
the latter being slightly higher than the Spanish economy’s average percentage. It can be
observed that the Spanish renewable energy sector´s average is almost two times the
average percentage of investment of the European Union. (Chart 3.14).
Renewable Energies
(2014)
Average EU27 Average Spanish
(2013)
economy (2013)
Effort, %
45
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4
46
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Renewable energies:
breakdown by technologies
I
n 2014 the different renewable technologies contributed with an aggregate of
7,387 m EUR to the Spanish GDP, representing 0,7% of it; employed 70,750 people;
improved our trade balance in 2,316 m EUR; registered a positive fiscal balance
amounting to 970 m EUR and invested 216 m EUR in R&D&I. And last but not least,
remained committed to innovation, investing nearly the triple of the Spanish average
in R&D&I.
This chapter shows the contribution of the
The following technologies were included:
different renewable technologies to Spanish
economy over the year 2014 in detail, as well
• Biofuels.
as their evolution since 2005, focusing on their
• Biomass for electricity and thermal
respective contribution to GDP, the number of
people employed and some additional information on their capacity and production.
The section includes all the renewable techno-
production.
• Wind power.
• High and low enthalpy geothermal power.
• Marine power.
• Small-scale wind power.
• Small-scale hydropower.
logies that are currently implemented in Spain,
• Photovoltaic solar power.
both electricity production and thermal pro-
• Thermal solar power.
duction technologies.
• CSP.
47
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.1
48
2,323
3,1
3,
3,
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
Contribution to GDP from biodiesel and bioethanol sectors
4.1.1
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
494.0
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
426.4
417.7
359.4
350.1
2008
309.7
2011
2012
2013
108.0
77.2
115.9
22.5
243.6
289.0
2010
137.5
2009
60.9
90.2
159.2
2007
141.1
151.1
146.5
209.1
334.8
298.7
87.5
tion to GDP
2010
59.0
2009
2014
1,265
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Current m EUR
Biofuel
Direct contribution to GDP
year, resulting in a change in the downwards
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
trend observed in the previous three years as
shown
in
Direct contribution
to GDP
Charts 4.1.1 and 4.1.2.
Induced contribution to GDP
In 2014, total contribution to GDP from the
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
biodiesel (hereinafter “FAME”, fatty acid
Broken down by type of biofuel, in 2014 the
methyl esters) and the bioethanol sectors
aggregate contribution to GDP from the bio-
amounted to 417.7 m EUR of which 309.7 m
diesel subsector amounted to 308.2 m EUR,
corresponded to their contribution, whereas
representing a 85.6% increase in real terms
108.0 m to induced contribution. Their aggre-
compared to 2013. The aggregate contribu-
gate contribution to GDP has increased in real
tion to GDP from the bioethanol subsector
terms by 40.1% compared to the previous
amounted to 109.5 m EUR, a 17.1% reduction
49
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
quantities in the production of biodiesel and,
Change in contribution to GDP from
biodiesel and bioethanol sectors
on the other hand, the application throughout
308.2
the year of the antidumping rights to the biodiesel coming from Argentina and Indonesia.
260.1
Source: APPA
132.4%
225.2
This improvement in production occurred des207.7
pite the drop in exports and the slight decrease
166.3
165.1
in 2014. This contraction was mainly due to the
132.4
134.2
increasing introduction of the hydrobiodiesel
109.5
142.5
in the consumption of biodiesel FAME in Spain
166.3
4.1.2
328.9
Chart
40.1%
38.6%
2009
2010
Chart
2011
4.1.3
2012 + 2013
Direct
induced2014
contribution to GDP,
by biofuel type
Source: APPA
-0.9%
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
-16.4% -17.7% -18.1%
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
260.1
% in real terms
308.2
2009
328.9
2008
tion to GDP is due to the significant growth in
109.5
166.3
132.4
166.3
134.2
The increase of the biodiesel sector contribu-
142.5
decrease as shown in Chart 4.1.3.
165.1
207.7
in 2013 and represents its third consecutive
225.2
in real terms compared to the level reached
production and sales in the domestic market
experienced by Spanish plants. This has been
possible thanks to the combination of two im-
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
portant regulatory measures: firstly, the launch
in May 2014 of the system for the allocation of
Current m EUR
Biodiesel
50
Bioethanol
2014
4.3%
5.1%
4.1%
3.9%
3.6%
3.6%
4.1%
2014
2.5%
3.8%
4.2%
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
and the maintenance of the biofuel objectives
2009
set by the Government during the previous
year, which were among the lowest in the European Union.
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Actual market share of biofuels,
in energy terms
Chart
4.1.4
Source: CNMC
The decline in 2014 in the contribution of the
Biodiesel & Hydrobiodiesel
bioethanol subsector to GDP can be attributed
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
& Hydrobiodiesel
Bioethanol
mainly to the decrease in market prices of this
9.5%
biofuel, since the production and sales experienced by the Spanish industry remained the
6.7%
same as during the previous year.
In 2014 the aggregate consumption of biofuels
4.1%
2012
3.9%
2011
3.6%
2010
3.6%
4.1%
and Competition Comission (“CNMC”). This in-
4.3%
visional data furnished by the Spanish Markets
2.5%
to 1,169,978 tonnes (“T”) according to the pro-
3.8%
re for the previous year, rising from 1,071,678
4.2%
5.1%
in Spain increased 9.2% compared to the figu-
crease was contributed to the hydrobiodiesel
(89,627 MT) and bioethanol (27,048 MT), whereas the demand for biodiesel was reduced
down to 18,375 MT.
2009
2013
2014
Market share, %
Although in 2014 biofuels physically placed
in Spain´s market achieved in energy terms
Biodiesel & Hydrobiodiesel
Biodiesel
an overall 3.9% share of the petrol and die-
& Hydrobiodiesel
presenting a 3.9 %Bioethanol
of the actual market share.
sel markets, the overall compulsory target set
The biodiesel FAME contributed to it with 2.5
for that year (4.1%) was -tightly- met thanks to
percentage points, whilst the hydrobiodiesel
the use of biofuel certificates carried over from
contributed with the remaining 1.4 points.
Bioethanol
2013 into 2014.
Instead, the minimum specific target for bioLikewise, the minimum specific target for bio-
fuels in petrol (3.9%) was effectively reached in
fuels in petrol (4.1%) was slightly exceeded
physical terms since the bioethanol consumed
(4.2%) also thanks to the use of certificates that
during the year achieved a real market share of
had been carried over from 2013 into 2014, re-
4.1% which, for accounting purposes was redu-
51
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
ced down to 3.9% once the certificates carried
23%, the highest since the beginning of the bio-
over into the following year were subtracted.
fuels target in 2009, this figure is still insufficient
(Chart 4.1.4).
to ensure the sector´s economic sustainability.
Indeed, the improvement in some of the sector
Biodiesel situation
ratios cannot hide the deterioration of its industrial tissue in Spain: during 2014 three (3) of the
thirty-eight (38) Spanish plants producing bio-
In 2014 consumption of FAME biodiesel in Spain
diesel shut down definitively in addition to the
represented 597,886 tonnes, a 3.0% reduction
15 that closed during the previous year, while
compared to the previous year and a 59.5% de-
80% of the remaining facilities were idle or ope-
crease compared to 2012. The biodiesel share
rating at minimum capacity.
in the Spanish market was 51.1%, which in its
turn was slightly lower than the share achieved
the previous year (57.5%).
Bioethanol situation
Despite the slight decrease in demand, Spanish
52
plants producing biodiesel managed to increa-
In 2014 consumption of bioethanol in Spain
se their domestic market share up to 72%, the
amounted to 292,955 tonnes, representing an
highest since 2009, thanks to the effects of va-
increase of 10.2% compared to the previous
rious regulatory measures applied during 2014.
year. For the same year, bioethanol share of
As an example, curbing the biodiesel dumped
Spanish market was 25%, slightly above the
imports was allowed.
rate recorded the previous year (24.8%).
The production of biodiesel in Spanish plants
The increase in consumption has been favou-
during 2014 amounted to a total of 894,313 MT,
red by the possibility of blending bioethanol
representing an increase of 54.1% compared to
and petrol directly throughout the year, once
the previous year and the highest production
the European Commission authorised Spain
registered since 2010. Half of this production
by the end of 2013 to increase the steam
was for the domestic market, whereas the other
pressure in such mixtures during the summer
half was exported.
period.
Whilst the increase in production experienced
This slight increase in demand was only expe-
by this sector helped raising the utilization ratio
rienced by the Spanish industry sales in the
of the installed capacity (3.9 million tonnes) to
domestic market, which remained practically
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
136,163
and bioethanol sector in Spain was 4,259, an
stable in absolute terms, reaching a market
121,483
share of 70%, which was lower than
in 2013
(76%) but higher than the one recorded in the
2014
115,833
121,850
increase
in 895 jobs (+ 26.6%) compared to the
113,248
previous year. Although
these figures confirm
previous three
years. Exports also remained at
98,494
the growing trend started last year, the fact is
the same level as the previous year.
93,415
that the sector´s employment
remains well
below 40% achieved in 2008 (7,283).
The production from the four existing plants
78,924
70,750
zation ratio of the installed capacity (389,703
increased production, as compared to the pre-
tonnes) represented 92%.
vious year, both in biodiesel and bioethanol
50,913
42,502
54,444
56,303
57,863
57,967
58,986
57,239
55,655
42,840
43,479
biofuels industry in 2014 is the result of the
58,803
to 2013, up to 359,262 t. On its turn, the utili-
65,548
The recovery of employment in the Spanish
62,497
in Spain increased slightly (+ 2.8%) compared
subsectors. This is despite the adverse impact
on employment resulting from the biodiesel
direct employments generated by the biodiesel
plants closed down in Spain. (Chart 4.1.5).
2007
2008
Chart
2009
27,271
In 2014 the aggregate number of direct and in-
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Direct and indirect employment in the biodiesel and bioethanol sectors
4.1.5
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
7,283
7,060
Total employment
6,347
5,172
4,259
3,797
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2,659
2013
1,600
2,100
1,263
1,066
1,843
1,460
2,337
3,153
2,018
3,767
2,580
3,685
3,598
3,573
3,487
3,364
2,909
2014
Number of employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
53
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.2
54
2,323
3,1
3,
3,
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
Contribution to GDP from the Biomass electricity sector
4.2.1
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
1,395
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
1,310
1,150
1,089
1,044
1,029
2010
2011
2012
507
374
2009
473
386
2008
655
734
383
2007
416
703
404
661
699
837
888
1,103
1,055
668
tion to GDP
2010
387
2009
2014
1,265
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2013
2014
Current m EUR
Biomass
Direct contribution to GDP
countries, and as a renewable power generation
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
technology it is the furthest one from meeting
the to
REP
Direct contribution
GDP targets
for the period 2011-2020. To
Induced contribution to GDP
In 2014, the generation of clean energy from bio-
fulfill such targets there is a need to adopt a
mass in Spain has continued without reaching
country strategy that fosters the development
the expectations of the sector, especially in elec-
of biomass, a technology capable of generating
tricity, which has been paralysed since the energy
significant economic, environmental and social
reform took place, although in the thermal field
value providing important benefits, such as the
the sector has maintained its growth. Biomass in
recovery of waste, fire prevention, the avoidance
Spain is far from occupying a prominent place in
of emissions and an intensive generation of em-
the energy mix, as happens in other developed
ployment especially in rural areas.
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
55
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
Biomass for electricity
production
In 2014 contribution to GDP from biomass
for electricity production (solid biomass and
Growth rate of the Biomass
electricity sector
Chart
4.2.2
Source: APPA
biogas) amounted to 1,029 m EUR, a 26% decrease compared to 2013. It should be noted
that out of this figure, 655 m EUR correspond
11.2%
to the direct contribution and 374 m EUR to the
sector’s induced contribution. Over 36% of the
contribution of this sector to the Spanish GDP
5.0%
2.5%
2.3%
0.5%
is a significant supplementary economic activity to the principal one (energy production)
relating mainly to the supply of biomass (fuels)
-5.1%
to the facilities where it is recovered. (Charts
4.2.1 and 4.2.2).
In 2014, biomass plants for electricity generation have seen their viability threatened due
to the strong impact that the policy reforms
-26.1%
implemented by the Government have had on
the biomass sector for electricity production.
The regulation of the electricity production
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
% in real terms
from renewable energy sources, cogeneration
and waste, embodied in Royal Decree 413/2014,
regulates a number of issues by sector, ham-
limitations have been eliminated from other
pering the development of biomass power in
similar sectors, such as cogeneration, even
Spain. The costs for fuel have not been mo-
though biomass could be equally used.
dified in the said decree, costs which do not
56
even remotely reach the figures illustrated in
The possibility of hybridizing with biogas and
the official reports published by IDAE-MINE-
waste the production of biogas coming from
TUR. On the other hand, limitations on the
the degassing of landfills with biodigestion
maximum number of hours for biomass pro-
-which came from the organic fraction of urban
duction have not been removed, whilst such
solid waste- has been removed, even though
83
2,483
557
770
2,
it was a very common practice at the waste
of 27,422 employments, a 32% reduction com-
treatment premises. However, when calcula-
pared to 2013. In the aggregate figure, 14,815
ting the compensation parameters, although
correspond to direct employments and 12,607
“in theory” only the costs involved exclusively
to indirect employments, most of them in rural
in the production of electricity were taken into
areas (associated to agriculture, forestry and
account, also other revenues that correspond
cattle industries). (Chart 4.2.4).
to other activities have been considered. For
2014
587
670
709
733
765
2,169
Study of the Macroeconomic
Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
20
instance, the fee for waste treatment.
In relation to purines, the “survival plan” suggested by the purines sector has not been
Evolution of installed capacity
and energy sales in
the Biomass electricity sector
Chart
4.2.3
adopted. The aforesaid plan was mainly based
on applying a transitional regime in order for
Source: CNMC
the sector to prepare for the upcoming new
Installed capacity (MW)
scenario in the short term since it was unaffor-
Energy sales (GWh)
dable for these facilities do to this immediately.
The non-adoption of the “survival plan” has led
4,197 4,285
to the gradual shutting down of these facilities.
3,751
All this explains the decrease of the energy
3,142
765
587
The decrease of installed capacity in 2013, regis-
557
ding to the CNMC.
709
670
aggregate compensation of over 20% accor-
770
2,483
2,169
733
the restrictions in the amount of production
839
3,025
sold by this sector by 13.5% in 2014, due to
hours, which has resulted in a decrease in the
3,706
tered in the data published by CNMC (Comisión
Nacional de Mercados y la Competencia), is
due to the new classification of biomass from
the former group b.8.3 (RD 661/2007) into the
new group c.2 (RD 413/2014). (Chart 4.2.3).
In 2014 biomass for electricity production (solid
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
biomass and biogas) generated an aggregate
57
Installed capacity (MW)
50,913
58,8
54,444
6
56,30
57,9
57,86
43,479
27,271
42,502
62,
58,9
57,23
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
2009
2010
2011
Chart
2012
2013
2014
Direct and indirect employment in the Biomass electricity sector
4.2.4
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
41,109
40,866
Direct employment
40,144
Induced employment
38,541
40,557
38,649
37,289
Total employment
2011
2013
14,815
2012
12,607
21,911
22,224
20,891
17,758
20,122
2010
18,646
2009
17,167
21,620
19,246
21,238
2008
18,884
2007
18,906
20,457
27,422
18,084
2008
2014
Number of employments
The decrease in production hours experienced
Direct employment
in this sector is mainly due to the approval of
Biomass for thermal
Induced employment
Total employment
production
Royal Decree 413/2014, which has forced the
Direct employment
Induced employment
change in the management and operation of
Charts 4.2.5 and 4.2.6 shows the contribution
Total employment
58
the facilities producing electric energy from bio-
to GDP from biomass for the thermal produc-
mass which, on its turn also has contributed to
tion sector in 2014 as 79.42 m EUR, a 10.2%
the loss of employments affecting, consequent-
increase compared to 2013, mainly as the
ly, the employment figures of the industry.
result of the increase in installed capacity re-
Chart
2012
28.
2011
25.74
2009
24.50
2008
25.61
26.9
28.
28.
21.50
2007
2013
2014
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2010
2014
Contribution to GDP from the Biomass for thermal production sector
4.2.5
Source: APPA
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
78.80
79.42
Induced contribution to GDP
78.00
75.69
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
72.18
71.81
26.99
25.61
24.50
2010
2011
2012
2013
28.32
46.44
28.40
2009
25.74
28.10
44.20
46.20
48.70
49.60
50.70
2008
21.50
46.30
2007
51.10
68.70
67.80
2014
Current m EUR
gistered in 2013. The aggregate figure includes
cases including biomass densification. Out of
51.10 m EUR in direct contribution and 28.32
the aggregate 4,088 ktep produced in 2014
m EUR in induced impact. This means that over
from biomass for thermal generation, 4,046
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution
GDP
Kteptocorresponded
to biomass and 42 Ktep to
35% of the biomass for thermal production
Induced contribution to GDP
biogas.
(Chart
4.2.7).
sector´s contribution to GDP correspondedDirect
to + Induced
contribution
to GDP
supplementary activities to the sector’s main
activity, such as the collection, processing and
In 2014 biomass for thermal generation was
transportation of biomass to facilities, in many
the basis for the development of the biomass
59
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4,081
4,046
3,876
3,817
In 2014 3,735
the biomass for thermal production
3,720
Chart
4.2.6
3,679
sector
generated a total of 2,907 employments
3,626
Growth rate in the Biomass
for thermal production sector
in aggregate, mainly located in rural areas
72
where biomass resources are generated and
Source: APPA
53
55
55
47
where facilities are typically located.
The aggre42
28 includes 1,881 direct employments
gate28figure
11.7%
10.2%
and 1,026 indirect employments. The number
2007
2008
2009
3.6%
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Biomass for thermal production,
evolution of generated Energy
Chart
4.2.7
Source: MINETUR
-0.7%
Biomass energy production (ktoe)
Biogas energy production (ktoe)
-4.7%
-6 .6%
-8.1%
2008
2009
2010
2011
4,081
2012
2013
2014
4,046
3,876
% in real terms
3,817
3,735
3,720
3,679
3,626
72
55
53
sector in Spain, mainly due to the increasing
introduction in home systems to generate heat
28
28
2008
2009
55
47
42
and hot water. A growing interest in the possibilities offered by this renewable source has been
2007
2010
2011
2012
shown in Spain, generating significant environmental and economic benefits. A very attractive
energy option that offers stable and competitive prices compared to traditional fuels.
ktep
Biomass energy production (ktoe)
Biogas energy production (ktoe)
60
2013
2014
50,913
43,479
27,271
42,502
58,8
54,444
56,30
65
57,96
57,86
2014
2009
2010
2011
Chart
2012
2013
2014
Direct and indirect employment in the Biomass for thermal production sector
4.2.8
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
2,927
2,886
2,907
2,887
2,754
2,736
2,613
1,881
1,770
999
981
939
966
1,026
1,674
1,773
1,888
1,016
1,870
1,027
1,706
1,900
2,438
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
733
62,
58,9
57,23
08
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2007
Number of employments
Direct employment
of employments generated by this sector re-
Induced employment
Total employment
Biomass facilities for thermal production gene-
presents a 6.2% increase compared to 2013.
rate stable employments in rural areas where
Direct employment
Induced employment
This increase is closely related to the substanthe biomass resources are located. Many of
Total employment
tial amount of labour required forinstallation
the employments are associated with the ex-
and maintenance of facilities using biomass
traction, processing and supply of biomass
for thermal production. (Chart 4.2.8).
needs of those facilities.
61
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.3
62
2,323
3,1
3,
3,
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
Contribution to GDP from the Wind power sector
4.3.1
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
3,803
3,294
3,214
2,984
2,898
2,623
1,926
2012
1,314
212
2011
334
2010
973
2009
1,594
1,627
1,526
996
1,171
1,492
2008
1,261
2007
1,813
1,953
2,311
1,928
1,933
tion to GDP
2010
1,361
2009
2014
1,265
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2013
2014
Current m EUR
Wind power
Direct contribution to GDP
tribution (86%), and the remaining 212 m EUR
Induced contribution to
GDP
(14%)
Direct
+ Induced
contribution to GDP
to its
induced
contribution.
(Chart 4.3.1).
Direct contribution to GDP
In 2014 the contribution of the wind power secIn 2014
the wind sector reduced its contribuInduced contribution
to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
tor to GDP amounted to 1,526 m EUR, of which
tion to GDP over 20% compared to 2013. (Chart
1,314 m EUR corresponded to its direct con-
4.3.2). The indirect contribution is the one with
63
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
The aforementioned reduction confirms the
negative impact of the disastrous energy policy
Growth rate in
the Wind power sector
Chart
4.3.2
recently implemented by the Spanish Government, which on the one hand, has reduced
Source: APPA
the industrial activity and, on the other hand,
has decreased the revenues for the sector in
10.9%
7.8%
2014 caused by the retrospective measures
implemented by the Ministry mid-2013. These measures have represented a reduction in
wind power remuneration over 2 bn EUR compared to 2012.
The perverse methodology established in the
-8.8%
Royal Decree 413/2014 and Ministerial Order
1045/2014 has entailed the lack of regulated re-
-14.8%
-15.2%
muneration for around 6,200 MW of the wind
-20.7%
technology, thus wind power is only remunerated by the market price. Moreover, wind
facilities counting with only 10 years of useful
life, have to compete on equal terms with plants
-34.4%
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
that have been amortising for decades.
2014
% in real terms
The reduction of the contribution to GDP is the
result of the aforesaid retroactive measures
and the lack of a forward-looking approach for
the wind sector. Another aspect to be consi-
a greater decline. The reduction of the wind
dered is the lower energy production (-6%) in
contribution to GDP compared to 2008 is about
2014 compared to the volume recorded the
60%. In the past seven years, the drag effect of
previous year – in 2013 wind appeared to be
the wind sector on the rest of the Spanish eco-
an exceptional resource.
nomy has been reduced over 85%. These values
64
demonstrate the slowdown that the wind ener-
If 2013 went down in history as the year in
gy has suffered in the recent years and the
which wind was the main source of electrici-
negative impact it has had on the retribution of
ty generation in Spain, ahead of nuclear, 2014
the power generated by this technology.
will be the year in which the lowest volume of
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
MW has been commissioned since the birth of
this technology in the mid-90s. In 2014 only
25 MW of wind technology were commissioned, representing 1% of the installed capacity,
for example, in 2009. The figure also contrasts
2007
2008
Chart
2014
Evolution
installed
2010
2011 of2012
2013capacity
2014
2009
and energy sales
in the Wind power sector
4.3.3
Source: CNMC
with the power commissioned in other Euro-
Installed capacity (MW)
pean Union countries such as Germany and
Energy sales (GWh)
54,630
UK, with 5,279 in 2014 and 1,736 MW installed,
50,995
respectively. However, wind power remains
48,334
the most developed renewable energy in Spain
with an aggregate installed capacity of 23,002
43,150
41,792
MW and generating almost 51,000 GWh under
38,275
the Special Regime in Spain. (Chart 4.3.3).
32,100
Since 2009 there has been a constant reduc-
18,856
city reform. Still, wind energy remains as the
industrial benchmark in Spain. Currently, the
continue to exist thanks to the Spanish wind
power sector’s export capacity, the highest
2013
2014
14,536
producing installations. Production centres
16,323
Spanish wind power sector has some 200
19,701
and the implementation of the latest electri-
21,065
a stable and predictableregulatory framework
23,002
industrial activity has resulted from the lack of
23,002
27,578
22,632
tion of the sector’s growth rate. The reduced
among renewableenergies.
However, keeping the wind power industry in
Spain will be all but impossible without the recovery of the domestic wind-power market.
According to the Energy Plan for 2015-2020
(draft) launched in mid-2014, which includes
the binding targets set in the Directive 2009/28/
EC, it is necessary to operate between 4,500
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Installed capacity (MW)
Energy sales (GWh)
65
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
and 6,500 MW of wind technology to meet the
targets established in the aforesaid Directive
by 2020. Unfortunately, to date, the renewable
moratorium established by the RD-Law 1/2012
is still applicable and thus, no steps have been
followed towards the implementation of the
Energy Plan.
It is an indispensable requirement for the future of the wind industry to put in place the
necessary measures to ensure a stable and predictable regulatory and retributive framework.
Such strategy should be implemented as soon
as possible so new investments are attracted
and the reduction experienced by the sector in
the past few years as a result of the policies
implemented by the Government is effectively
overcome.
To this purpose, the Government should make
a firm commitment to invigorate the wind
power sector by, for instance, promoting the
repowering of facilities or extending the useful life of those facilities where repowering is
not possible due to environmental issues. These measures, together with the technological
maturity of the wind would enable the sector
keep being the leaders which would not only
benefit the domestic sector but also the Spanish economy.
In 2014 the wind sector employed 16,753
jobs, 9,466 of which were direct employments
and 7,287 indirect employments. Compared
to 2013, the sector registered a reduction of
66
93,415
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
50,913
58,803
54,444
65,548
56,303
57,967
57,863
less employment than in 2008, when the num-
for 24,200 employments lost on aggregate. In
ber of people employed in the sector was the
2014 the wind power sector generated 60%
year in 41,438. (Chart 4.3.4).
2009
2010
2011
2012
Chart
43,479
1,097 employments, the sixth consecutive year
27,271
42,502
62,497
57,239
08
58,986
70,750
2013
2014
Direct and indirect employment in the Wind power sector
4.3.4
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
41,438
37,189
35,719
30,747
27,119
16,408
20,781
2007
2008
2009
2012
9,466
16,753
2013
7,287
10,086
7,764
13,019
2011
10,289
15,813
2010
11,306
17,898
12,849
15,627
20,092
17,850
18,468
20,781
16,408
37,189
22,970
23,308
2014
Number of employments
2007
Direct employment
Induced employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
67
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.4
68
2,323
3,1
3,
3,
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
Contribution to GDP from the High enthalpy geothermal sector
4.4.1
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
14.49
Induced contribution to GDP
14.30
13.91
13.64
14.02
12.25
13.56
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
14.20
13.83
12.01
10.92
13.53
13.26
Direct contribution to GDP
8.11
10.70
tion to GDP
2010
7.95
2009
2014
1,265
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
0.16
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.27
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Current m EUR
Geothermal
power
Direct contribution to GDP
continued experiencing a slow penetration
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
throughout
2014.
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution
to GDP
The production
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
of electricity from geothermal
Despite its great potential for both domes-
energy can be uninterrupted and is 100% ma-
tic and industrial usage regarding electricity
nageable so it can become a good regulator of
generation, in Spain geothermal energy has
the electrical system.
69
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
Geothermal energy is at an early stage of development but its enormous potential lies in
High enthalpy geothermal
power
the fact that it can contribute to the Spanish
energy goals. Apart from the traditional geo-
In 2014 the high enthalpy geothermal power
thermal energy, there is the opportunity to
sector contributed with 15.53 m EUR to the
expand this technology on the basis of new
Spanish GDP, representing a decrease of
induced geothermal systems and new ther-
2.6% over the previous year. Substantially al-
modynamic cycles.
most the entirety of this amount is related to
direct contribution resulting from actions in
connection with R&D&I for the assessment of
high enthalpy geothermal resources in Spain.
Chart
4.4.2
Growth rate in the High enthalpy
geothermal sector
(Charts 4.4.1 and 4.4.2).
The development of geothermal energy for
Source: APPA
the production of electricity has been affected
in 2014 by the situation of the Spanish electricity sector reform. The regulatory framework
for this technology is absolutely unfavourable:
29.4%
Order IET/1045/2014, which establishes the
compensation parameters applicable to those
facilities that produce electrical energy from
renewable energy sources, cogeneration and
waste, does not even assign remuneration to
the high enthalpy geothermal sector. This is the
12.5%
10.9%
reason why not a single installation has been
promoted in Spain despite the existence of important entrepreneurial initiatives to do so.
1.5%
29.4%
The employments associated to this techno-
2008
2009
2010
2011
-2.6%
-3.7%
-4.1%
2012
2013
2014
logy are particularly located in the phases of
engineering, procurement and construction.
In 2014 the number of employments generated by the high enthalpy geothermal sector
remained stable compared to 2013, due to the
% in real terms
stagnation currently affecting the sector as a
2008
70
50,913
43,479
27,271
42,502
58,8
54,444
6
56,30
57,86
57,9
2009
2010
2011
Chart
2012
2013
2014
Direct and indirect employment in the High enthalpy geothermal sector
4.4.3
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
217
213
Total employment
212
208
208
202
145
149
149
151
152
155
139
99
106
59
2012
2013
57
59
2010
61
62
2009
40
61
76
62,
58,9
2014
30
08
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2007
2008
2011
2014
Number of employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
result of the lack of electric power being insta-
employed 202 people, of which 145 were di-
lled in Spain.
rect employments (from engineers, drillers and
Direct employment
Induced employment
equipment
manufacturers to project mana-
Total employment
Chart 4.4.3 shows that high enthalpy geother-
gers) and 57 indirect employments (suppliers
mal energy for the production of electricity
of raw materials and induced employees).
71
7,387
6,123
7,173
GDP, 25.38 m EUR of which relate to its direct
contribution and 2.76 m EUR to its induced con-
3,146
3,531
tribution. (Chart 4.4.4). These figures represent
2,323
3,291
3,307
Low enthalpy geothermal
power
In 2013 the low enthalpy geothermal power
contributed with 28.14 m EUR to the Spanish
2009
2010
2011
2012
Chart
compared to 2013. (Chart 4.4.5). The electri-
2014
Contribution to GDP from the low enthalpy geothermal sector
4.4.4
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
tribution to GDP
2013
a 14.8% increase in direct contribution to GDP
1,265
6,794
6,844
6,280
7,389
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
28.14
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
24.56
25.38
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
21.94
22.15
20.94
17.99
18.88
19.78
19.59
11.23
12.46
7.01
4.43
6.19
5.23
0.80
0.83
1.23
1.60
2.16
2.05
2.41
2.76
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Current m EUR
Direct contribution to GDP
72
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2014
city generated from low enthalpy geothermal
power in 2014 amounted to an aggregate of
19.7 ktep, following the upwards trend of the
series analyzed in Chart 4.4.6.
Chart
4.4.6
Evolution of energy generated from
the Low Enthalpy Geothermal Sector
Source: MINETUR
Energy production (ktoe)
Chart
4.4.5
Growth rate in the Low enthalpy
geothermal sector
Source: APPA
19.7
17.6
17.9
16.8
16.0
78.3%
54.4%
11.0
13.7
9.3
28.8%
15.7%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
14.8%
8.5%
ktep
-6.8%
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
In 2014, geothermal energy for thermal generation has improved the situation compared
Energy production (ktoe)
to the previous year.
This was due to an in-
% in real terms
crease in the installed capacity, thanks mainly
73
28.8%
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
to a greater participation in the rehabilitation
of the residential buildings sector, where low
enthalpy geothermal power can also offer unbeatable performances.
In Spain there is an installed thermal capacity which can exceed 100 MWt and geothermal
potential for thermal uses that can exceed
50,000 MWt, according to the PER 2011-2020.
Reducing the cost of thermal generation and
increasing the efficiency of heat pumps are the
main challenges that the sector must overcome in order to encourage its development and
reach the potential set up in PER.
Equally important is the promotion and development of district cooling networks, which
can supply large residential and service areas
where geothermal can play aprimary energy
role for the generation of heat and cooling. It
is also necessary that the sector enhances the
design and development of systems that foster
the competitiveness of this energy compared to
conventional systems. Furthermore, their implementation in areas with thermal demands
beyond ACS is of essence, especially in a scenario where the subsidies received by low-enthalpy
geothermal energy are gradually reduced.
In 2013, the low enthalpy geothermal power
sector employed a total of 706 people, 536 of
which were direct employments, and 170 indirect employments. Employment in the sector
registered an increase close to 13% compared
to 2013. (Chart 4.4.7).
74
2014
50,913
58,803
54,444
56,303
65,548
57,967
57,863
residential buildings” which also contributes to
installed capacity that has led to a concentration
the generation of associated employments.
42,502
43,479
This is due, on the one hand, to an increase in
2009
2010
2011
Chart
2012
27,271
of employments, particularly “rehabilitation of
2013
2014
Direct and indirect employment in the low enthalpy geothermal sector
4.4.7
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
706
Total employment
Direct employment
623
Induced employment
Total employment
569
473
536
547
309
349
415
430
408
2009
132
139
2008
99
85
64
2007
150
184
207
170
264
248
154
62,497
58,986
70,750
53
08
93,415
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Number of employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
75
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.5
76
2,323
3,1
3,
3,
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
Contribution to GDP from the marine power sector
4.5.1
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
12.30
12.03
11.77
Direct contribution to GDP
12.21
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
9.48
7.67
6.38
9.54
9.30
9.50
9.71
7.54
2.73
2010
2.75
2009
2.53
1.58
2008
2.47
1.34
2007
2.04
5.04
5.95
5.61
4.43
tion to GDP
2010
1.18
2009
2014
1,265
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2011
2012
2013
2014
Current m EUR
Marine power
Direct contribution to GDP
This is explained, on the one hand, by the chan-
Induced contribution to
GDPimplemented
Direct + Induced
contribution
to GDP
ges
in the
European
tenders for
R&D&I (7th edition of the Horizon Program-
Direct contribution to GDP
In 2014 the contribution to GDP from marime 2020),
Induced contribution
to GDP which, with the corresponding time
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
delay, has created certain discontinuity in the
ne power —also called ocean power (waves
and currents)— amounted to 12.21 m EUR,
launch of new projects. It has also changed the
0.6% less than in 2013, of which 9.48 m EUR
typology of the tenders, which has required
corresponded to the sectors’ direct contribu-
some time to adapt for the participating com-
tion. Data available for 2014 are very similar
panies and institutions.
to those for 2013. However the slowdown in
growth that the sector has been experiencing
On the other hand, there has been a general
in previous years can be noted. (Charts 4.5.1
reduction of Spanish Plans and Programmes
and 4.5.2).
dedicated to the investment in R&D&I and
77
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
The technological development of marine
energy is in phase of functionality and reliabili-
Growth rate in the Marine
power sector
Chart
4.5.2
ty, in order to reach a commercial development
in the medium term. Currently several projects
Source: APPA
are close to reaching technological maturity,
which will demonstrate their industrial viability and facilitate the access of such technology
26.5%
to market. In this sense, the commitment of
the European Commission and some member countries is strong, as shown by European
18.5%
17.5%
funds for such kind of projects (Horizon 2020,
Ocean Energy Forum, etc.).
9.3%
In Spain the industry has focused basically
on wave energy technologies in line with the
excellent resources offered by our coasts, prin-
0.8%
-0.2%
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
cipally in the Gulf of Biscay and in the Canary
-0.5%
2013
2014
Islands, which we know perfectly thanks to the
study conducted by the IHC Custom IDAE for
the PER 2011-2020.
% in real terms
The increasing number of Spanish projects in
the field of wave energy should also be noted.
thus a decrease in the funding for marine
There are two main focuses: the utilization of
energy projects.
the national resources and, above all, the export of technology to the international market,
However, the sector of marine energy is actively
which is close to reaching the commercial pha-
working towards technological improvements,
se like in the UK, Ireland, Canada or France.
access to funding and political and institutional
78
support, at a national and international level.
Several projects associated to the marine
Some agencies´ reports indicate that the ma-
energies (wind and wave) are being run cu-
rine energy sector will grow considerably in
rrently in Spain. Moreover, the country counts
the medium and long term, thus increasing its
with the first commercial plant of wave power
contribution to GDP.
in Europe: project Mutriku, owned by the
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
activity generates most of the employment ge-
Spanish technology and industry are ready to
nerated by the sector.
become a world reference. Test centers as BI-
36,163
MEP, IHC and PLOCAN, are located in Spain,
Ocean power is still in the research phase and
121,850
121,483
completing this offer that attracts world-class
115,833
has a long way to run ahead of it. Nonetheless,
113,248
technologists.
the sector offers great business opportunities
thanks to the important efforts from the entreresources, particularly for R&D&I, in order to
199 were direct and 102 indirect employments,
70,750
be well
placed for the time the technology fi-
bringing the employment in the sector to re-
nally takes off and attains a global leadership
main unchanged compared to 2013. In fact,
position. Which on its turn will be translated
58,803
generated 301 employments in 2014, of which
65,548
preneurial world that has continued providing
57,967
Chart 4.5.3 shows that the marine power sector
be noted that the economic context influences
ment of projects, components, manufacturing
the marine energy directly, where the R&D&I
or operating facilities.
2009
2011
2012
Chart
27,271
42,502
56,303
2010
43,479
highly qualified employment for the develop-
50,913
the growth experienced in recent years. It shall
54,444
in an important contribution in the creation of
57,863
the employment data illustrates a slowdown in
2013
2014
Direct and indirect employment in the Marine power sector
4.5.3
Source: APPA
302
Direct employment
Induced employment
301
Total employment
Direct employment
166
153
2011
2012
102
2010
51
102
2009
51
85
44
76
2008
39
62
32
2007
115
94
102
129
115
85
199
Total employment
200
Induced employment
56
62,497
58,986
93,415
29
08
Basque Energy Board (EVE). In addition, the
2014
2013
2014
Number of employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
79
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.6
80
2,323
3,1
3,
3,
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
Contribution to GDP from the Small-scale wind power sector
4.6.1
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
56.29
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
54.66
52.84
45.83
44.47
40.30
38.96
33.79
5.02
15.66
2012
16.81
2011
20.68
5.42
2010
14.36
2009
14.79
2008
13.88
12.04
32.79
22.23
11.68
2007
41.51
39.88
29.41
tion to GDP
2010
10.48
2009
2014
1,265
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2013
2014
Current m EUR
Small-scale
wind power
Direct contribution to GDP
Although Spain pioneered the development
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
of the small-scale wind technology in the
earlyto GDP
seventies,
Direct contribution
this sector has recently seen
Induced contribution to GDP
its contribution to GDP dramatically reduced
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
due to the excessive regulatory and bureau-
In 2014 the contribution to GDP from the small-
cratic barriers.
scale wind power sector went down to 20.68 m
EUR, of which 15.66 m EUR corresponded to the
The Spanish small-scale wind power sector has
sector’s direct contribution to GDP and 5.02 m
a great potential and offers a first-level techno-
EUR to its induced contribution to GDP, a substan-
logy for both low power range (from 600 W to 6
tial 6.8% reduction compared to its contribution in
KW) and high power range (100 kW), in horizon-
2013, as shown in Charts 4.6.1 and 4.6.2.
tal and vertical axis.
81
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
for the small-scale wind technology in particular.
7.1%
Specifically, the non-approval of the legislation
Growth rate in the Small-scale
wind power sector
Chart
4.6.2
relating to self-consumption, hinders the future
development of the sector in Spain.
Source: APPA
13.3%
7.1%
3.4%
In response to this lack of a sufficient legal fra-
3.2%
mework, the renewable sector agents have
-5.2%
-6.8%
joined efforts to make a modality of self-consumption and provide solutions viable before
% in real terms
the failed Royal Decree proposal, the successive
drafts of which seem to be designed to rather
make unfeasible the implementation of this
-59.9%
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
technology and hinder the domestic and industrial consumers access to it. Throughout 2014,
the small-scale wind power sector has conti-
The main obstacle to the development of the
nued to demand the social and environmental
small-scale wind industry at domestic level is
benefits that would accrue from this technolo-
still the lack of a specific regulatory framework
gy. In particular, they claim for its great potential
that fosters the implantation of this technology.
to generate employment when accompanied
Without it, it will be impossible to produce a suffi-
by a high quality industrial, technological and
cient volume to industrialise this technology at
business tissue.
domestic level and reduction in manufacturing
costs, both indispensable for the technological
Meanwhile, Spanish manufacturers are forced
maturation, profitability and competitiveness of
to move their activities to other countries whe-
the sector.
re their respective Government focuses on the
renewable sector, as stated in the European
The Government seems to ignore the industrial
directives. In 2014 the brand SmallWind was
opportunity that unblocking the situation offers.
created in order to promote the small-scale
On the contrary, the Government’s lack of inter-
wind technology in international congresses
est in this sector causes rather a legal uncertainty
and fairs, such as the Small Wind World Confe-
which is very negative for the domestic small-
rence, held in Husum, Germany.
scale wind technology industry and international
82
actors who have shown their interest in the Spa-
The small-scale wind is already mature enough
nish market. Thus, 2014 has been a difficult year
to provide significant benefits to Spain if the cu-
for the renewable energy sector in general and
rrent or future governments value its enormous
2014
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
potential. Should the right conditions for its
te jobs distributed throughout the country in a
ongoing consolidation be created and the deve-
short time. Chart 4.6.3 shows that the small-
lopment of strategies for the medium and long
scale wind power
121,850297
121,483sector only employed
term be boosted, successful projects, pilot expe-
115,833
people in 2014, 200 of which
were direct and 97
riences and demonstration plants will be carried
indirect employments. This figure improves the
out. We are still on time to leverage the strengths
number of employments compared to 2013 but
of small-scale wind technology in Spain.
is still far from the data obtained by the industry
136,163
98,494
113,248
years ago when it exceeded the eight hundred
years ago that exceeded eight hundred jobs a
ciated technologic and industrial fabric and for
year. If the great potential of small wind industry
the immediate creation of employment, an im-
is promoted, or at least its development is not
portant consideration to make in the Spanish
2007
impeded, this technology may be able to crea-
2008
2009 situation.
2010
current
economic
Chart
42,840
57,967
56,303
2011
2012
50,913
possibilities for the consolidation of the asso-
54,444
still far from the data obtained by the industry
57,863
throughout the entire country and excellent
58,986
proves the number of 200 jobs in 2013 but is
57,239
its great potential for generating employments
55,655
direct jobs and 97 indirect jobs. This figure im-
58,803
65,548
promoted, or at least not be hindered, given
62,497
ted a total of 297 jobs. Of these, 200 were for
employments per year. The sector should be
78,924
The small wind energy sector in 2014 genera-
201
Direct and indirect employment in the small-scale wind power sector
4.6.3
Direct employment
Source: APPA
745
847
825
806
788
829
Induced employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
526
539
542
530
501
555
Total employment
2012
200
2011
97
2010
192
270
2009
297
93
264
2008
303
258
2007
308
244
285
2013
2014
Number of employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
83
Direct employment
Tota
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.7
84
2,323
3,1
3,
3,
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
Contribution to GDP from the small-scale hydropower sector
4.7.1
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
587.7
554.4
527.7
527.2
503.0
461.5
269.0
2011
2012
60.5
2010
145.1
2009
123.3
147.9
2008
140.8
144.8
2007
151.8
208.5
338.9
358.2
386.9
406.4
442.6
462.2
375.4
328.6
tion to GDP
2010
132.9
2009
2014
1,265
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2013
2014
Current m EUR
Small-scale
hydropower
Direct contribution to GDP
ted to 269 m EUR. Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
amounted to 208.5 m EUR while the sector in-
duced
contribution
Direct contribution
to GDP
Induced contribution
GDP
This tocontribution
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
amounted to 60.5 m EUR.
represents a decrease of
In 2014 the aggregate contribution to GDP from
54.2% compared to 2013, which was 587.7 m
the small-scale hydropower sector amoun-
EUR. (Charts 4.7.1 and 4.7.2).
85
2,034
2,035
2,030
2,017
1,979
1,895
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
In 2014 small-scale hydropower produced
Chart
4.7.2
Growth rate in the small-scale
hydropower sector
7,043 GWh, almost equal to 2013 when the
production reached 7,065 GWh, an output corresponding to two exceptionally rainy years.
Source: APPA
25.4%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
4.7.3
8.3%
2013
2014
Evolution of installed capacity
and energy sales in the small-scale
hydropwer sector
Chart
9.8%
2012
4,096
Source: CNMC
1,895
Installed capacity (MW)
Energy sales (GWh)
-4.3%
-7.8%
-14.5%
7,065 7,043
6,754
5,444
5,280
4,633
4,607
2,101
2,101
4,096
2013
2014
2012
2013
2014
2011
2012
1,895
% in real terms
2,034
2011
2,035
2010
2,017
2009
1,979
2008
2,030
-54.2%
The reduced contribution to GDP from the
9.8%
small-scale hydropower sector responds to the
fact that no new plants were installed, the production of electricity was left stagnant and the
aggregate remuneration obtained by this technology was reduced by 46% compared to 2013.
2007
2008
2009
2010
86
Installed capacity (MW)
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
87
50,913
58,80
54,444
65
56,303
57,96
57,86
43,479
27,271
42,502
62,
58,9
57,23
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
2009
2010
2011
Chart
2012
2013
2014
Direct and indirect employment in the small-scale hydropower sector
4.7.4
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
1,528
1,056
1,094
1,110
1,502
1,461
496
500
493
472
458
465
453
1,101
1,028
2007
1,497
1,008
1,588
1,036
1,610
1,597
1,491
1,039
Total employment
463
2008
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Number of employments
Direct employment
Chart 4.7.3 shows that installed capacity re-
Induced employment
Total employment
The causes for this stagnation of installed
capacity lie in the lack of legal certainty, in
mained almost unchanged from prior years, Direct
at employment
Induced employment
the risks associated to this kind of projects,
2,101 MW, still short of the 2.199 MW target
Total employment
88
set in REP 2005-2010. The average growth of
in the increased business complexity, in the
small-scale hydropower has barely exceeded
administrative barriers (i.e. too onerous en-
the 2% in the last ten years, with an almost
vironmental requirements) that turn the
symbolic annual increase of 39 MW.
process of obtaining permits and licenses
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
into an extremely difficult and expensive one
None of the aforementioned measures has
in terms of time and resources for obtaining
been established yet but, on the contrary, on
permits and licenses for the installation of
top of the 7% tax on the turnover of small-scale
new plants.
hydropower plants, which is also applicable to
2014
other renewable technologies, another specific
For the sake of developing small-scale hydro-
2.2% tax of that turnover,which is not applied to
power industry, efforts shall have to be put
other renewable plants, has been added.
into overcoming the above mentioned issues
and streamlining the process for granting
The electricity reform has especially punished
permits and licenses, in addition to reversing
the small-scale hydropower technology, despi-
the regulatory changes that have been imple-
te its low contribution to the deficit tariff and
mented.
environmental impact. To the extent that the
industry has seen how inevitably many of their
The new river basin management plans
plants have gradually shut down as soon as a
incorporate new difficulties in the implemen-
breakdown of a certain scale occurred. The ne-
tation of power plants. In addition, there is a
cessary repairs could not be funded with the
misconception that hydropower hinders the
low remuneration provided by the measures
achievement of the objectives of the Water
implemented by the Government only. As a re-
Framework Directive.
sult, the repairs didn´t take place.
Once again, in 2014 the small-scale hy-
The small-scale hydropower sector has main-
dropower sector still has not seen the
tained the trend from previous years regarding
implementation of the measures that could
the destruction of direct employment (41 jobs
allow the increase in installed capacity. These
less than in 2013). In 2014 the sector registe-
measures are essentially three: to streamline
red 1,008 direct employments; while indirect
the current procedures for water planning,
employment registered 453 indirect jobs.
encouraging the rehabilitation, modernization
(Chart 4.7.4).
and / or replacement of plant and equipment
in small-scale hydropower plants up to 10 MW
These figures are consistent with the stagnation
of installed capacity, and establishing a new
of installed capacity and with the likely automa-
unified administrative procedure for granting
tion of some facilities. If the current conditions as
water permits, or modification of existing pro-
described herein do not change urgently, many
cedures, to regulate those facilities with power
of the plants will be forced to shut down causing
exceeding 50 MW.
the corresponding loss of employments.
89
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.8
90
Chart
2012
28.
2011
25.74
2009
24.50
2008
25.61
26.9
28.
28.
21.50
2007
2013
2014
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2010
2014
Contribution to GDP from the Photovoltaic Solar power sector
4.8.1
Source: APPA
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
3,344
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution
3,129 to GDP
3,064
Direct + Induced contribution to3,012
GDP
2,978
2,800
2,610
2,450
2,671
2,775
2,717
3,005
1,217
1,586
300
391
91
369
347
354
341
365
205
160
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Current m EUR
Photovoltaic
solar power
Direct contribution to GDP
sector to GDP registered a significant reduction
Induced contribution to
Direct
+ Induced
contribution
GDP
toGDP
2,450 m
EUR
(94%),
while toits
induced
con-
tribution was similarly reduced to 160 m EUR
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution
GDP
(6%). to
(Chart
4.8.1).
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
In 2014 the aggregate contribution to GDP from
In 2014, the sector registered a positive growth
to 2,610 m EUR. The direct contribution of this
rate (as sown in Chart 4.8.2), increasing a 13%
300
391amounted
the photovoltaic solar power sector
91
2007
91
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
is noted that those measures, together with the
Chart
4.8.2
Growth rate in the Photovoltaic
Solar power sector
complete lack of visibility towards the future,
have led both companies owning facilities and
thousands of families to critical situations, as in
Source: APPA
many cases the amount of expected revenues
as per the new regulation does not even cover
debt service obligations.
289.7%
Similarly, this scant future projection has caused the disappearance of industrial fabric
associated to this technology, the closure of
many manufacturing plants and production
centres and the relocation abroad of a number
of companies.
93.7%
The Renewable moratorium and the delay in the
publication of the royal decree that regulates
the self-consumption of electricity has caused
8.4%
0.3%
the disappearance of industrial fabric associa-6.7%
2008
2009
2010
2011
-11.4% -13.0%
2012
2013
2014
ted to this technology. Thanks to the foreign
market some of the industry has kept producing. The 2014 data confirms that the energy
% in real terms
reform has mantained, and in most cases,
increased the cutbacks to the remuneration expected by many photovoltaic solar plants. The
application of the RD 413/2014 and 1045/2014
compared to previous year. If we look at 2012,
OM, includes retrospective measures implying,
the sector has decreased its contribution to
in some cases, a reduction close to 50% in the
GDP by 22 percentage points since then. The-
remuneration expected by many photovoltaic
se figures show the reduced revenues from the
solar plants. On average the cutback exceeds
sale of energy resulting from the implementa-
30% . Thousands of companies and small pro-
tion of a poor regulation. (Chart 4.8.2).
ducers are now in this situation, responding to
the call of the institutions and reflected in the
92
Moreover, the contribution of the sector to GDP
BOE, to invest their savings in this technology.
has been the lowest in the last six years. Also, it
Now the vast majority of them are found in ruin.
2014
690
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
In terms of installed capacity, 2014 was the
2007
worst year ever for the photovoltaic solar power
industry, only 5 MW were commissioned. Deri-
sory when compared to neighboring countries
such as United Kingdom, Germany and France
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Evolution of installed capacity
and energy sales in the Photovoltaic
Solar power sector
Chart
4.8.3
Source: CNMC
where 2,300, 1,900 and 1,000 MW, respectively
Installed capacity (MW)
were commissioned. It is expected that in the
Energy sales (GWh)
next five years this technology will grow 177%
8,176
worldwide, reaching 500 GW.
8,307 8,203
7,417
The Spanish Government policies do not follow
6,405
the trend traced by most OECD countries, whe-
6,074
re solar photovoltaic technology seems to be
the technology with the best prospects. This
trend has largely been enabled by cost reduction achieved by this technology over the last
six years, by more than 80%.
2,503
4,672
2013
2014
The renewable moratorium and the absence of
a regulatory framework for the development of
3,398
3,839
473
3,398
power generation, 8,203 GWh. (Chart 4.8.3).
4,248
Spain in both installed capacity 4,672 MW, and
4,667
newable technology in installed capacity in
4,539
Photovoltaic solar power was the second re-
2008
2009
self-consumption make the photovoltaic solar
sector have no projection in the future. While
the Renewable Energies Plan 2011-2020 had
planned to install about 400 MW per year, since
2011 Spain is recording much lower figures and
One of the possible ways to develop the
690
in some cases, as in this 2014, virtually nil.
photovoltaic technology in Spain is the implementation of self-consumption facilities the
2007
2010
2011
2012
Installed capacity (MW)
Energy sales (GWh)
93
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
regulation of which has been delayed since
this technology. It depends on the right regula-
2011. To date, the Royal Ddecree regulating
tion being approved on reasonable terms that
the self-production of electric energy hasn’t
consider the benefits of distributed generation
been published. Its drafts, (the last was issued
and of energy self-consumption. Its different
mid-2013), does not include the possibility of
applications, both large and small consump-
net metering. The proposal does, include the
tion facilities offer a wide range of benefits that
notion of ‘support fee’ that seriously penalises
make of this technology one of the future sou-
self-consumption and makes it more profitable
rces of energy, as is currently occurring in most
to acquire electricity from the supplier company
developed countries.
than self-producing photovoltaic electricity. The
result of this delay and the renewable morato-
In terms of employment, in 2014 the photovol-
rium have led the photovoltaic solar sector in
taic solar power sector employed 9,944 people,
Spain to a situation of standstill.
8,587 of which were in direct employments and
1,357 in indirect employments.
Future development of the sector greatly de-
94
pends on the development of distributed
These figures imply that the number of emplo-
generation, consumption and the integration of
yments lost in 2013 by the photovoltaic solar
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
50,913
58,803
54,444
56,303
65,548
57,967
57,863
2008 the photovoltaic solar sector has lost over
show the critical situation the photovoltaic solar
18,000 employments, both direct and indirect.
sector is currently going through in Spain. Since
(Chart 4.8.4).
2009
2010
2011
Chart
2012
27,271
42,502
43,479
sector amounted to 823. These figures also
2013
2014
Direct and indirect employment in the Photovoltaic Solar power sector
4.8.4
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
25,063
Total employment
27,963
12,504
11,683
11,509
11,490
10,767
9,944
8,587
9,302
9,914
10,013
9,952
10,889
9,325
2,900
1,615
1,556
1,670
1,576
1,466
1,357
6,414
62,497
58,986
70,750
2,911
08
93,415
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Number of employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
95
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.9
96
2,323
3,1
3,
3,
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
Contribution to GDP from the Thermal Solar power sector
4.9.1
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
95.03
74.70
72.56
11.55
11.35
2009
2010
2011
2012
46.56
2013
26.07
42.56
14.67
37.40
38.06
48.75
17.35
22.09
2008
48.33
57.35
49.61
22.42
72.94
2007
64.99
63.00
41.60
31.88
tion to GDP
2010
9.72
2009
2014
1,265
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Current m EUR
Thermal solar
power
Direct contribution to GDP
being 2014 the second consecutive year of
positive growth. (Charts 4.9.1 and 4.9.2).
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
Direct contribution
to GDP the
In 2014,
Induced contribution to GDP
Spanish thermal solar power sec-
In 2013 the direct contribution to GDP from
torcontribution
registered
Direct + Induced
to GDPrevenues of over 204 m EUR.
the Thermal Solar power sector increased
According to market data, 66% of these rev-
to 46.5 m EUR while its induced contribution
enues correspond to compliance with the
amounted to 26.07 m EUR, for an aggregate
Technical Code for Building (“TCB”); 33% to in-
72.56 m EUR contribution to GDP. This rep-
stallations subsidized by Autonomous Regions
resents a 12.3% increase compared to 2013,
and 1% to industrial applications.
97
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
installed in Spain. This confirms the growing
Growth rate in the Thermal
Solar power sector
Chart
4.9.2
trend started in 2013 with an increase in MWth
installed compared to 2012. (Chart 4.9.4).
Source: APPA
Despite the change in trend which for four
119.1%
years had brought the market down to 50%
of its capacity, and although the sector has
grown for the second time since 2009, we can
not talk of recovery given the negative reality
of the Spanish thermal solar sector. Thanks
32.7%
to their industrial, technological and competi12.3%
managed to position themselves in the inter-
-3.9%
-21.4%
2008
2009
-17.3%
2010
national market and thus survive the Spanish
-23.9%
2011
tive strength, thermal solar companies have
crisis, a crisis which is the result of the absence
2012
2013
2014
% in real terms
Annual change in installed
capacity in the Thermal Solar sector
Chart
4.9.3
The solar thermal sector had an installed capacity of 2,416 MWth at the end of 2014, year
119.1%
Source: ASIT
in which the energy generated stood at 258
326
ktoe. Spain has a production capacity of approximately 1,300,000 m2. 193
In 2014 it produced
281
244
219,150 m2, slightly less than 17% of its potential; of these, 140,600 m2 were installed in the
193
193
domestic market and 78,550 m was dedicated
2
160
163
2012
2013
179
to export markets. (Chart 4.9.3).
The figures show a significant improvement
in the sector. In particular, according to the
results from the economic survey “Survey on
the Thermal Solar Sector activity” carried out
by ASIT, in 2014 179 MWth (232,500 m2) were
2008
98
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
MW installed per year
2014
2013
1,722
2,
2,2
2012
2,035
1,915
125
93
2014
2008
2009
2010
2011
of political will, both at state and regional level.
136,163
On the positive side, the
implementation of
Chart
4.9.4
the programme for the promotion of
the Ther121,483
Evolution of installed capacity
and energy generated
from Thermal Solar Sector
93
115,833
113,248
Source: ASIT and MINETUR
of Andalusia should be noted.
98,494
Installed capacity (MWth)
thermal solar power sector has increased
183
78,924
slightly, with an aggregate of 1,094 employ-
ing falls since 2008, when the sector registered
2007
1,818 employments. (Chart 4.9.5).
2008
2009
2010
2011
2010
2011
2012
2,416
2007
2012
27,271
2009
2,035
2008
50,913
1,722
58,803
54,444
1,478
42,840
slightly over the last three years, after register-
1,197
56,303
872
65,548
57,863
57,967
62,497
58,986
In fact, employment in the sector has grown
1,915
125
93
employments and 243 indirect employments.
2007
70,750
155
ments since 2013. Of these, 851 were direct
57,239
220
205
258
238
872
In 2014 the employment associated to the
55,655
93,415
Energy production (ktoe)
2,238
mal Solar Power Sector in the country region
121,850
2014
43,479
2007
42,502
872
1,197
1,478
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2013
2014
2013
2014
93
Chart
Direct and indirect employment in the Thermal Solar power sector
4.9.5
Installed capacity (MWth)
Source: APPA
1,818
Energy production (ktoe)
Induced employment
Total employment
Direct employment
1,468
Direct employment
1,418
1,218
Induced employment
Total employment
1,094
1,137
997
776
783
207
222
243
2009
221
2007
272
331
2008
175
400
597
764
200
851
946
772
990
984
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Number of employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
99
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
4.10
100
2,323
3,1
3,
3,
2011
2012
2013
Chart
2014
Contribution to GDP from the CSP sector
4.10.1
Induced
contribution
Source:
APPA to GDP
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
2,360
Direct contribution to GDP
Induced contribution to GDP
2,072
Direct + Induced contribution to GDP
1,942
1,650
11
2007
45
61
2008
1,024
1,858
901
637
1,076
1,041
1,443
917
969
285
35
1,013
1,182
723
1,309
212
tion to GDP
2010
662
2009
2014
1,265
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Current m EUR
CSP (Concentrated
Solar Power)
Direct contribution to GDP
to its induced contribution. The sector recorded a decrease in their aggregate contribution
ofGDP
763
Induced contribution to
million
compared
to the GDP of
Direct + euros
Induced contribution
to GDP
the previous year. The negative growth rate
Direct contribution to GDP
(36.7%) represents the biggest annual drop
Induced contribution to GDP
Direct + Induced
to GDP series (see charts 4.10.1 and
in contribution
the analysed
In 2014 CSP sector contributed 1,309 m EUR
to Spain’s GDP; 1,024 m EUR corresponded to
4.10.2). It is the result of the completion of tho-
the sector’s direct contribution and 285 m EUR
se power plants that were under construction
101
8
130
15
999
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
532
After the reduction registered in 2012, the sole
reduction in the annual series, the contribu232
Growth rate in the CSP sector
tion from the CSP sector returned to positive
11
4.10.2
Source: APPA
2007
growth rates, at 5.2%. This is basically due to
61
Chart
the
2008
increase
in installed
and to a larger
2009 2010
2011 2012capacity
2013 2014
1,013
production of electricity.
1,443.8%
Chart
4.10.3
Evolution of installed capacity
and energy sales in the CSP sector
Source: CNMC
Installed capacity (MW)
Energy sales (GWh)
4,959
4,397
3,432
64.0%
37.1% 38.6%
5.2%
-36.7%
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
8
15
2013
2014
1,950
692
2008
2,300
-19.7%
2,300
1,779
130
999
% in real terms
1.443.8%
during 2013 and no new plants being started
532
during 2014. The stagnation experienced by
232
the installed capacity of this technology has re-
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
1,013
bution to GDP over the last five years.
61
70%, resulting in the lowest aggregate contri-
11
duced its induced contribution by more than
102
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
The sector closed 2014 with an installed capacity of 2,300 MW, exactly the same capacity as by
year-end 2013 (see Chart 4.10.3). Installed capacity in CSP is mostly located in six Autonomous
Regions: Andalusia, 997 MW; Extremadura, 849
MW; Castilla-La Mancha, 349 MW; Valencia, 50
MW; Murcia, 31 MW, and Catalonia, 23 MW.
(Chart 4.10.3).
The above mentioned installed capacity is distributed among the 50 plants operating by the
end of 2014, 20 of which have storage systems
while the remaining 30 do not.
In any case, plants without storage system have
their manageability ensured through hybrid
systems with natural gas or biomass.
Thermoelectric generation sector reached 4,959
GWh in 2014, covering 2% of the total electricity
demand of the year. Thermoelectric generation
increased 12.8% compared to 2013.
In 2014 the CSP sector produced 4,959 GWh
to cover 2% of the total electricity demand in
2014 (see chart 4.10.3). Compared to 2013, the
CSP sector increased its production by 12.8% in
2014 thanks to running the parks fully operational throughout the year, as well as improving
8.5%. During the same month, daily contribu-
the management of the facilities.
tions above 5% were achieved. All this with a
production curve perfectly adjusted to demand,
The month with the highest production recor-
capable to meet afternoon peaks in demand,
ded was August, when 833 GWh were produced.
thanks to the management ability demonstra-
Its maximum contribution to the demand occu-
ted by the plants, as most of them count with
rred on the 3rd of August at 6 pm, exceeding
storage systems.
103
Renewable energies: breakdown by technologies
Thanks to the efforts deployed over the last
Agency gave the leading role to CSP in those geo-
years, Spanish companies still hold a worldwi-
graphic areas with sufficient solar resources.
de leading position in CSP markets. Thus, out
the 6,500 MW installed or under construction
In 2014 the CSP sector generated an aggregate
worldwide, 75% are Spain branded, either in the
5,404 employments, of which 3,132 were direct
development, construction, engineering and/or
and 2,272 indirect employments. The sector
component supply.
registered an aggregate loss of 8,820 employments compared to 2013. This represents a loss
104
The technological evolution of CSP itself, storage
of 62% of the employments in just one year, al-
capacity and its manageability are some of the
most 80% of which were indirect employments.
reasons why in 2014 the International Energy
(Chart 4.10.4).
93,415
2014
58,803
65,548
57,967
power plants, which is manpower-intensive,
aggregate employment in the sector has de-
does not start again.
42,502
56,303
43,479
chnology began to operate in Spain, in which
50,913
future if the construction of new solar thermal
54,444
This is the third consecutive year, since the te57,863
2009
2010
2011
Chart
2012
27,271
creased. This trend will likely continue in the
2013
2014
Direct and Indirect employment in the Termoelectric Solar power sector
4.10.4
Source: APPA
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
33,555
Direct employment
Induced employment
31,121
Total employment
27,582
22,034
24,839
23,844
17,622
18,600
14,224
11,306
11,724
10,963
62,497
70,750
58,986
57,239
08
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
5,404
535
398 137
2007
761
2008
978
2009
1,810
2,434
2010
2,743
2011
2012
2,918
2013
3,132 2,272
2014
Number of employments
Direct employment
Induced employment
Total employment
105
Direct employment
Impact of renewable energies on environment and energy dependence
5
106
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Impact of renewable energies
on environment and energy
dependence
R
enewable energies, unlike fossil fuels, do not produce CO2 emissions. In
fact, renewable energy production replaces fossil production sources and
avoids pollution caused by CO2 emissions. This entails a double economic
saving: on the one hand, it makes it unnecessary to pay the cost of any
externalities that should be paid in case contaminating fossil sources were
used; and on the other hand, it becomes unnecessary to import those fossils
that Spain does not own.
As it is shown in section 2 of the study herein, our economy had to pay a total
of 38,071 m EUR in 2014 to import energy products such as oil, gas and coal,
due to our high foreign energy dependence which exceeded 73% in 2014.
107
Impact of renewable energies on environment and energy dependence
743
2008
671
552
2009
619
2010
Chart
385
2011
2012
5.1
325
249
2013
2014
Savings produced by the use of renewable energies
Source: APPA
Total economic impact of
fossil fuel imports avoided.
Total economic impact of
greenhouse gases avoided.
10,286
8,922
8,492
8,469
7,111
6,073
5,674
4,678
765
2007
743
2008
671
552
2009
2010
619
2011
385
2012
325
249
2013
2014
Current m EUR
Total economic impact of
fossil fuel imports avoided.
Impact
greenhouse gases
avoided.
Electric, biofuel and thermal electric renewa-
on electricity
production
Total economic impact of
ble production allowed the Renewable Energy
Sector to avoid imports of 20,577,904 tonnes
108
oil equivalent (toe) in fossil fuels, thereby ge-
By replacing the electricity produced from
nerating economic savings of 8,469 m EUR.
natural gas, coal and fuel-gas with electricity
Similarly, the Sector avoided the emission of
produced from renewable sources, energy
54,433,800 CO2 tonnes into the air, equivalent
dependence is reduced and important eco-
to 325 m EUR, a quantity that would have been
nomic savings are achieved in the imports of
paid by our country as externalities if renewa-
those fuels. In 2014, electricity produced from
ble production would not exist. (Chart 5.1).
renewable sources was of 74,907 GWh. (Chart
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
5.2). If this renewable production had not
duce this electricity with combined cycle gas,
existed, it would have been necessary to pro-
coal and fuel-gas plants, depending on the
2014
70,000
60,420
Chart
60,000
54,792
Electricity from fossil fuels replaced by electricity from renewable sources
5.2
50,159
50,000
43,795
41,934
Source: APPA
40,000
34,767
GWh
30,000
24,967
2007
2008
2009
2010
16,113
20,000
Technology replaced
12,932
Natural 15,285
gas combined
10,000
cycle
2,416
15,039
15,285
2,824
Coal
0
925
16,113
2007
2008
Fuel/Gas
Total
17,286
14,980
24,967
34,767
43,795
2009
15,039
50,159
60,420
17,804
2012
2014
19,421
728
17,286
2011
2013
17,716
17,804
734
14,980
2010
2012
41,934
728
1,237
12,932
2011
54,792
693
17,716
2013
19,421
2014
2,416
2,824
925
1,237
728
734
728
693
33,814
40,722
50,731
60,012
59,948
68,697
78,864
74,907
Coal
Fuel/Gas
Combined cycle
70,000
60,420
60,000
54,792
50,159
50,000
43,795
40,000
34,767
30,000
24,967
16,113
20,000
12,932
10,000
41,934
17,286
17,804
17,716
15,039
14,980
925
1,237
728
734
728
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
19,421
15,285
2,416
2,824
693
0
2007
2008
2014
GWh - Technology replaced
Coal
Fuel/Gas
Combined cycle
109
Impact of renewable energies on environment and energy dependence
2009
2010
2011
2012
Chart
2013
2014
Evolution of fossil fuels imports replaced by renewable energy generation
5.3
15,515,467
TOEs replaced
13,480,857
11,739536
8,771,056
7,476,174
10,746,650
12,603,778
Economic savings (EURm)
15,201,513
Source: APPA
3,142
2,870
2,725
2,138
2,302
2,429
2,101
1,311
2007
2008
2009
2010
current energy mix. The Renewable Energy
Sector saved the electricity system imports of
15,201, 513 toe of fossil fuels, with associated
savings of 2,870 m EUR. (Chart 5.3).
2011
2012
2013
2014
savings to the amount of 235 m EUR. (Chart 5.4).
While in 2013 the price of the CO2 tonne was
TOEs replaced
reduced
Economic
savingsfrom
(EURm) 7.37
to 4.45 euros, in 2014 this
value increased to 5.96 euros for each tonne,
and so, the produced economic savings increa-
110
Renewable energies avoided the emission of
sed even with the reduction of the avoided CO2
39,406,565 tonnes of CO2, resulting in economic
emissions. It shall be noted that in 2007 the pri-
429
374
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
271
235
184
Emissions of CO2 equivalent avoided and economic savings
2012
2013
2014
achieved
by the production
of renewable
electricity
Chart
2009
5.4
2010
2011
Emissions of CO2 avoided (tonnes of CO2 equivalent)
501
499
36,745,548
33,452,671
32,287,190
28,569,602
23,649,572
Economic savings (EURm)
467
39,406,565
41,252,734
Source: APPA
22,565,184
2008
429
374
271
235
184
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Emissions
CO avoided (tonnes
of CO
equivalent)of 3,514 m EUR as externalities
ce per emitted tonne reached 22,21
EUR,ofand
ted the
payment
2
Economic savings (EURm)
consequently, the cost to pay for polluting the
2
by the Spanish economy.
atmosphere was practically a quarter of what it
used to be eight years ago. In the last ten years,
Though they do not have an own market, and
renewable energies have avoided the emission
so they do not produce direct economic sa-
of 296,203,202 CO2 tonnes into the atmosphere.
vings, renewable energies also prevent other
This 300 million of avoided CO2 tonnes preven-
polluting (and harmful) gases from being
111
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Impact of renewable energies on environment and energy dependence
Chart
Evolution of NOx and SO2 emissions avoided by producing electricity from renewable sources
5.5
50,912
Source: APPA
NOx emissions avoided
46,692
45,335
2007
34,169
27,616
18,662
23,399
27,192
31,324
34,325
35,519
39,396
39,496
42,572
46,460
SO2 emissions avoided
16,386
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
NOx emissions avoided (NOx tonnes) and SO2 emissions avoided (SO2 tonnes)
released into the air such as NOx and SO. Re-
SO2 in 2014. Over the last decade the emission
newable production avoided the emission of
of 661,716 tonnes of these gases has been
34,169 tonnes of NOx and 50,912 tonnes of
avoided. (Chart 5.5).
NOx emissions avoided
SO2 emissions avoided
112
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Impact on thermal
production 4,237
heating and liquefied gases from oil, which
4,279
3,763
4,013
2,912
not use renewable technologies. In 2014 the
thermal use of renewable energies avoided
mass, biogas, geothermal or solar also has
the import of 4,366,094 tonnes of toe, resul-
a replacing effect which prevents the import
ting in economic savings of 4,013 m EUR, see
of fossil fuels, such as natural gas, C diesel or
the Charts 5.6 and 5.7.
2010
2011
Chart
2012
2013
2014
Evolution of fossil fuel imports replaced by thermal renewable production
5.6
Source: APPA
3,367
4,237
4,279
2012
2013
3,763
4,366,094
4,384,301
4,169,572
4,093,849
3,931,059
Economic savings (EURm)
3,931,990
TOEs replaced
3,789,804
2009
would be necessary to consume if we could
The use of renewable energies, such as bio-
3,894,159
2,357
2014
4,013
3,348
2,912
2,357
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2014
113
Impact of renewable energies on environment and energy dependence
Chart
Energy from fossil fuels replaced by thermal production from renewable sources
5.7
Source: APPA
TOEs replaced
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
3,695,513
3,813,746
3,787,686
3,931,885
3,993,061
4,188,287
4,155,222
71,242
91,372
114,031
130,778
142,914
161,223
174,064
23,048
26,872
29,343
31,186
33,597
34,792
36,808
3,789,804
3,931,990
3,931,059
4,093,849
4,169,572
4,384,301
4,366,094
2,357
2,912
3,763
4,237
4,279
4,013
2010
2011
4,500,000
Technology replaced
4,000,000
Diesel
3,823,898
3,500,000
Natural gas
53,329
3,000,000
LPG
16,932
2,500,000
Total
3,894,159
2,000,000
Economic savings
3,367
1,500,000 3,348
1,000,000
4,500,000
500,000
4,000,000
0
2007
3,500,000
2008
2009
2012
2013
3,000,000
2,500,000
Diesel
Natural gas
LPG
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
TOEs replaced
Diesel
Natural gas
LPG
114
2012
2013
2014
2014
157
160
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
93
79
59
Emissions of CO2 equivalent avoided and economic savings achieved
2010
2011 renewable
2012
2014
from using
energies in 2013
thermal production
Chart
2008 5.8
2009
Source: APPA
13,259,535
13,325,764
12,680,511
12,458,035
Economic savings (EURm)
11,971,386
11,991,981
11,571,967
Emissions of CO2 avoided (tonnes of CO2 equivalent)
11,908,258
2007
264
244
173
157
160
93
79
59
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Emissions of CO2 avoided (tonnes of CO2 equivalent)
2012
2013
2014
Economic savings (EURm)
The thermal renewable production prevented
over the past years, in 2014 the price tonne
the emission of 13,259,535 CO2 tonnes with
increased to 5.96 euros whereas in 2013 the
economic savings of 79 m EUR. (Chart 5.8).
price was 4.45 euros. This increase is reflected
Despite the clear tendency to a reduction of
in the savings produced by the thermal use of
the prices regarding CO2 emission externalities
renewable energies.
115
Impact of renewable energies on environment and energy dependence
2007
2008
2009
Chart
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Evolution of NOx and SO2 emissions avoided by using reneable thermal energies
5.9
Source: APPA
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
13,961
13,904
14,013
14,009
13,961
13,323
13,904
13,358
14,013
13,152
14,009
13,073
13,358
12,668
12,550
13,323
13,152
12,752
12,550
12,075
12,668
12,355
12,752
12,781
12,540
12,381
12,355
2014
NOx emissions avoided (tonnes of NOx) and SO2 emissions avoided (tones of SO2)
116
13,961
13,904
14,013
14,009
Chart 5.9).
13,358
12,668
12,550
12,752
12,540
12,355
12,075
12,781
tonnes of SO2 during 2014. Over the last ten
ses increased to 296,578 tonnes. (See the
13,323
emission of 13,961 tonnes of NOx and 13,904
years the prevented emissions of these ga-
SO2 emissions avoided
13,152
NOx emissions avoided
13,073
Thermal renewable production avoided the
12,381
12,781
12,381
12,075
2007
13,073
12,540
SO2 emissions avoided
NOx emissions avoided
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Impact resulting from the
use of biofuels
2014
tonnes of biodiesel, bioethanol and hydro-biodiesel- contributed to reducing greenhouse
gases (GHG) emissions from transport, con-
In 2014 biofuels consumed in Spain -1,169,978
Chart
sequently preventing 1.7 million of CO2
2,848,469
Emissions of CO2 equivalent avoided by using biofuels in transport
5.10
Emissions of CO2
equivalent avoided (tonnes)
2010
2011
1,263,383
1,592,651
Bioethanol
30
21
Total
1,609,555
2013
2014
1,852,692
2,383,640
884,176
1,291,291
567,111
522,613
464,829
390,958
476,410
2,159,761
2,375,305
2,848,469
1,275,134
1,767,700
201430
21
6
11
11
6
Economic savings
2011
2012
21
2013 31
Total (tonnes of CO2 equivalent)
2,848,469
1,275,134
31
21
2,375,305
2,159,761
Economic savings (EURm)
1,609,555
2010
30
21
6
2009
2010
2011
1,767,700
31
346,172
2012
1,767,700
Biodiesel and hydro-biodiesel
2009
1,275,134
2,375,305
2,159,761
Source: CNMC for 2009, 2010 and 2011; APPA estimates for 2012 and 2013; CNMC for 2014
2012
2013
11
2014
Total (tonnes of CO2 equivalent)
Economic savings (EURm)
117
Impact of renewable energies on environment and energy dependence
equivalent from being released into the air,
by the political, social and economic instability.
with associated savings of 11 m EUR in exter-
The avoided import of fossil fuels for transport
nalities. (Chart 5.10).
exceeded one million of toe, with associated
savings of 1,586 m EUR. (Chart 5.11). A greater
118
In addition to reducing GHG emissions as
market penetration from biofuels would ena-
compared to fossil fuels, use of biofuels also
ble to reduce the adverse effects on oil prices
enables the substitution of oil imports and
resulting from the above mentioned instabi-
consumption, there by contributing to the
lity even more. Additionally, a larger biofuel
diversification of energy supplies and to the
domestic production would improve Spain’s
reduction of energy dependence from oil pro-
trade balance and would reduce its energy de-
ducing countries characterized in many cases
pendence on imports even more.
2,244,
2014
1,464,555
1,744,990
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Chart
Estimates of fossil fuels for transport replaced by biofuels
5.11
2,628
Fossil fuels replaced (toe)
2009
2010
2012
2013
2014
1,586
1,501
Diesel
923,303
1,226,853
1,519,301
2,043,939
748,027
824,289
Petrol
151,793
237,702
225,689
200,735
168,834
186,008
1,075,096
1,464,555
1,744,990
2,244,674
916,861
1,010,297
3,620
1,501
1,586
Total
2011
2012
Economic savings
2013
1,179
2014
1,897
2,628
TOEs replaced
1,464,555
1,744,990
2,244,674
Economic savings (EURm)
2,628
1,010,297
3,620
1,075,096
2010
2011
916,861
1,897
1,010,297
Source: CNE and CNMC
916,861
3,620
1,897
1,501
1,586
2013
2014
1,179
2009
2010
2011
2012
TOEs replaced
Economic savings (EURm)
119
Economic balance from renewable electricity production
6
120
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Economic balance from
renewable electricity
production
I
n 2014, renewable energies reduced the price of the electricity market in
7,105 m EUR. That figure represented savings of EUR 26.30/MWh. Thus, the
use of renewable energy as a source of electricity production, supposed an
important reduction of the cost of electricity in the electric market.
In 2014 Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) received by renewable energies amounted to
5,238 m EUR, representing a reduction of 22.3% in relation to 2013. The
difference between FITs and the benefits produced by renewable electricity
technologies amounted to 4,972 m EUR, twice the value of the previous year.
121
1,448
206
234
991
Economic balance from renewable electricity production
195
147
1,004
102
147
2,053
1,960
45
2,118
1,711
1,621
1,253
1,156
2008
Feed-in Tariffs2007received
by renewable energies for
producing electricity
2009
353
282
243
225
130
2010
330
2012
2011
246
2013
in 2013 which started with RDL 8/2014. The
cutbacks were confirmed after the publication
of RDL 413/2014 and OM 1045/2014, which
established the standard parameters. It is the
This significant reduction of renewable energies
second time a reduction of FITs happens after
retribution is a consequence of the important
the one which took place in 2011 as a result
cutbacks included in the misnamed energetic
of Royal-Decree Law 14/2010. Chart 6.1 shows
reform promoted by the Spanish Government
the breakdown by technologies.
Chart
FITs received, by technology
6.1
Source: CNMC
6,681
Biomass
Wind power
6,013
1,108
Small-scale hydropower
PV and TE Solar (up to 2009)
PV solar (from 2010)
5,341
TE Solar (from 2010)
5,238
932
4,913
184
4,714
427
1,252
2,892
2,488
2,656
2,634
2,287
2,442
2,423
297
1,448
195
147
147
1,960
2,053
2,118
45
1,711
1,621
1,253
1,156
1,004
2007
2008
2009
353
282
243
225
130
102
2010
2011
Current m EUR
122
233
206
234
991
187
330
2012
246
2013
2014
2014
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Economic impact on the
00”
electricity wholesale
market
2014
DD
could be achieved if renewable production did
00
not exist. Renewable energies replace conventional generation units with higher marginal
Renewable production under the Special Re-
costs which would set a higher resulting mar-
gime acted as price-taker in the electricity
ket marginal price.
wholesale market, also known as “pool”. This
eduction
20,000
production, with a production marginal cost
Given the marginal nature of the wholesale
lower than units produced from fossil fuels,
market (pool) (all production is paid at the pri-
causes a downward market effect by establis-
ce of the latest generation unit admitted to the
hing a marginal price lower than the price that
market, i.e. at the highest price), the existen-
30,000
Chart
6.2
40,000
50,000
Methodology employed to compare hourly matches on the Daily Market
with and without renewable energies
Source: APPA
Supply curve (sales)
Supply curve (w/O renewable energies)
200
DD
Match request (MWh)
00”
180
00
160
€/MWh
mparar la casación horaria en el Mercado Diario con y sin energías renovables
140
120
100
80
60
Price reduction
40
20
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
MWh
Supply curve (sales)
Supply curve (w/O renewable energies)
Match request (MWh)
123
Economic balance from renewable electricity production
ce of production from renewable sources that
The result of this exercise shows a reduction in
offer electricity at lower prices results in the
the electricity acquisition price resulting from
establishment of lower marginal prices. There-
the downward renewable energies effect, and
fore, it is clear that renewable energies under
thus, a lower marginal price to be obtained
the Special Regime do reduce the market price.
from the wholesale market.
Chart 6.2 shows the assessment of the impact
With this, in 2014, renewable energies re-
the above mentioned effects have on the ag-
duced in 7,105 m EUR the price of the daily
gregate cost of energy in OMIE Daily Market.
For this purpose, a comparison has been made
for the period 2005-2013 between the hourly
match of production made by OMIE1 on the
daily market, including renewable production,
and another one where this kind of production
is excluded, and replaced by higher-price units.
This comparison has been made by replacing renewable energies
considered in every hourly match with the closest offers submitted
by production units to OMIE and with the mechanism established
in 2006 to prevent the cost of CO2 emission rights to be transferred
to all the electricity traded in the market (CO2 reduction). Since the
exercise has been conducted on the daily market, the effect of capacity payments and technical restrictions is excluded.
1
4,919
Reduction in the cost of acquiring energy in OMIE’s Daily Market
due to penetration of renewable energies
Chart
6.3
Source: APPA
7,105
5,871
4,919
4,836
4,848
4,056
3,698
2007
3,352
2008
2009
2010
2011
Current m EUR
124
2012
2013
2014
2014
12,668
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Chart
Reduction of electricity cost in MW, on the wholesale market
6.4
Source: APPA
29.20
26.30
21.92
20.93
19.94
18.20
18.12
15.67
50.95
48.21
49.91
58.89
55.11
46.8
42.41
47.47
33.62
26.67
2008
17.12
2012
2013
2014
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
46.8
47.47
12,668
6,863
Jul
5,585
Jun
7,401
May
8,422
Apr
8,040
Mar
8,707
6.5
2011
9,076
Chart
Feb
2010
9,134
Jan
2009
8,799
18.20
26.44
€/MWh
9,884
11,226
11,163
2007
Renewable production in 2014 and average pool market price
2007
Source: REE and OMIE
Renewable production (average per hour, MW)
50.95
48.21
8,040
8,422
Average market Price (€/MWh)
Jun
Jul
49.91
58.89
55.11
42.41
33.62
26.67
26.44
Sep
6,863
Oct
8,707
Aug
5,585
May
7,401
Apr
9,076
Mar
9,134
Feb
8,799
11,226
Jan
9,884
11,163
17.12
Nov
Dec
€/MWh
Renewable production (average per hour, MW)
Average market Price (€/MWh)
125
Economic balance from renewable electricity production
market. This figure represents savings of EUR
This difference between the real daily market
29.20 for each MW acquired on the pool.
price and the one that would have resulted
(Charts 6.3 and 6.4).
from the match without renewable production
is well justified by the high price of the fo-
As is shown in chart 6.5, the higher the contri-
llowing bid units, mainly the combined cycles
bution to renewable energies is, the lower the
of natural gas.
match price in the market is.
Chart 6.6 shows the cost of the offers of comIt is clear that without the existence of re-
bined cycle plants during 2013 and the first
newable production, the average market price
semester of 2014 (when this study was being
in 2014 would have been of 71.33 €/MW, far
edited, CNMC had still not published the re-
from the 42.13 €/MW resulting from the match
ports corresponding to the second semester
in price.
of 2014).
Bilateral
<10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
>80
DM Average (EUR/MWh)
Price range for electricity offered on the daily market and electricity bilateralised
from combined cycle plants. July 2013 - june 2014
Chart
6.6
Source: (SGIME) CNMC
Bilateral
<10
10-20
20-30
30-40
50-60
60-70
70-80
>80
DM Average (EUR/MWh)
40-50
100
700
90
600
80
500
70
60
400
50
300
40
30
200
100
00
0
jul
aug
sep
GWh
00
00
oct
nov
dec
jan
feb
2013
mar
2014
20
90
10
80
70
60
50
GWh and EUR/MWh
00
apr
100
40
30
00
20
00
10
jul
aug
126
sep
oct
2013
nov
dec
jan
feb
mar
2014
apr
may
jun
0
EUR/MWh
GWh
0
may
jun
0
EUR/MWh
00
3,142
2,725
2,302
2,138
2,870
2,429
2,101
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
1,311
501
499
2007
467
374
2008
2009
429
2010
271
2011
235
184
2012
2014
2013
2014
-1,448
-2,423
Comparative evolution of price reduction in OMIE’s Daily Market,
-4,714
-4,913
the economic impact
of CO2 emissions avoided and reduced energy dependence,
-5,341
-5,238
-6,013Energy Sector
and FITs received by the Renwable
Chart
6.7
-6,681
Source: APPA
Incentives received
Economic impact from fossil
fuels imports avoided
Price reduction in
OMIE's Daily Market
Economic impact from greenhouse
gases emissions avoided
7,105
5,871
4,919
4,848
4,836
4,056
3,698
3,352
2,725
1,311
501
2007
2,302
2,138
499
2009
2,101
467
374
2008
3,142
429
2010
2,870
2,429
2011
271
2012
235
184
2013
2014
-1,448
-2,423
-4,714
-4,913
-5,341
-5,238
-6,013
-6,681
Current m EUR
Incentives received
Price reduction in
OMIE's Daily Market
Economic impact from fossil
fuels imports avoided
Chart 6.6 shows that most of the plants offer
exceed EUR 80/MWh. However, if renewable
production did not exist, offers should match
Economic impact from greenhouse
gases emissions avoided
Difference between Feed-in
Tariffs received and savings
produced by renewable energies
between 60 and 80 €/MWh, something that
would make the price much higher than the
Over the above sections, this Study has shown
price finally registered during 2014.
the savings produced by renewable energies
127
gases emissio
Economic balance from renewable electricity production
2005-2014
Comparison between accumulated values (2005-2014) of received bonuses, pool savings,
import savings and CO2-emission savings
Chart
6.8
Source: APPA
Incentives received
45,514
Price reduction in
OMIE's Daily Market
Economic impact from fossil
fuels imports avoided
21,870
Economic impact from greenhouse
gases emissions avoided
Primas recibi
3,514
Abaratamien
Impacto econ
de combustib
Impacto econ
invernadero a
-38,699
Current m EUR
under the Special Regime as a result of reduced
energies have produced 70,898 m EUR in sa-
CO2 emissions and of avoided fossil fuels im-
vings for the Spanish energy mix taken as a
ports, being the total emissions of greenhouse
whole (see chart 6.8).
gases reduced. These savings are complemenPrimas recibidas acumuladas
ted by the ones produced in the OMIE’s market
Abaratamiento en el Mercado Diario de OMIE acumulado
4
are assessed
in this chapter.
Impacto económico de evitar importaciones
de combustible fósil acumulado
Impacto económico de evitar gases de efecto
In 2014
the savings
invernadero
acumuladoobtained by renewable
electric technologies exceeded their FITs by
Tariff deficit and savings
produced by renewable
electricity sources
4,972 m EUR, as it can be observed in chart
128
6.7. This values practically doubles the 2,516 m
Renewable energy use not only produces signifi-
EUR saved by the renewable energies in 2013.
cant savings directly from the electricity system
Considering the aggregate savings achieved in
by reducing the price in the electricity market
pool price, in CO2 emissions and in fossil fuel
pool but also by avoiding CO2 emissions and
imports, during the last ten years renewable
imports of millions of tonnes of oil equivalent
6
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
(toe), with its corresponding economic savings
received aggregate FITs amounted to 38,699 m
which positively impact the trade balance in
EUR, raising to 6,814 m EUR net cumulative sa-
the purchase of externalities.
vings from renewable energies until 2014.
This Section compares the savings produced
The aggregate tariff deficit generated amoun-
by renewable energy with FITs received and
ted to 39,974 m EUR, whereas the aggregate
39,974
39,974
36,786
the evolution of tariff deficit.
The comparison is
31,177
21,773
price reduction that renewable energies ge-
presented between the aggregate tariff deficit
nerated in the electric system was 6,814
and the net pool price reduction from renewa-
m EUR. This means that the electric market
ble energies, previously called “bonuses”.
would have probably reached higher levels
27,327
2014
without the presence of renewables, as theOver the last ten years, savings achieved by the
se technologies do not generate tariff deficit.
pool price reduction generated by renewable
On the contrary: they reduce electricity costs.
(Chart 6.9).
energies amounted to 45,514 m EUR, while the
2009
7,714
9,275
9,768
2010
2011
Chart
4,947
5,757
2012
6,814
2013
2014
Cumulative tariff deficit vs. net cumulative savings from reduced prices in the electricity market
6.9
Source: APPA
Cumulative tariff deficit
Cumulative price reduction in OMIE's Daily Market
less cumulative incentives received
39,974
39,974
36,786
31,177
27,327
21,773
17,157
10,870
7,150
2007
9,646
2008
9,768
2009
7,714
9,275
2010
2011
5,757
2012
4,947
2013
6,814
2014
Current m EUR
Cumulative tariff deficit
Cumulative price reduction in OMIE's Daily Market
less cumulative incentives received
129
The Electricity System in Spain
7
130
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
The Electricity System in Spain
T
he Spanish electricity system registered an installed capacity of
107,954MW by the end of 2014. The production capacity increased by
39% during the last ten years, while electricity demand was reduced by
1% during the same period, resulting in an excess in capacity in Spain’s
electricity system.
During 2014, the total costs of the electricity system amounted to 30,217 m
EUR, of which 12,398 m EUR (41%) corresponded to the so-called liberalized
energy costs and 17,819 m EUR (59%) to the regulated costs.
FITs of renewable energies decreased 22% in relation to 2014. However,
some items were barely modified, such as adjustment services or distribution,
which were reduced by 3% and 1% respectively. Others increased, such as
transport, (4%).
131
The Electricity System in Spain
Chart
7.1
Installed capacity in Spain by the end of 2014
Source: REE
1,018
2,106
12
2,300
Combined cycle
Wind power
9
Wind
27,199
Hydropower OR
Coal
Comb
3,309
4,672
7,196
Coal
Nucle
Nuclear
Non-renewable thermal
Non-r
7,866
PV solar
PV so
Fuel/gas
Fuel/g
CSP
CSP
Small-scale hydropower
Small
11,482
Renew
Renewable thermal
hydro-wind
2
23,002
17,792
MW
Evolution of installed
capacity and electricity
demand
technologies from the old Special Regime, with
33,110 MW, reached a 31%. (Chart 7.1).
Even though not a single MW of it was installed
132
Hydro
By the end of 2014, the Spanish electricity system
in 2001, natural gas combined cycles experien-
had 107,954 MW in installed capacity. Natural
ced an increase in installed capacity during
gas combined cycle is the technology with more
the last years, becoming the technology with
capacity with a 25.19% of the total (27,199 MW)
the most installed capacity in our country. The
followed by wind power with a 21.31% sha-
development of the generation in ordinary re-
re (23,002 MW) and large hydropower with a
gime, such as natural gas combined cycles is
16.48% share (17,792 MW). Renewable energies
the result of the lack of regulation for the sec-
as a whole represented 47% of the installed
tor. A big part of the installed capacity of gas
capacity with 50,902 MW, whereas renewable
plants remains unused nowadays.
hydro
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
27,199
2014
23,002
To the contrary, the development of renewa17,792
ble energy facilities was the result of an energy
tion of 4.8% in renewable electricity is a direct
policy designed to meet, among others, the
consequence of the disastrous regulation faced
European environmental targets, based on di-
by the sector and the discriminatory measures
11,482 (see
rectives marked in the sector’s regulation
taken against these technologies (see chart 7.3).
chart 7.2).
10,108
The Spanish electricity system has an excess
7,866
2005
2006
2014 compared to 2013. A big part of this reduc-
The standstill suffered by renewable energies
of generation capacity today. If the last ten
is proved by the lower electricity generation
in
3,309
years the aggregate installed capacity increa-
2007
2008
2009
Chart
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Installed capacity in coal, gas combined cycles, fuel-gas and hydropower plants
under ordinary regime, nuclear and other renewable energies
7.2
Source: CNMC and REE
30,000
Gas combined cycles
Wind power
27,199
OR Hydropower
25,000
Coal
23,002
Other renewables
Nuclear
20,000
Fuel - gas
17,792
15,000
11,482
10,108
10,000
7,866
5,000
3,309
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Capacity (MW)
Gas combined cycles
Wind power
OR Hydropower
Coal
133
The Electricity System in Spain
78,685
74,907
68,773
60,019
2011
sed by 38.2%, going from 78,086 MW in 2005
the increase of new production facilities and
to 107,954 MW in 2014, the demand of electri-
the decrease of the demand during the last
city decreased, achieving in 2014 a lower value
years resulted in an electricity system with an
(258,117 GWh) than the value registered in
excess of generation capacity, and thus, a non
2005 (206,704 GWh). This difference between
efficient system. (See chart 7.4).
2012
2013
Chart
2014
Electricity production, renewables under Special regime and other technologies (2007-2014)
7.3
Source: CNMC and REE
Production, renewables under Special Regime
Production, other technologies
300,000
250,508
250,324
250,000
225,632
225,742
218,616
213,615
194,063
190,868
78,685
74,907
200,000
150,000
100,000
52,947
60,142
60,019
68,773
41,709
50,000
34,323
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
GWh
Production, renewables under Special Regime
134
Production, other technologies
3.5%
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
0.1%
2011
2014
2.4%
2012
2013
-1.0%
2014
Chart
Aggregate growth in installed capacity vs. electricity demand
7.4
Source: REE
Electricity demand (b.c.)
Aggregate installed capacity
37.8%
40%
38.6%
38.3%
35.6%
34.1%
35%
30%
26.8%
22.9%
25%
20%
15.8%
15%
10%
6.2%
7.2%
5.8%
3.5%
2.9%
5%
2.4%
0.1%
-1.0%
0%
-5%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Aggregate growth (%)
Electricity System Costs
Electricity demand (b.c.)
Aggregate
capacity costs
the system’s income and
theinstalled
recognized
of electricity). This reform has exclusively foIn mid-2013, the Spanish Government sponso-
cused the reduction of the regulated costs of
red the miscalled electricity reform, justifying
the system, and fundamentally, on FIT costs,
it by the urgent necessity of putting an end to
being renewable energies the most damaged
the so-called tariff deficit (difference between
by this reform.
135
The Electricity System in Spain
Since the end of 2013, with the implementation of Law 24/2013 of the
17,819
59%
12,398
Electricity
41%
The electricity system costs consist of two tran-
Sector,
ches. One of them is the “liberalized tranche”
the bonuses recognized by the old special
which fundamentally includes the costs of
regime have disappeared (renewable produc-
the electricity market, also known as “pool”.
tion was part of this regime), and have been
Other concepts set by the Government are
replaced by an Specific Remuneration Regime
also included in the liberalized tranche, such
which complements the incomes obtained by
as payments for capacity or payments to do-
these technologies in the electricity market in
mestic coal. Therefore, it is a mistake to call it
order to recover their investment and opera-
liberalized costs, when part of these are set by
tion costs.
the Government.
Secondly, we have the “regulated tranche”
which includes, amongst others, the costs of
Chart
Electricity
systemRegulated
costs incosts
Spain, 2014
costs
7.5Liberalised
electricity networks, FITs paid to renewable
energies, tariff deficit related costs, etc. These
costs are set by the Government in the diffe-
Source: CNMC, REE and OMIE
rent regulations of the electricity sector.
Liberalised costs
Regulated costs
Both regulated and liberalized costs are directly transferred to electricity consumers’ bills,
and are subsequently increased by the electricity tax (4.86%) and the applicable VAT (21%).
12,398
41%
This section shows the electricity system costs
in 2014 and the evolution of its main components over the past few years based on data
published by the Spanish National Commission for Markets and Competitiveness (CNMC),
Red Eléctrica de España (REE) and the results
17,819
59%
from the OMIE electricity market.
In 2014 the aggregate costs of the electricity
system amounted to 30,217 m EUR, 41% of
which (12,398 m EUR) corresponded to the
so-called liberalized energy costs, and 59%,
Current m EUR - Percent
Liberalised costs
136
Liberalised costs
Regulated costs
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
(17,819 m EUR) to the cost of regulated business (see Chart 7.5).
Liberalized energy costs include: the cost of
OMIE daily electricity market price, amounting to 10,422 m EUR (84%); the system
adjustment services1, amounting to 1,297 m
Chart
Energy system costs, 2014
7.6
Source: REE and OMIE
Costs of daily market
Capacity payments
Adjustment services
Coal
EUR (10%); capacity payments2, amounting to
444 m EUR (4%); and the cost resulting from
the supply guarantee restrictions process3
(domestic coal aids), amounting to 234 m EUR
(2%) (See chart 7.6).
444
4%
234
2%
1,297
10%
10,422
84%
As it has been explained in the previous section, in 2014 renewable energies produced
direct savings amounting to 7,105 m EUR.
Without the renewable output this amount
would have been transferred to daily market
costs. Accordingly, without the existence of
renewable energies, daily market costs during 2014 would have been of 17,527 m EU,
68% more compared to what was registered
during the year.
Current m EUR - Percent
On the other hand, costs of regulated business
REE definition: Services required ensuring the electricity supply under
the necessary conditions of quality, reliability and security. The adjustment services can be of an obligatory or optional character. Resolution
of restrictions due to guarantee of supply, resolution of technical restrictions of the system, ancillary services and deviation management are all
considered adjustment services.
1
include, inter alia, FITs paid to renewable energies for the production of electricity, electricity
REE definition: Regulated payment to finance the medium and longterm power capacity service, offered by the generation facilities to the
electricity system.
ted to tariff deficit, FITs paid to cogeneration
Royal Decree 134/2010 ensures market access to a certain amount of
energy produced from domestic coal in thermal plants.
in non-mainland generation. (See chart 7.7)
2
3
Costs of daily
transport and distribution costs, costs associa-
Adjustment s
and non-renewable waste and stranded costs
137
The Electricity System in Spain
Chart
Cost of regulated business, 2014
7.7
Source: CNMC
Incestives to Renewable
(daily market savings)
903
5%
Distribution
550
3%
161
1%
I
(
1,313
7%
Deficit payments
5,238
30%
Transport
Incetives to Cogeneration
and non-renewable waste
Non-mainland
D
T
1,674
9%
I
a
Interruptability
N
Other (CNE, OS,
nuclear moratorium...)
I
O
n
2,937
17%
5,043
28%
Current m EUR - Percent
Regarding the aggregate costs of the electricity
market, which in 2014 had supposed savings
system, the cost of energy in the daily mar-
of 7,105 m EUR. With this, and for the first
ket price is the highest in percentage (35%),
time since the historical series are analyzed,
followed by transport and distribution costs
the effect of renewables energies in the reduc-
(22%), and the cost of the FITs equivalent to re-
tion of the pool has been 1,867 m EUR higher
newable production (17%). (See chart 7.8).
than the regulated remuneration cost of these
clean energies.
If specific remuneration of renewable energies
138
D
has supposed a 5,238 m EUR cost for the sys-
The analysis of the electricity system in the
tem, these energies reduce the cost in the daily
last two years, 2013 and 2014, shows that
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
Chart
2014
Aggregated costs of the lectricity system in Spain, 2014
7.8
Source: CNMC, REE and OMIE
1%
6,713
3%
Daily market costs
1%
2% 1%
Daily mar
4%
Transport and distribution
Transpor
Net incen
4%
Net incentives Renewable
35%
Deficit pa
Deficit payments
Incentives to Cogeneration
and non-renewable waste
10%
Incentive
and non-
-22%
6,713
System Adjustment costs
5,238
Non-mainland
-1%
System A
5,098 5,043
Non-main
Interrupt
Interruptability
+4%
Capacity
1,604 1,674
Coal decr
-3%
Capacity payments
Coal decree cost
1,332 1,297
17%
Other
Other
Remuneration Adjustment
costs
services
Distribution
Transport
22%
Percent
6,713
while the remuneration costs of renewable
energies were reduced by 22% (6,713 compared to 5,238 m EUR), other regulated costs
stayed invariable or even increased (Chart
7.9). In particular,
• System adjustment service costs decreased
Chart
7.9
Comparison of certain system costs,
2013-2014
Source: CNMC, REE and OMIE
2013
6,713
-1%
5,238
5,098 5,043
minimally (-3%).
+4%
-3%
• Energy distribution costs stayed practically
invariables (-1%).
• Electricity transport costs increased by 4%.
2014
-22%
1,604 1,674
1,332 1,297
Remuneration Adjustment
costs
services
Distribution
Transport
Current m EUR
139
Energy policy targets and renewable energies
8
20%
reduction
in greenhouse
gases compared
to 1990
ENERGY AND CLIMATE
CHANGE PACKAGE
Ratified by the European Parliament
on 17 December 2008
2020
targets
20%
savings in
European energy
consumption
20%
of energy
consumption
from renewable
sources
Directive
2009/28/EC
140
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
Energy policy targets and
renewable energies
T
he European Commission has warned the Spanish Government on several
occasions that Spain will not meet its European 20% target for renewable
energies set for 2020. Different studies and reports made by different organisms
and institutions, such as the International Energy Agency or the European
Environment Agency, agree with the Commission in reporting that with the
current policy Spain will not achieve its mandatory environmental targets.
Even though the Government publicly insists in stating its support to renewable
energies and affirms that our country will achieve its commitments, data show
that this not the case. Even though it is true that over 2014 Spain achieved a
17.1% of the 20% target, this can be explained by the current scenario of low
energy demand. Should there be a recovery in demand, with the situation in the
Renewable Energy Sector Spain’s energy targets would be seriously compromised.
According to the Planning proposal made by the Government, it would be
necessary to install about 8,500 renewable MW before 2020 to achieve the targets.
This would imply installing 1,400 MW every year from 2015 until 2020, thus it is
important to remember that in 2014, 45 renewable MW were installed in Spain, a
figure that will probably not be reached in 2015. In 2014 no renewable technology
achieved the installed capacity targets enumerated in the PER 2011-2015.
141
Energy policy targets and renewable energies
European Directive on
renewable energies
sources that Member States shall meet over
the coming years, established in Directive
2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and
142
The European energetic policy sets the con-
the Council, 23 April 2009, on the promotion
sumption of energy targets from renewable
of the use of energy from renewable sources.
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
One of the overall targets set in the Directive
is to encourage the use of renewable sources
2014
Renewable Energies Plan
2011-2020
for energy production. The Directive states
that at least 20% of gross final consumption
In compliance with Directive 2009/28/EC in
of energy in the European Union shall come
2010 Spain submitted to EU the National Ac-
from renewable sources of energy by 2020
tion Plan for Renewable Energies (NREAP). The
and at least 10% of energy consumption in the
plan initially set a target of a 22.7% share of fi-
transport sector shall come from renewable
nal gross energy consumption from renewable
sources.
sources, compared with the 20% target set in
the Directive.
The Directive uses as a starting point the part
of energy coming from renewable energies in
As a consequence of the Social and Economic
the gross final consumption of energy of every
Pact, signed by the Spanish Government, em-
Member State in 2005 and establishes the tar-
ployers, and trade unions in January 2011, the
gets for 2020. The targets set for Spain (20%)
22.7% target for consumption of final energy
coincide with EU overall targets.
from renewable sources was finally cut down
to 20.8%, as they took as a reference the target
In order to facilitate Member States meeting
agreed by the Subcommission of Industry of
their targets, the Directive provides a series
the Congress, held in November of 2010.
of flexibility measures: statistical transfers,
whereby Members States may make arrange-
The Council of Ministers held in November,
ments for the statistical transfer of a specified
11th, 2011, passed the Renewable Energies
amount of energy from renewable sources
Plan 2011-2020 (PER 2011-2020), prepared by
from one Member State to another Member
IDEA. This plan defines a package of measures
State; joint projects, whereby two or more
to be developed by the Government in order
Member States may cooperate on specific
to meet the targets set in Directive 2009/28/EC,
joint projects relating to the production of
based on technical, economical and energetic
electricity from renewable energy sources.
scenarios.
These joint projects may be located outside
the European Union provided that the ener-
The initial targets by sectors, defined in the
gy produced is consumed within the EU;
Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade, in
and joint support schemes, whereby a joint
the NREAP sent to the European Commission
feed-in-tariff or a joint market for certificates
in 2010, were reduced in the new Renewable
of electricity from renewable sources may be
Energies Plan 2011-2020. In December of 2011,
established.
the Spanish Government sent to the Commis-
143
Energy policy targets and renewable energies
sion an amendment of the NREAP to adapt it to
the term 2014-2020. This change is due to the
the REP 2011-2020.
passing of Law 24/2013 by the end of 2013 and
will become the reference document for the
compliance of the European commitments.
Afterwards, in November of 2014, the Ministry
of Industry presented the draft document of
the Energetic Planning 2015-2020, which con-
Even though the REP 2011-2020 and its targets
tinued in open process by November, 29th,
are still in force, this new planning document
2012 through Order IET/2598/2012. This first
substantially modifies some of them. The tar-
draft proposal plans the development of the
gets for 2020 of renewable installed capacity
network of electric energy transport during
for electric production are reduced by 15.9%,
Chart
8.1
2020 targets as established in the Renewable Energies Plan 2011-2020
and the Energy Plan draft version from the Ministry of Industry for the electricity sector
Source: IDAE and MINETUR
REP 2011-2020
Energetic Planning
MW
MW
On-shore wind power
35.000
29.479
Hydropower (included pump)
22.672
21.694
PV Solar
7.250
6.030
CSP
4.800
2.511
Biomass
1.950
1.293
Off-shore wind power
750
0
Hydrokinetic, wave and tidal energy
100
0
Geothermal
50
0
72.572
61.007
Technologies
Total
144
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
as they change from the 72,572 MW included
in force, wind power would have to install in
in the REP to 56,805 MW in the Planning draft.
the next six years 6,477 MW, at a rate of 1,080
The marine wind power, oceanic energies and
MW each year, something quite unlikely if we
geothermal stay without installation targets,
consider the data of 2014. The same would
despite equaling 900 MW of target as a whole
happen with photovoltaic solar, which having
for 2020 in the REP. All technologies reduce their
installed 7 MW, would need to install 226 MW
targets: solar thermoelectric by 44.7%; biomass,
every year to achieve the proposed target. The
wastes and biogas by 33.7%; hydroelectric by
solar thermoelectric, which did not increase
22.8%; photovoltaic solar by 16.8%; and land
its installed capacity during 2014, would have
wind power by 15.8%. (Chart 8.1).
to install 211 new MW, 35 MW each year. Bio-
2014
mass, with 38 new MW installed, would need to
To achieve our targets in 2020 stated in the
install 46 MW each year and a total of 275 new
draft of Energetic Planning, without forgetting
MW until 2020. Also, the small hydro should
that those established in the REP are currently
install 199 new MW.
Chart
8.2
Difference between roadmap as of 2013 and REP 2011-2020 targets
Source: IDAE and REE
REP targets for 2014
Situation as of 2014
Difference
Technologies
GWh
MW
GWh
MW
% GWh
% MW
PV Solar
8,605
5,143
8,199
4,672
-4.7%
-9.2%
CSP
7,400
2,721
4,959
2,300
-33.0%
-15.5%
On-shore wind power
52,673
26,416
51,026
23,002
-3.1%
-12.9%
Off-shore wind power
36
22
0
0
-100.0%
-100.0%
Biomass, SUW, biogas
6,615
1,082
4,729
1,018
-28.5%
-5.9%
Geothermal
0
0
0
0
-
-
Hydrokinetic, wave
and tidal energy
0
0
0
0
-
-
145
Energy policy targets and renewable energies
Electricity sector
Thermal sector
REP 2011-2020 includes indicative targets
REP 2011-2020 defines a final target of 5,357
referred to the share of renewable energy
ktoe for thermal renewable energies in
technologies towards complying with Spain’s
Spain, 87% of which (4,653 ktoe) correspond
20% overall target by 2020. In terms of insta-
to biomass, both solid and biogas. CSP and
lled capacity, by the end of 2014, none of the
geothermal energies with 644 and 50 ktep
technologies had met the indicative targets
respectively, should complete the thermal re-
included in REP 2011-2020. This information
newable targets.
makes the standstill of the Sector evident, as a
consequence of current regulatory instability.
Production of thermal energy from biomasses
All the figures are clearly inferior to those ob-
shall be achieved by using solid biomass and
tained the previous year, due to the halt in the
biogas. The 2020 targets are as follows: 4,553
installation of new capacity and the increase of
ktoe for solid biomass and 100 ktoe for biogas.
the annual targets stablished in the REP, and
The pace foreseen in REP would allow the ins-
will follow the same path in the next years if
tallation by 2020 of 753 ktoe, a conservative
Spain doesn’t act imminently in favour of re-
target given the Spain’s tremendous biomass
newable energies. (Chart 8.2).
potential.
Chart
8.3
Difference between targets as established in the Renewable Energies Plan 2011-2020
for the Thermal Sector and 2014 achievements
Source: IDAE and MINETUR
Technologies
REP targets for 2020
REP targets for 2014
Situation as of 2014
Difference
Geothermal
50,0
25,0
19,7
-21.2%
CSP
644
266
258
-3.0%
4,553
3,827
4,046
5.7%
100
57
42
-26.3%
Biomass
Biogas
146
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
CSP target for 2020 is 644 ktoe, equivalent to
a catchment area of 10,000 m2. Despite the
Chart
8.4
2014
Targets for the transport industry (ktoe)
defined in REP 2011-2020
slowdown caused by the real estate crisis, in
the medium term this technology is expected
Source: IDAE
to achieve a growing trend. Energy production
will grow by an annual 4% during the first years
and by 16% by the end of the period.
According to REP 2011-2020, geothermal energy’s potential for thermal uses exceeds 50,000
PER 2011-2020
Technologies
2015
2020
301
400
Biodiesel
1,970
2,313
Electricity
229
503
2,500
3,216
Bioethanol
BioETBE
MWth. The Plan foresees thermal energy from
geothermal sources to be produced by heat
pumps, with a partial target of 40.5 ktoe, and by
heat usage with a target of 9.5 ktoe. (Chart 8.3).
Total (ktep)
Transport sector
REP 2011-2020 stablished a target for relative
penetration of renewable energies in transport
by 2020 of 11.3% and foresaw its compliance to
Chart
8.5
Difference between roadmap as of 2014
and REP 2011-2020 biofuel targets
be achieved mainly by the use of biofuels. Chart
8.4 shows the absolute biofuel targets defined
Source: IDAE and CNMC
in REP for years 2015 and 2020. (Chart 8.4).
Biofuels
REP 2014
targets
(ktoe)
Situation
as of 2014
(ktoe)
Difference
(%)
Bioethanol
BioETBE
290
186
-35.9%
1,930
535
-72.3%
0
289
-
2,220
1,010
-54.5%
The aggregate target for absolute biofuels consumption defined in the Plan for 2014 has not
been met, consumption being 54.5% short of
target despite the contribution from a biofuel
—hydro-biodiesel— that was not included in
Biodiesel
the REP. Chart 8.5 shows that in 2014 consumption of bioethanol/bioETBE and biodiesel were
Hydro-biodiesel
35.9% and 72.3% respectively below the estimates included in REP for this year. (Chart 8.5).
Total
147
Energy policy targets and renewable energies
Target compliance for 2020
targets by Member States, presented to the
European Commission, concluded that Spain
Chart 8.6 shows the target for 2020 the con-
will not meet its mandatory 20% target refe-
sumption of gross final energy from renewable
rred to the share of renewable energies in final
sources set by Directive 2009/28/EC for each
demand.
Member State and for the European Union as
a whole. For Spain the target is 20%.
This report basically considers two scenarios,
depending on whether Member States will
148
In 2014 the share of energy from renewable
cooperate to achieve their respective targets
sources in gross final consumption of energy
for renewable energy by 2020. Both scenarios
in Spain was 17.1%, above the 15.9% indicative
are based on each country current situation
target included in REP 2011-2020. The situa-
and policies. Thus, the scenario without coope-
tion could be considered as temporary, due
ration refers to the share of renewable energy
to the current scenario of low energy demand.
that each Member State will achieve by itself,
Should there be a recovery in demand, given
i.e. without help from any other Member State.
the situation in the Renewable Energy Sec-
The cooperation scenario takes into account
tor Spain’s energy targets would be seriously
the flexibility measures established in the
compromised. Similarly, an Ecofys report co-
Directive to facilitate Member States the achie-
missioned by the European Commission and
vement of their respective targets such as the
edited in 2012 concluded that Spain would not
purchase or statistical transfer of renewable
achieve its mandatory targets of 20% for 2020.
production among Member States.
According to the latest European data availa-
It shall be noted that through statistical trans-
ble, from 2013, from the part that renewable
fers, any Member State having exceeded in
sources represent in the gross final consump-
2020 its minimum target for renewable energy
tion of energy, the percentage of compliance
could sell its surplus to any other Member Sta-
each State had achieved in the aforesaid year
te that had not achieved its target. Spain could
can be observed. In this regard, Spain was in
sell renewable energy to other Members Sta-
the sixteenth position, with 77% of the target
tes that do not enjoy conditions as favourable
achieved. The 15.4% that the European Com-
as existing in our country. Unfortunately, this
mission attributes to our country is slightly
measure provided for in the Directive seems
below the 16.6% informed by the Spanish
to be absent from Spain’s national renewable
Government as a degree of compliance for
energy strategy; consequently Spain will face
the same year. On the other hand, the KEE-
significant trouble to meet its mandatory mini-
PONTRACK! report on fulfillment of the 2020
mum target committed before Europe.
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
2014
National overall targets for the share of energy from renewable sources
in gross final consumption of energy in 2020 and compliance by 2013
Chart
8.6
Source: European Commission
Member State
Situation as of 2013
Target 2020
Compliance by 2013 (%)
Bulgaria
19.0%
16%
119%
Sweden
52.1%
49%
106%
Estonia
25.6%
25%
102%
Lithuania
23.0%
23%
100%
Romania
23.9%
24%
100%
Italy
16.7%
17%
98%
Finland
36.8%
38%
97%
Austria
32.6%
34%
96%
Czech Republic
12.4%
13%
95%
Latvia
37.1%
40%
93%
Denmark
27.2%
30%
91%
Croatia
18.0%
20%
90%
Slovenia
21.5%
25%
86%
Greece
15.0%
18%
83%
Portugal
25.7%
31%
83%
Spain
15.4%
20%
77%
Hungary
9.8%
13%
75%
Poland
11.3%
15%
75%
EU28
15.0%
20%
75%
Slovakia
9.8%
14%
70%
Germany
12.4%
18%
69%
Cyprus
8.1%
13%
62%
France
14.2%
23%
62%
Belgium
7.9%
13%
61%
Ireland
7.8%
16%
49%
Malta
3.8%
10%
38%
United Kingdom
5.1%
15%
34%
Luxembourg
3.6%
11%
33%
Netherlands
4.5%
14%
32%
149
Energy policy targets and renewable energies
Chart
Forecast for RES share on gross final consumption in 2020
8.7
Source: 2020 RES scenarios for Europe (KEEPONTRACK!)
Member State
150
Target 2020
Deviation according to scenario
Forecast (Current
scenario without
cooperation)
Forecast (Current
scenario with
cooperation)
Without cooperation
With cooperation
Germany
18%
17.3%
17.5%
-3.9%
-2.8%
Austria
34%
36.9%
34.0%
8.5%
0.0%
Belgium
13%
12.0%
12.3%
-7.8%
-5.4%
Bulgaria
16%
21.4%
16.0%
33.8%
0.0%
Cyprus
13%
13.5%
13.0%
3.8%
0.0%
Croatia
20%
23.0%
20.0%
15.0%
0.0%
Denmark
30%
30.4%
30.0%
1.3%
0.0%
Slovakia
14%
13.9%
14.0%
-0.7%
0.0%
Slovenia
25%
22.7%
23.5%
-9.2%
-6.0%
Spain
20%
14.7%
16.5%
-26.5%
-17.5%
Estonia
25%
31.0%
25.0%
24.0%
0.0%
Finland
38%
39.0%
38.0%
2.6%
0.0%
France
23%
18.6%
20.1%
-19.1%
-12.6%
Greece
18%
13.7%
15.1%
-23.9%
-16.1%
Hungary
13%
12.2%
12.5%
-6.2%
-3.8%
Ireland
16%
16.5%
16.0%
3.1%
0.0%
Italy
17%
20.8%
17.0%
22.4%
0.0%
Latvia
40%
34.6%
36.5%
-13.5%
-8.8%
Lithuania
23%
26.6%
23.0%
15.7%
0.0%
Luxembourg
11%
7.3%
8.5%
-33.6%
-22.7%
Malta
10%
2.9%
5.3%
-71.0%
-47.0%
Netherlands
14%
7.1%
9.4%
-49.3%
-32.9%
Poland
15%
13.7%
14.1%
-8.7%
-6.0%
Portugal
31%
27.7%
28.8%
-10.6%
-7.1%
United Kingdom
15%
8.9%
11.0%
-40.7%
-26.7%
Czech Republic
13%
12.2%
12.5%
-6.2%
-3.8%
Romania
24%
25.8%
24.0%
7.5%
0.0%
Sweden
49%
54.3%
49.0%
10.8%
0.0%
EU28
20%
18.4%
18.4%
-8.9%
-8.9%
Study of the Macroeconomic Impact of Renewable Energies in Spain
This share, compared with the minimum man-
be noted that, with its current policies, Spain
datory target for each Member State, shows
would cover in the best of cases a 16.5% share of
the level of target compliance, represented as a
renewable energies in its final energy consump-
percentage deviation from the relevant target.
tion and would be forced to purchase renewable
Forecasts predict that Spain will fail to achieve
production from other Member States. If the
its mandatory 20% target for 2020, falling short
transfers between countries were not possible,
of target by 17.5%-26.5% (see chart 8.7). It shall
the achieved percentage would be 14.7%.
2014
151
Energy policy targets and renewable energies
Edited by:
Spanish Association of Renewable Energies - APPA
www.appa.es
Designed by:
Vituco Chart S.L.
Images by:
Vituco, Fotolia, UE, IDAE and APPA members.
Printed by:
Timber Press
English digital edition:
Holtrop - Transation&Business Law
152