THE POPPY PAPER
Official Monthly Publication of the
Boosters of Old Town San Diego State Historic Park
A Non-Profit Organization
May 2017
2017 Cinco de Mayo Activities
by Gregg Giacopuzzi, State Park Interpreter I
Cinco de Mayo is the largest special event that the Old Town community hosts every year. Over one
hundred thousand people, from San Diego and afar, flock to the shops, restaurants, and museums in Old
Town San Diego. This event also perpetuates a weekend where the Latino community both embraces and
discovers Old Town for the first time.
Old Town San Diego State Historic Park will be hosting a variety of Living History activities on Saturday
and Sunday, May 6th and 7th, in addition to the regular monthly guild activities. These additional
activities will primarily take place on Saturday at La Casa de Estudillo. In addition to the interpretative
activities, extra volunteers and park aides will be asked to staff the museums and Visitor Center for added
security and visitor interaction. Volunteers and staff are encouraged, throughout the weekend, to take
mass transit to the park due to event congestion and traffic. Tim Downing, Old Town San Diego State
Historic Park Volunteer Coordinator will organize park volunteers who express an interest in participating
in the weekend activities.
Old Town Family Hospitality will sponsor a large elevated stage and sound system in the Plaza, serving
as the focal point for the event. The actual event kicks off on Friday evening with music on the plaza
stage. A Ballet Folkloric competition will occupy the stage on Saturday from 9:00 a.m.–3:00 p.m., and
again on Sunday from 10:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. Additional music acts will perform on stage after the dance
competitions. Old Town Family Hospitality will also employ roaming entertainers, to perform throughout
the park, entertaining guests both young and old.
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pg. 1
Treasurer's Notes
by Deanna Turton
As I begin this article, my brain feels tired - not only am I toward the end of doing all the tax forms and
annual report, but last week Gary and I sang in five church services! Did I mention that my feet are also tired
from all the standing…and I feel like a nap? However, deadlines are deadlines, so I will attempt to show
some creativity.
March did not go out like a lamb, but more like a lion. BOOT ended up $6,481.83 ahead in the checkbook,
after all the bills were paid. About half of this income came from Round It Up America's first quarter deposit
for 2017 of $ 3,450.57. In addition, the Park Store is doing very well. The donation boxes showed a daily
average of $50.97...which is not too bad for March. I am in high hopes that this summer will show higher
averages, since these winter averages have not been too bad for this time of year.
Another reason for the good cash gain in March is that Mary Jones seems to be slowing down in buying for
the Park Store, as much of the inventory replacement purchases were made earlier this year. Expense
categories over $300 were:
 $1,071.00 - School Tours (charged to the Wells Fargo grant)
 $1,089.14 - Park Store (inventory replacement)
 $ 725.19 - Period Attire Bank (inventory and subsidies)
This School Tours program has been SO successful that by mid-May, the two $5,000 grants that BOOT
received from Wells Fargo will completely used up!
And finally, I have been helping Kim Baldwin and Becky Halliburton obtain grocery store gift certificates to
purchase refreshments for the Volunteer Break Room during summer special events. So, far, we have $100
from the Grocery Outlet store on West Pt. Loma Blvd., $25 from the Midway Vons, $20 from the Liberty
Station Vons, and $20 each from the two Ralph's in Pt. Loma. We also have promises from the Ralph's in
Hillcrest. So if you shop at these stores, please remember to thank them for their support and kindness. Most
of them got a bouquet of roses from my garden when I picked up the certificates, so I have high hopes they
will help us again next year.
From the Editor’s Desk…
May is here!!! Cinco de Mayo is always one of the most popular
celebrations in Old Town San Diego, and there are activities and
entertainment for all ages. Then in June comes the Annual
Descendants Weekend; and July 4th kicks off the beginning of
Stagecoach Days, which continues every weekend through August.
Check out the schedule of events on Page 8. Volunteers and staff are
all gearing up for a great summer!
GET WELL WISHES…
We send our best wishes
for a speedy recovery to
BOOT Board Member
Bob Wohl, as he heals
from recent surgery.
With the longer daylight hours, and the beautiful climate that we
enjoy here in San Diego, there’s no better place to be than in Old
Town. In a month of so, once school is out, the Park will be crowded
with visitors and vacationers. So, if you want to avoid the traffic and
the crowds, May is certainly the time for us “locals” to enjoy the
park.
Happy May Day, Happy Cinco de Mayo, Happy Mother’s Day,
and Happy Reading!
Ruth French, Editor, [email protected]
(Deadline for submissions is the 20th of each month
for inclusion in the following month’s issue.)
pg. 2
The month of April was huge in the way of school tours! Volunteers and Staff saw about 1,700 school
children in the living history programs! April was one of the largest months for school tours EVER! Dealing
with this many students could not have been done without our great volunteers! Each and every one of you
makes a difference to the school program and to the park! Thank you!
The Adobe Guild met and made adobe blocks for the first
time. We are happy to say that the blocks came out really
well! All except the one large block that Don, the donkey, felt
he needed to stand in! You can join the Adobe Guild the
second Saturday of the month in the Seeley Yard from 10 a.m.–
2 p.m.
Summer is Approaching! And that means we are in the planning
stages for the upcoming events. We are planning out the details
for the 4th of July and Stagecoach Days. You all will start
seeing requests coming your way soon.
I would like to thank longtime volunteer Robert Brandt for purchasing a new larger lamp to illuminate the
flags in Washington Square Plaza. The lamp that was there was older and really not strong enough to
properly illuminate the flags at night. The new lamp has addressed this issue! Again, another great example
of one of our Old Town State Park volunteers helping to take pride and ownership of our great park.
Thank you for all you do thoughout the months to make our school programs, living history and events what
they are!
Tim Downing Volunteer Coordinator
Pictured (l-r): Patrick Rogers Jr., Steve Van Wormer,
David Gottfredson, and John Page
pg. 3
Descendants of Early San Diego
35th Annual Meeting, June 24–25, 2017
By Linda Jacobo
San Diego descendants will be celebrating their 35th anniversary meeting this year. This descendant group of
early San Diego pioneers have met each year at the end of June since 1982. The weekend consists of an
annual luncheon on Saturday and then continues to Sunday with a descendant family picnic at the top of
Presidio Hill.
Saturday’s luncheon would not be complete without the popular Family History Workshop led by Georgia
Callian. This is a great opportunity to research your local family roots with our extensive collection of books,
brochures, documents and photos.
If you haven’t attended the event in the past, it’s a wonderful opportunity to touch base with other descendants
and possibly meet new cousins. We share family stories, histories and great photos. You can attend one
event or both!! Reservations are required for Saturday’s luncheon which tends to fill up early, so let us know
soon if you are interested.
Make check payable to BOOT and mail to:
Boosters of Old Town, Descendants Committee
Old Town San Diego State Historic Park
4002 Wallace Street
San Diego, CA 92110
in Spanish and Mexican Period San Diego
Susan Hector
Since cotton is not grown in San Diego County commercially today, most people don’t realize that it was a
crop plant during the early historic period. The earliest Spanish and Mexican settlers in the area were familiar
with cotton agriculture, spinning, and weaving because cotton was a major commercial, domestic, and cultural
product in Mexico – dating back many centuries prior to Spanish occupation of the New World.
Evidence for Cotton Agriculture in San Diego During the Spanish and Mexican Periods
Workshops for textile production were located at every mission, since each was intended to be self-sufficient.
In a letter dated December 21, 1792, Father Lasuen wrote that the weaver Antonio Henrique taught weaving to
the neophytes throughout the California mission system and his Native wife taught the Native American
women and girls how to spin (Brandes et al. n.d.: 24; Schuetz-Miller 1994: 187). Beginning at Mission San
Diego, she taught carding, spinning, and weaving at the southern Missions (Webb 1952: 210). Henrique made
spinning wheels, warping frames, looms, combs, and taught the weaving of woolen cloth at the Native mission
workshops (Engelhardt 1920: 147). According to Engelhardt, he taught the neophytes how to weave different
types of woolen cloth, including “Sayal Franciscano”, a coarse fabric also known as sackcloth worn by the
missionaries (and probably the native people). The 1783 mission inventory listed six pairs of carding
instruments (Brandes n.d.: 56).
Continued on next page…
pg. 4
Cotton Production (cont’d from page 4)…
In a report from 1797, the mission in San Juan Capistrano stated that the native women pick and spin wool and
cotton. Alfred Robinson visited Mission San Luis Rey in 1829, and noted that “one or two hundred young
Indian girls [were] busily employed spinning, each one with her spinning wheel...” (James 1916: 11). He also
mentioned that weavers were making blankets for the use of the mission and inhabitants.
Cotton was grown in San Diego at the mission as well. But cotton growing, as well as other agriculture, was
not successful in San Diego until a reliable water supply was secured. Initially, the padres believed that water
from the San Diego River would be adequate for their fields and orchards. However, this was not the case, and
by 1783 they decided to seek a more reliable water source. In 1795, the padres found a spring upstream and
built a ditch to the mission fields (McMorrow 1968: 63). But it proved inadequate. The padres decided to
construct a dam and aqueduct. Mission dam and flume were built between 1813-1816 (McMorrow 1968: 64 –
65). Finally, these provided a reliable source of water to the mission fields. The padres irrigated approx. 356
acres (McMorrow 1968: 67). The mission started growing cotton in 1819, but that year was a poor yield
(Mumford 1927: 159); in 1820 conditions improved and 14 arrobas (approximately 350 pounds) were
harvested (Archibald 1978: 175).
According to M. Duflot de Mofras, attaché of the French legation to Mexico from 1841-42, “The cotton raised
is of a superior quality, but men are wanting to cultivate it…” (Engelhardt 1920: 244). The 1834 inventory,
taken at the time of secularization, listed a cotton harvest stored at the mission:
bulk cotton, listed as: 25 arrobas algodon
This bulk cotton was stored in the textile shop with the spinning wheels, carders, and looms (Engelhardt 1920:
341). We do not know if this cotton, which was grown in mission fields, was for internal production or export
(the mission grew hemp which was exported to Mexico for ropemaking). An arroba is approximately 25
pounds, so that is 625 pounds of cotton. It takes less than a pound of cotton to make a shirt, so based on my
experience growing, spinning and weaving cotton that’s a lot of cotton – plenty to spin and weave at the
mission and to trade.
Cotton was also grown in at least one other location that had fields affiliated with Mission San Diego
(McMorrow 1968: 67). In a letter from 1820, Francisco Maria Ruiz [Commandante of the San Diego Presidio]
said that the padres grew cotton at the mission and at San Jorge [San Jorge was not identified by the author but
it is Spring Valley at Neti or the Bancroft Ranch House; there is a large spring there as well as the rancheria]
(Mumford 1927: 159). Meti (Neti) was a Tipai village, and between 1777 – 1809 there were 29 people
baptized from Rancheria de Meti alias San Xorge, or San Jorge, or Meti (Merriam 1968: 168). The majority of
the people at Meti were not baptized and opposed the Spanish; they were one of the leading tribes in the
uprising of 1775 (Adema 1993: 8-9). However, the padres selected the Meti area, which they called El Aguaje
de San Jorge and Las Fuentes de San Jorge because of the plentiful spring water, for their cattle and sheep
pasturage (Adema 1993: 10). They also planted crops there (Adema 1993: 11).
Type and Origin of Cotton Grown in San Diego During the Early Historic Period
Two species of cultivated cotton are native to the New World: Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium
barbadense. G. hirsutum was domesticated in southern Mexico, while G. barbadense was domesticated in
South America (Fryxell 1988: 167, 172; Teague 1998: 18). G. hirsutum has a shorter staple and the seed is
covered with fuzz or tuffs of fiber. G. barbadense has a smooth black seed and a longer staple. Cotton was
domesticated over 3,000 years ago in the tropical New World, and selection was based on fiber length, ease of
removing the seed, ability to grow under specific conditions, and lint color. In ancient Mesoamerica, cotton
was cultivated in many colors that are rare today, with the preference for white cotton that can easily be dyed.
Another term for G. hirsutum is Upland cotton, referring to the highlands of Mexico near Guatemala which is
most likely near its area of origin (Brubaker and Wendel 1994).
Continued on next page…
pg. 5
Cotton Production (cont’d from page 5)…
Over the centuries, Upland cotton was traded into the American Southwest, where it was cultivated by the
native people of Arizona and New Mexico beginning approximately 2,000 years ago. As a tropical plant,
domestication of cotton in the Southwest had to accommodate shorter day length, cold winters, and drier
conditions (Fryxell 1978). Plants that successfully could set bolls were selected, and over time a type of
Upland cotton was developed that could be spun into fine yarn and woven into fabric in areas outside cotton’s
tropical place of original domestication.
An important feature of G. hirsutum, or Upland cotton, is its tolerance for soil salinity (Fryxell 1978: 171).
The wild origins of this species are as low growing perennial shrubs on tropical beaches, so it can grow in
conditions and locations that would not be acceptable to other types of cotton. Tolerance for poor soil, cooler
temperatures, short day length, and annual set of bolls guaranteed the successful spread of Upland cotton into
more temperate climates.
Because Upland cotton seeds are not easily separated from the fiber, ginning was necessary. The native people
of the Southwest used tied twigs as cotton beaters, or ginned the fiber between a smooth stick and base of stone
or ceramic (Teague 1998: 22). The subspecies of Upland cotton grown in the native Southwest is often
referred to as Gossypium hopi after the Hopi people of Arizona; this type has many unique characteristics that
differentiate it from other types of Upland cotton.
The Spanish missionary Kino who entered what is now Arizona in the early 1700s noted that the Tohono
O’odham and Akimel O’odham grew and wove high quality cotton (Castetter and Bell 1942: 103). Font also
noted that cotton was planted along the Gila River during his journey in 1775-1776, and later explorers noted
continuing cultivation into the mid-19th century (Castetter and Bell 1942: 104). But there was no cultivation of
cotton by the native people who lived in the desert; cotton needs frequent irrigation to grow well.
So, in the American Southwest where there was a long tradition of cotton cultivation and use (Arizona and
New Mexico), the Spanish and Mexican missionaries did not have to introduce the crop or instruct in spinning
or weaving. That was not the case in San Diego, where the native people used other fibers for textile
production (e.g., yucca, agave, milkweed, dogbane).
It is most likely that the cotton grown in San Diego entered the area from the south, rather than from the east.
Cotton was grown at the missions in Baja California, which were established before Mission San Diego
(Mission Santa Maria de Los Angeles, Mission San Jose Cumundu, Purisima de Cadegomo, Santa Rosalia de
Mulege, San Ignacio, San Francisco de Borja, and San Fernando de Vellicata), according to Palou (Mumford
1927: 161). Assuming that the cotton seed grown at Mission San Diego had its origin among the missions of
Baja California, we can focus on the most likely type from that area.
Upland cotton represents approximately 90% of the cotton grown today. Although G. barbadense (also called
Sea Island, Pima, or Egyptian cotton) has a longer staple and a smooth seed, its yield is lower than Upland
cotton. The reader should take note of the confusing fact that “Pima” cotton was not the species grown by the
Pima Indians but is a variety that was named after them. Pima cotton represents approximately 8% of the
cotton grown in the world.
A study by Wendel et al. (1992) compared 538 samples of cotton to determine the variations in genetics. One
of the collection locations was Baja California (Region 20; Wendel et al. 1992: 1294). They found that there
was variability between and within geographic regions, but noted the low level of genetic diversity in Upland
cultivars. The samples from Baja California were most similar to those from other locations in Mexico
(Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Sinaloa, Colima, Guerrero, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, and Chiapas),
Guatemala, and modern Upland cultivars (Acala for example) (Wendel et al. 1992: 1295). This group, called
Region A by the researchers, represents a distinctive genetic signature. Interestingly, many of the other genetic
groups identified have clear colonial antecedents of either British, Spanish, or Dutch indicating influences over
Continued on next page…
pg. 6
Cotton Production (cont’d from page 6)…
cotton cultivation and productivity. For example, in southeastern United States, the green-seeded Mexican
highland stocks were day-length neutral and interbred with black seed stock beginning in the early 1800s;
hybrids had longer and finer fiber, and ease of harvest (Wendel et al. 1992: 1308).
Modern Acala seed, a variety of Upland cotton, was the result of a search for boll weevil resistant cotton.
This was found in eastern Guatemala, where weevil resistant cotton was grown by the Kekchi people, a tribe
related to the Maya (Turner 1974). This discovery happened in the early 1900s. So it is not surprising that
modern Acala cotton is so similar to ancient Guatemalan and Mexican Upland types.
While one other species of the genus Gossypium has been observed being grown at a family or residential
level in Mexico for their fiber (G. lanceolatum), and several species of the genus grow wild in Baja California
and other parts of Mexico, it is Upland cotton that was widely used in cultivation, and occasionally in the
countryside (Fryxell 1988: 172). In addition, as discussed above, Upland cotton is tolerant of saline soil
conditions, short day length, and cooler temperatures. The overwhelming evidence points to a variety of G.
hirsutum as the type grown in the San Diego area during the Mission and Californio eras.
How Cotton Was Used in San Diego
The cultivation, spinning, and weaving of cotton was a familiar activity in Mexican communities. The earliest
type of cotton industry in Mexico was focused on family production for the community, although during
historic times the wealthy preferred to purchase imported fabric from Spain and then England. Textile
factories in Mexico were owned first by the Spanish, then the French. In 1821 at independence, inexpensive
imported textiles were more available as world trade opened up to Mexican citizens. This resulted in a steep
decline in Mexican textile industry. However, the textile mills were revitalized by new owners and money in
1830, and in 1843 there were 55 textile factories in Mexico (Ruh 2001). The point here is that fine textiles
were not made in Mexico during the early historic period; the purpose of cotton production in households and
at the colonies and missions was for daily use as blankets, towels, working clothes, etc. Fine fabrics were
imported from Europe, India, and China. The cotton produced in the mission fields could have been exported
to Mexico for processing in factories, or it could have been spun and woven into towels, blankets, and mantas
in San Diego.
The Spanish Colonial style spinning wheels made and used at the mission were suitable for spinning fine
fibers such as cotton. The wheel is similar to the Charkha used in India for spinning cotton. Because Upland
cotton has a relatively short staple, it is best spun on a spindle wheel where the spinner can control the tension
so that adequate twist is added to the fiber to create yarn before it is manually wound onto the spindle.
It is unfortunate that we don’t have physical evidence of cotton fabric from early historic San Diego. But
based on the research conducted for this paper, we can speculate that short-staple cotton was spun on a spindle
wheel and woven into blankets and domestic products. The cotton was probably cream white or light brown
in color. It was nothing fancy, yet it reflected a textile tradition many centuries in the making.
References Cited
Adema, Thomas Joseph. Our Hills and Valleys: A History of the Helix – Spring Valley Region. San Diego Historical Society, 1993.
Archibald, Robert. The Economic Aspects of the California Missions. Academy of American Franciscan History, Washington, D.C., 1978.
Brandes, Ray. Mission San Diego de Alcala: The Archaeological Design and Fieldwork Conducted by the University of San Diego 1966 – 1984.
Brandes, Ray, James R. Moriarty III, Toni Nagle, Gregory Nelson Chase, and Lois T. Campbell. The History and Architecture of Mission San Diego de Alcala 1769 – 1965, University of San Diego.
Brubaker, Curt L. and Jonathan F. Wendel. Reevaluating the Origin of Domesticated Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum: Malvaceae) Using Nuclear Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs). American Journal of
Botany 81(10): 1309 – 1326, 1994.
Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell. Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture. Inter-Americana Studies 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1942.
Engelhardt, Zephyrin. San Diego Mission. The James H. Barry Company, San Francisco, 1920.
Fryxell, Paul A., The Natural History of the Cotton Tribe. Texas A&M University Press, 1978.
Fryxell, Paul A., Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic Botany Monographs 25. The American Society of Plant Taxonomists, 1988.
James, George Wharton. Picturesque Pala. Reprinted in 2002 by James Stevenson, Publisher, 1916.
McMorrow, Clyde. The Transportation of Water to Mission San Diego de Alcala. Brand Book Number One, The San Diego Corral of the Westerners, pages 59–70. Edited by Ray Brandes, 1968.
Merriam, C. Hart. Village Names in Twelve California Mission Records. Assembled and edited by Robert F. Heizer. Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey, number 74. Berkeley, 1968.
Mumford, E. Philpott. Early History of Cotton Cultivation in California. California Historical Society Quarterly 6(2): 159 – 166. University of California Press in association with the California Historical Society, 1927.
Ruh, Paul A. The Mexican Textile Industry – Evolution or Revolution. Cotton Outlook. Paul Reinhart, Inc., Dallas, Texas, 2001.
Schuetz-Miller, Mardith K. Building and Builders in Hispanic California 1769 – 1850. Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation, Presidio Research Publication, 1994.
Teague, Lynn S. Textiles in Southwestern Prehistory. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1998.
Turner, John H. The History of Acala Cotton, Varieties Bred for San Joaquin Valley, California. ARW W-16. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1974.
Webb, Edith Buckland. Indian Life at the Old Missions. University of Nebraska Press, 1952.
Wendel, Jonathan F., Curt L. Brubaker, and A. Edward Percival. Genetic Diversity in Gossypium hirsutum and the Origin of Upland Cotton. American Journal of Botany 79 (11): 1291–1310. Botanical Society of
America, 1992.
pg. 7
MARK YOUR CALENDARS
for Stagecoach Days
July Events
July 4th
Games and Amusements
Women of the West
Taste of the Past
Soldiers and Citizens
Date
July 4
July 8
July 15
July 22
July 29
August Special Events
Date
Trades that Shaped the West
Days of the Vaquero
Twainfest
The West on the Move
August 5
August 12
August 19
August 26
Old Town Native Plant Landscape Work Party
Saturday, May 13, 2017, 9:30 am - Noon
We will finish digging invasive exotic grass from the little demonstration
wetland. If you arrive late, come find us there. It’s down the hill from
the McCoy House Museum, near Congress and Beach. Please bring sun
protection, drinking water, gloves, a sharp spade, and loppers if you have
them…(or share what we have for the day). After we haul all the weeds to the
green dumpster, we’ll have a walkabout tour and talk about the uses of these
plants that we tend in the Landscape.
For more info contact Peter or Kay at [email protected]
MONTHLY MEETINGS
BOOT Board Meetings are held
the 3rd Wednesday, 1:00 pm, at
Café Coyote. Monthly Board
Meetings are always open to the
public. If you would like to speak
and/or present a project, please
contact the BOOT Secretary.
Craft Committee meets the 2nd
Friday of each month, 9:00 am to
Noon.
BOOT BOARD OF DIRECTORS
President:
Vice President:
Secretary:
Treasurer:
BOOT Store:
Historian/Grants:
Restoration Spec:
Web Master:
Membership:
Board Members:
Jeanne Ferrell (619) 543-9057
Gary Turton (619) 222-0047
Linda Jacobo (619) 602-0009
Deanna Turton (619) 222-0047
Mary Jones
Bob Wohl
Chuck Ferrell
Bob Jones
Susan Hector
Cindy Furlong
Becky Halliburton
Tom Young
Poppy Paper
Ruth French
Editor:
[email protected]
BOOT Website: http://boostersofoldtown.com/
Park Website: www.parks.ca.gov/oldtownsandiego
\\\\\\\\
pg.88
pg.
THANK YOU TO OUR CORPORATE MEMBERS!
pg. 9
BOOSTERS OF OLD TOWN
San Diego State Historic Park
4002 Wallace Street
San Diego, CA 92110
****************************************************************************
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pg. 10
Send to: BOOT Membership Committee, 4002 Wallace Street, San Diego, CA 92110