Unit 4:
The First Global Age
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1. Olmecs: 1st major American civilization from
1400BC to 500BC.
2. Mayas: 300-900 AD, influenced by the Olmecs.
3. Aztecs: late 1200s-1500s in Valley of Mexico.
4. Incas: 1400s along the Andes Mountains.
5. Terraces: Strips of land on steep hillsides.
Mesoamerican Civilizations
Mayas
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Geographic Location: Southern Mexico
through much of Central America.
Religion: Important, so priests held a high
spot.
Social Structure: Distinct social hierarchy,
each city-state had a chief.
Contributions: Giant pyramids, accurate 365
day calendar.
Incas
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Geographic Location: Along Andes
Mountains down Pacific Coast.
Religion: Affected all parts of life. Polytheistic.
Social Structure: Nobles: Strong central
government, Emperor was chief religious.
Contributions: 12,000 miles of road,
advanced medicine.
Aztecs
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Geography: North into middle of Mexico.
Religion: Emperor chosen by religious.
Priests had rituals to Gods.
Social Structure: Religious, warriors/traders/,
farmers/slaves.
Contributions: Set broken bones, accurate
calendar, chocolate
The Ming Dynasty in China
Why did China choose to isolate itself from foreign
trade after 1433?
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To preserve ancient traditions which they thought
were the best.
Foreign trade had not brought enough profit.
What impact did China have on other societies in
Asia?
● Korea
● learned to make porcelain
● Japan
● Buddhism brought
● Paintings and landscape techniques
● Southeast Asia
● Absorbed Confucian civil service system
The Ottoman Empire
What was the consequence to Europe
of the growth of Ottoman power?
● The Ottomans captured Constantinople and
overthrew the Byzantine empire, named it
Istanbul, and made it the capital of a Muslim
empire.
● It marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire
and the end of the Byzantine empire.
● Old trade routes (silk road) were disrupted
(people stealing) so Europeans went looking for
new ones (all water).
What contributions did the Ottomans
make in the areas of art and literature?
● Mosques were built by Muslim worshipers
● The arts were influenced by Persia to create
detailed miniature and beautiful manuscripts
Exploration, Encounters, &
Imperialism
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Imperialism: Domination by one country over another politically,
economically or socially.
Columbian Exchange: Exchange of goods between Africa,
Asia, Europe and the Americas.
Encomienda System: Social Structure in New Spain.
Reconquista: Campaign by Christians in 700s to recapture
Spain from Muslims.
List the 3 reasons for Spanish
expansion in the Americas.
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3 G’s: Gold, Glory and God.
Why was Spain so successful in the
Americas?
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1. Use of weapons (armor, horses)
2. Found allies among Natives.
3. Diseases brought by Europeans.
Spanish Colonial Social Structure
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos and Mulattoes
Native Americans and Slaves
Spanish Colonial Social Structure
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Peninsulares: Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social
class
Creoles: People who had Spanish or Portuguese parents but were born in
Latin America.
Mestizo: A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
Mulattoes: Denied rights because of their mixed European and African
heritage.
What is Triangular Trade?
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Trade that involved Americas, Africa and
Europe.
What is the Middle Passage?
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The journey of slaves across the Atlantic
from Africa.
What were the causes of the slave
trade?
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1. Profitable business.
2. labor shortage on American plantations.
What were the effects of the slave
trade?
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1. Local wars in Africa.
2. Traditional African political structures were
undermined.
Absolutism and the Puritan Revolution
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Absolutism: Autocratic rulers who had complete control over the lives and
people.
Philip II: King of Spain who expanded his power.
Divine Right: Agent of God: God gives right to rule.
Louis XIV: Sun King. Ruled France for 72 years and increased his power.
Peter the Great: Czar of Russia who wanted to westernize it.
Puritans: Wanted to purify the English church.
Oliver Cromwell: Led the Roundheads against the King in the Puritan
Revolution.
Glorious Revolution: Nonviolent overthrow of James II by William and Mary.
English Bill of Rights: Set of acts passed by Parliament to give rights to
people and keep control for them.
Limited Monarchy: Government in which a legislative body limits the
monarchs power.
Global Absolutism
India
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Akbar the Great:
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Modernized army.
Introduced land reforms.
Promoted religious toleration.
Spain
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Phillip II:
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Believed in divine right.
Used gold and silver to build an overseas empire.
France:
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Louis XIV:
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Expanded bureaucracy.
Increased royal power.
Persecuted Protestant Huguenots.
Built Palace of Versailles.
Russia
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Ivan the Terrible:
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Used violence.
Built personal police force.
Peter the Great:
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Westernized Russia.
Gained control of the Russian Orthodox Church
What did absolute monarchs use to
justify their power?
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Divine right.
In what ways did James and Charles assert their absolute
power?
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1. Putting enemies in prison without trial.
2. Imposing high taxes.
3. Angering Puritans.
4. Dissolving Parliament.
What were the causes of the English
Civil War?
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Fight for control by the King (Cavaliers who
were supporters of the King) and Parliament
(Roundheads and Puritans).
Charles I was put on trial and beheaded in
1649.
What choices did the English Parliament make to assure a
check on absolutism?
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Created the English Bill of Rights.
Describe the English Bill of Rights:
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Significance:
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Took power away from the King.
What it did:
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1. King must meet regularly with Parliament.
2. King must give House of Commons
(Parliament) financial control.
3. Abolished excessive fines, cruel and
unusual punishment.
4. Affirmed Habeas corpus (not being held in
jail without being charged).
What was the Toleration Act and why
was it important?
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Granted Protestant dissenters Toleration.
Allowed your own religion.