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PREFACE
In response to the request from the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,
the Government of Japan decided to conduct the comprehensive study on tourism development
in the central region of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and entrusted the study to Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
JICA dispatched a study team headed by Mr. Tadashi Kume of Pacific Consultants
International and consisting of Pacific Consultants International and ALMEC Corporation to
Vietnam, three times between November 2000 and February 2002. In addition, JICA set up an
Advisory Committee headed by Mr. Yusuke Tamaki of Japan Seafarers Relief Association
between November 2000 and February 2002, which examined the Study from specialist and
technical point of view.
The team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of
Vietnam and conducted field surveys at the study area. Upon returning to Japan, the team
conducted further studies and prepared this final report.
I hope that this report will contribute to tourism development and promotion in
Vietnam and to the enhancement of friendly relationship between our two countries.
Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the
Government of Vietnam for their close cooperation extended to the team.
February 2002
Takao Kawakami
President
Japan International Cooperation Agency
February 2002
Mr. Takao Kawakami
President
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Tokyo, Japan
Letter of Transmittal
Dear Sir,
We are pleased to formally submit herewith the Final Report of “Comprehensive Study on
Tourism Development in the Central Region of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam”.
This report compiles the results of the Study which was undertaken in the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam from November 2000 through February 2002 by the Study Team, consisting of Pacific
Consultants International and ALMEC Corporation.
We had been assisted by many people for the accomplishment of the Study, and we would like
to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to all those who extended their kind assistance
and cooperation to the Study Team, in particular, Vietnam National Administration of Tourism
who acted as the counterpart agency.
Also we acknowledge the effective assistance by all the officials of your Agency and the
Embassy of Japan in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
We hope that the report will be able to contribute to formulate appropriate policies and measures
for the future development of Vietnam.
Very truly yours,
Tadashi Kume
Team Leader,
Comprehensive Study on Tourism Development
In the Central Region of the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam
C H I N A
Jinghong
M YA N M A R
Hanoi
Haiphong
Louangphrabang
L A OS
V I ET N A M
Hainan
Vient iane
Sukhot hai
Quang Binh
Udon Thani
Quang Tri
Mukdahan
T HA ILA N D
Savannakhet
Hue
Thua Thien Hue
Da Nang
Khon Kaen
Danang
Quang Nam
Quang Ngai
Ang Thong
Binh Dinh
Bangkok
Simreap
Pat t aya
CA MBO D I A
Phu Yen
Khanh Hoa
Gu l f o f T h a i l a n d
Phnom Penh
Ninh Thuan
Ho Chi Minh Cit y
Binh Thuan
Ea s t Se a
St udy Area
The World Herit age
N
Major Road
Province Boundary
Int ernat ional Boundary
0
100
The St udy Area Map
300
6 0 0 km
Chronology: Kingdom of Champa and Surrounding
Historical Background of The Study Area
Kingdom of Champa
Capital of Champa Dynasties 都城
Port City (Champapura) 港市
Champa Monument 遺跡
Military Action 軍事行動
Chinese Role 北属期
Dynasties of Independent Vietnam
Mekong River Basin
LAOS
Upper
Mekong
Coastal Area of Truong Son Mountain Range
SOUTH
VIETNAM
Mekong Delta
CAMBODIA
Middle
Mekong
Red River Basin
NORTH VIETNAM
(Red River Delta)
CENTRAL VIETNAM
VNAT-JICA Study Area
檳榔族
Panduranga
賓瞳朧
Parillu ?
越裏
Dong
Nai
Binh
Thuan
Coconut Group 椰子族
Kauthara
蒲羅甘兀亮
Ninh Thuan
CHINA
South CentralNorth
華南 華中 華北
Khanh Hoa
Vijaya
宝昆斉
Phu
Yen
Amaravati
烏馬抜
Quang
Ngai
Binh Dinh
Urikku ?
烏麗
Da
Nang
Quang Nam
Thua Thien
-Hue
Nhat Le
日麗
Quang
Tri
Phung Nguyen Culture
Dong Dau Culture
Go Mun Culture
Quang
Binh
↓
Dong Son Culture
(Hoi An)
Doc Chua Culture
↓
Oc Eo Culture
Sa Huynh Culture
Zhou
周
BC.1100-BC.221
Van Lang
文郎国？
∼BC.214
Sa Huynh Ruin
Discovered at1937
BC.200
Qin 秦 221-207
Independence of Nam Viet
南越国の独立
BC.208-BC.111
BC.100
BC.111 Start of Chinese Role 北属期開始
日南郡
九真郡
Beginning of Ocean Silkroad
AD.1
Oc Eo
象
林
県
?
Discovered 1940's
西
捲
県
Thanh Hoa
Nghe An
Ha Tinh
郡都
芙蓉
200
Chenla
(Pre-Angkor)
真臘
BC/AD∼802
300
240's
Marched Northward
Hoi An
?
Up to End of 4 century
Occupyed 日南郡全域
My Son
Holyland
Tra Kieu
Simhapura
(獅子の都)
Epitaph
Simhapura（林邑）
2nd-4th Dynasties
Indianization of Champa
446
Three Kingdoms
三国 220-280
Wu
West.
Jin
西晋
265-420
林邑浦
Changes of Capital
600
Later Han∼Three Kingdoms
Independent Power by Si Nhiep
士變の自立政権
AD.192
Founding of Champa Empire
林邑建国
1st Dynasty
500
Later Han
後漢
AD.25-220
166 Visited the Messenger of Rome Emperror
（林邑創成期）
Ba Phnom
特牧城
↓
6 century
Angkor Borei
那弗那城
↓
Konborei ?
龍編
Ha Noi
交州
Beginning of Dynasty
400
Former Han
前漢
BC.206-AD.24
AD.40-43
Rebellion of Hai Ba Trung
微姉妹の反乱
100
Funan
扶南
Giao Chi
交趾郡
Nam
Viet
9郡
Attack of Simhapura by Southern Army
East.
Jin
東晋
317-420
Southern &
Northern
南北朝
Epitaph
End of 6 Century
Founding of Chenla Empire
541-602
Independent Power byLy Bi
李貢の自立政権
605
Attack of Simhapura by Sui Army
6∼8 centuries
Prosperity of the Kingdom
Exchanges between India and Khmer
420589
386581
Sui 随 589-618
700
707 Chenla Divided Two Nations
Land Chenla ?
陸真臘
E1
Panra
Water Chenla ?
水真臘
Indrapura
（文単）
800
758
5th Dynasty
Po Hai
859
Hoa Lai
Indrapura（占城）
877
Construction of
Harihara Capital
（ロリュオス）
900
Attack of Java Army
(雷神の都)
Binh Lam
Banh It
F
802-1432
1100
1145
1177
1200
1203
Vijaya（占城）
A
8th-12th Dynasties
9th Dynasty 1044-74
10th Dynasty 1074-86
Nhan
Occupation of Vijaya by Angkor Army
C
Chien Dan
Cha Ban
Canh
Tien
Occupation of Vijaya by Angkor Army
Duong
Long
1252
B4
1069
K
Attack of Vijaya by Ly Army
Attack of Vijaya by Tran Army
1318
Last Stage
of Dynasty
王国末期
End of 15 century
Revival of Loyal Power
Up to 1543 中国に朝貢
1432-1863
1556
Change the
Capital to
Vientiane
1371
Attack to Hanoi by Champa
1378-90
Attack of Vijaya by Le Army
Le Dynasty
黎朝
1428-1527
1516 Washed Ashore of the Ship of Portugal
Nguyen Dynasty (Quang Nam)
広南朝（阮氏）
1558-1777
Phu Xuan
Trinh Dynasty
鄭朝
1687
1692 Tributary of Champa,
順城鎮設置
1532-1789
Hue
1777
Tay Son Dynasty 西山朝
1789∼1802
1802
1832 Downfall of the Dynasty
1860
Discovered
Angkor Wat
1887
Cambodia
Colony
1862 Cochichine Colony
（South）
Construction of the Capital of
Tay Son at Cha Ban
1883/84
1804 Dai Noi
Annam Colony（Central）
Union of Indochina
1953
Indipendence
1802-1945
1883/84
1953
1993
Kingdom of Cambodia
(Reconstruction)
Lao People's Democratic republic
1949-55
1955-75
South Viet Nam
Republic of Viet Nam
Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
Tonkin Colony（North）
Republic of China
中華民国 1911-1949
1945
1945
1976-
2000
Qing
(Manchu)
清
1644-1911
Nguyen Dynasty (Viet Nam)
阮朝（越南）
1824
Quang Tri
Citadel
1843 Minh Mang Tomb
Ming
明
1368-1644
1630
Dong Hoi Citadel
Quang Binh Gate
1674 Bao Duoc Pagoda
1777 Revolt of Tay Son Party
Yuan
(Mongol)
元
1271-1368
Ho Dynasty 胡朝（Chinese Role 1413-1427）
1601 Thien Mu Pagoda
1863
1975-75
1225-1400
1471 Marched Southward of Le Army
Up to 1676
1611 Occupation of Phu Yen
Conversion to
Islam
1653 Occupation of Kauthara
1700
Saigon
嘉定府設置
Tran Dynasty
陳朝（大越）
1306 Tran Occupied North of Quang Nam
1710-1779
1899
Lao Colony
Southern Song
南宋
1127-1279
Attack to Hanoi by Champa
1446
1354-1710
1829
Siam
1009-1225
1282, 84
Dispach of Mongol Army
to Champa
1312
Porome
Lan Xang
Empire
Ly Dynasty
李朝（大越）
?
G
Five Dinasties
五代十国
Northern Song
北宋
960-1126
Attack of Vijaya by Ly Army
Attack of Vijaya by Ming Army
Three
Kingdoms
三国時代
1900
1044
Ngo Dynasty 呉朝 930-965
Dinh Dynasty 丁朝 968-980
Early Le Dynasty黎朝 980-1005
Occupation/Destruction
of Indrapura by Le Army
1403
1700
1800
982
D2,D4
C1-C6
1285 Marco Polo Visited Champa
Po Klong
Garai
Late Angkor Age
1600
End of Chinese Role
北属期の終焉
H
Phu Loc
at Louang
Phrabang
1500
B4
A1,B3
B5,B7
D1
Bang An
M
1400
M
N
Thu Thien
Mid 14 Century
Founding of
First Empire
Dong Duong
Holyland
S
Construction of Angkor Wat
1300
C7
A13
986
Golden Age of
the Kingdom
Doi
B
Vijaya Army Occupyed the Capital of Angkor
875
Change of Capital
1000
A3
860
S
N
M
M
N
1000
Chenla (Angkor Dynasty)
真臘
Khuong My
Po Nagar
Holyland
S
Po Dam
6th Dynasty 860-899
7th Dynasty 900-986
Dong Duong
Indrapura
787
Virabra ?
(雄壮な都)
Tang
唐
618-907
758
774
Epitaph
（環王）
802 Establishment of
United Dynasty
Thi Nai
Ayatra
People's Republic of Viet Nam
17°North
1946-54
1964-75
Indochina War
American war
People's Republic of China
中華人民共和国 1949-
5