Chapter 28 Summary Ottoman Empire:​
Islamic ​
Osman Bey ​
founded the Ottoman empire by leading semi nomadic religious warriors called ghazi, who sacked Byzantine cities one by one using Islam converted boys called ​
devshrimes​
some became soldiers called ​
janissaries. Mehmed the Conqueror captured Constantinople and ruled as an absolute monarch over a tightly centralized Greece+Anatolia. ​
Süleyman​
captured Baghdad, Belgrade, and Hungary. Pri Reis was an explorer who assessed Indian Ocean. Safavid Empire​
: Founded by twelver shia ​
Shah Ismail​
who conquered Persia. Used ​
qizilbash loyal shia as administrators. Battle of Chaldiran proves that qizilbash don’t stand a chance against ottomans without guns. Under shah abbas Persian administration was utilized along with gunpowder. Sometimes allied with Europe against Ottomans. Mughal Empire​
: Founded by ​
Babur​
, Chagatai Mongol, sacked Delhi and built loosely tied empire. ​
Akbar​
created a tolerant centralized empire, while ​
Aurangzeb​
furthered expansion to southern India but was less tolerant. Administration​
: Emperors were pious muslims who were not afraid to spread their religion through ghazi. They used​
kunan ​
as laws. Succession issues cause bloody conflict. Ottoman royal women had the most influence over their husbands, Mughals and Safavids also. Agriculture and Trade​
: Colombian exchange introduced coffee and sugar and increased population. In all three, one could smoke and drink coffee in ​
Coffee houses​
. Long distance trade occurs in caravans. Europeans allied with safavids against Ottomans to trade, Mughals grew domestic crops, participated in less trade. Religion​
: There is diversity and tolerance in all . Jesuits made failed conversion attempt with Mughals. ​
dhimmi​
religious communities in Mughal exempt from jizya, ottoman had ​
millet communities which controlled local affairs. Akbar waved jizya tax, created one syncretic ​
divine faith​
. Aurangzeb destroyed Hindu temples fearing absorption into Hindu Caste Monuments​
: Used as public works, huge palaces and domes in Istanbul, palaces at ​
Isfahan, Safavid​
were smaller and embraced nature. ​
Abkar builds fatehpur​
, combined Hindu+Islamic architecture. Taj Mahal was public works project, shows islamic influence. Decline​
: Corrupt rule with less talented rulers. Conservatives suppressed women’s rights. Janissaries in Ottoman revolted. Shiites in Safavid persecute Sunni, unrest happens. Europeans stop trading, could not support expansion+military. Mughal and Ottomans had currency debasing issues. Corruption occurs to compensate for decline, long term damage. Corrupt rulers wasted the spoils of trade. They could not keep up militarily with Europe. They thought they knew everything while they were centuries behind Europe. Jewish refugees from Spain spread printing, Mughals did not permit it in Arabic. In general resisted foreign ideas to stay safe.