Reproductive Systems
Unit 8 Lesson 2
Human Reproduction
• Humans must reproduce in
order for life to continue from
generation to generation.
• This process takes place in the
reproductive system.
• The reproductive system
includes the organs that makes
the production of offspring
possible.
Human Reproduction
• The human body is not ready to
reproduce until after puberty.
• Puberty is the period of time
during adolescence when the
reproductive system become
mature.
Human Reproduction
• Adolescence is the stage of development during which humans grow
from childhood to adult.
• This means the body and mind change to take on characteristic of
adults of their gender.
Hormones
• This change in our bodies is
caused by hormones.
• Hormones are chemicals that
help control how the body grows
and function.
Hormones
• Hormones are made in several
different parts of the body and
each hormone causes a different
change in the body.
Hormones
• The pituitary gland is found
deep in the brain.
• It secrets the growth hormone
and follicle-stimulating
hormones.
• These hormones stimulate
physical growth and the
development of the
reproduction organs.
Hormones
• The thyroid gland is found in the
neck
• It secretes thyroxin which helps
regulate body growth and
development
Hormones
• The adrenal glands are found
above the kidneys.
• They secrete cortical sex
hormones.
• These hormones regulate the
development of sex
characteristics that signal the
physical differences between
males and females.
Hormones
• The testes are found in males
only.
• They are located in the scrotum .
• Testes produce the hormone
testosterone
• Testosterone helps with sperm
production and the
development of male sex
characteristics.
Hormones
• Ovaries are found only in
females.
• They are found in the lower
pelvic area.
• Ovaries secrete estrogen and
progesterone.
• These hormones affect the
development of female sex
characteristics as well as control
the menstrual cycle.
Human Anatomy
• You can see how hormones
change the human body during
puberty.
• Some of these changes are
similar.
• Some changes are drastically
different.
Assignment #1
• Turn to page 244 and 245 in
your text book.
• Use the information found on
figure 3 and 4 to list the changes
found in males and females
during adolescents.
• If both males and females
experience the same changes list
those changes under both.
Male
Both
Females
Answers Assignment #1
Male
Both
Females
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•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Facial Hair Grows
Shoulder Widen
Voice Deepens
Fat is Deposited in Lower
Abdomen
• Muscles Mass Increases
• Sperm Production Starts
Height and Weight Increase
Acne Develops
Under Hair Grows
Pubic Hair Grows
Permanent Teeth Come In
Perspiration Increases
External Genitalia Enlarge
Breast Develop
Hips Widen
Pelvis Tilts
Internal Organ Enlarge
Ovulation Occurs (egg
released)
• Menstruation Begins
(period)
• Fat is Deposited in Buttocks /
Thighs
Human Reproduction
• The reproductive
systems are different
in males and
females.
• Each system has
different parts and
functions.
• Each system has
different potential
problems and care.
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
• Males begin to produce sperm
at puberty.
• Sperm is the male reproductive
sex cells.
• Sperm cells are the smallest cells
in the human body.
Male Reproductive System
• The job of the sperms cells it to
find the egg cell in the female
and fertilize it.
• Fertilization is the joining of the
sperm and egg cells.
• This means that the 23
chromosomes from dad
combine with the 23
chromosomes from mom to
create 46 chromosomes in a new
embryo.
Male Reproductive System
• Most men will produce 100
million sperm cells in each
tactical per day.
• Why do men produce some
many sperm cells?
• Many sperm cells are misshapen
or non-functioning.
Male Reproductive System
• Most sperm cells will die on
their journey.
• Sperm must swim 4 inches against
a current.
• This is an equivalent to swimming
24 miles.
• Out of the millions of sperm cell,
only 100 sperm cells will actually
make it to the egg.
Male Reproductive System
• Sperm cells are unique in their
shape and function.
• Sperm cells have a head,
midsection, and tail.
• The head carries the genetic codes
from the dad.
• Mid Section carries nutrients for
energy
• The tail (flagellum) helps move the
sperm through fluid.
• The sperm is the only cell with a tail.
Tail: Flagellum
Mid Section with
Mitochondria
Head
23 Chromosomes
Nucleus
Male Reproductive System
• Sperm cells are created in the
testes.
• Testes or testicles are the two
small glands that produce
sperm.
Male Reproductive System
• Inside the testes, special cells
divide so that each sperm cell
contains half of the man’s
chromosomes.
Male Reproductive System
46 Chromosomes
• Remember from the Life Cycle
unit, sperm cells will contain
either the X chromosome or the
Y chromosome.
• Depending on which sperm cell
reaches the egg cell first will
determine the gender of the
baby.
X and Y chromosome
92 chromosome
X and y chromosome
X and Y – 46 Chromosome
X
Y
X and Y – 46 Chromosome
X
Y
Male Reproductive System
• Testosterones is also created
inside the testes.
• Testosterone is the male sex
hormone that is responsible for
many changes that take place
during puberty.
Male Reproductive System
• Once the sperm cells are created
they are stored in the
epididymis where the sperm
cells continue to mature and
grow.
• The epididymis sits on top of
each testicle.
Male Reproductive System
• The scrotum is a protective skin
sac that holds the testes and
regulates the temperature.
• In order for sperm cells to
survive, the testes must
maintain a certain body
temperature.
Male Reproductive System
• Normal body temperature is
98.6 degrees.
• This is too warm for sperm
production and survival.
• This is why the testicles are on
the outside of the male body.
Male Reproductive System
• When a male becomes too hot
the scrotum will relax and drop
the testicles further away from
the body to lower their
temperature.
Male Reproductive System
• When a male becomes too cold,
the scrotum will contract and
pull the testicles closer the body
to increase temperature.
Male Reproductive System
• This is all done automatically by the body.
• The male does not have conscious control of the movement of the
scrotum.
Male Reproductive System
• Each epididymis is connected to
a vas deferens tube.
• The Vas Deferens tube carries
sperms cells from the epididymis
to the seminal vesicles.
Male Reproductive System
• The seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, and the Cowper’s gland
all add fluid to the sperm as it
passes through from the vas
deferens.
Male Reproductive System
• These fluids are added to the
sperm to help nourish and
protect the sperm once it leaves
the male body.
• The combination of the sperm
and these fluids is called semen.
Male Reproductive System
• Once the semen leaves the vas
deference tube it travels down
the urethra.
• The urethra is a tube inside the male
penis.
• The urethra has two functions in the
male.
1.
2.
Carry semen out of the body
Carry urine out the human body
Male Reproductive System
• The penis the external male sex
organ.
• In some cultures the foreskin is
removed.
• The removal of the foreskin is
call circumcision.
Male Reproductive System
• Inside the penis, there are
empty chambers called the
corpus cavernosum.
• The corpus cavernosum are
empty chambers inside the
penis.
• When a male becomes sexually
aroused the chambers are filled
with extra blood.
Male Reproductive System
• The filling of the chambers
causes the penis to elongate and
become more ridged.
• The elongating of the penis is
called an erection.
Male Reproductive System
• Sometimes a male can have an
erection without being sexual
aroused.
• Because the male body is
changing so rapidly during
adolescences it is common for a
male to have an erection
without being sexually aroused.
• This is completely normal and in
most cases uncontrollable.
Male Reproductive System
• During sexual arousal the male
body prepares itself to release
semen.
• The release of the semen is
called ejaculation.
• When a male ejaculates, the
semen is forced from the body
through the tip of the penis.
Male Reproductive System
• One ejaculation equals about 1
teaspoon of fluid
• And it contains million of sperm
cells.
Male Reproductive System
• Like an erection, ejaculation
usually takes place when
sexually aroused.
• But sometimes males (especially
during puberty) will have
nocturnal dreams.
• A nocturnal dream is an
uncontrolled ejaculation during
sleep.
Male Reproductive System
• A nocturnal dream occurs during
deep sleep.
• Sometimes while sleeping a
male will spontaneously
ejaculate.
• Again, this is very common and
normal for males during
adolescences.
Male Reproductive Problems
• It is important that males get
regular medical checkups.
• Checkups help men protect
themselves and prevent future
problems.
Male Reproductive Problems
• It is important that if a male
has anyone of the following
symptoms that they seek
medical help immediately.
• Pain during urination
• Swelling or lump in the genital
area
• Sores or irritated skin
• Pain in lower abdominal area
Male Reproductive Problems
• Jock itch is an infection of the skin
by a fungus.
• It often occurs when the scrotum
and groin skin stays hot a moist.
• The symptoms are red, itchy,
irritated skin.
• Jock itch can be prevented by
keeping the area clean and dry.
• Some over the counter creams or
ointments help relieve irritation.
Male Reproductive Problems
• Inguinal hernia is a weakness in
the lower abdominal wall that
allows a small loop of intestine
to bulge through into the
scrotum.
• It is important that males get
regular checkups so that hernias
can be detected early.
• Surgery is used to correct.
Male Reproductive Problems
• An undescended testicle is a
development defect in which
the testicle has not dropped
into the scrotum.
• An undescended testicle can
cause damage to the testicle by
not allowing it to produce
sperm.
• Surgery is used to correct.
Male Reproductive Problems
• A urinary tract infection is an
infection of the urethra, bladder,
ureters, and/or kidneys.
• Symptoms include pain and
burning during urination.
• Sometimes the urine could be
bloody.
• Medical treatment is required to
cure.
• Antibiotics are used to treat.
Male Reproductive Problems
• Testicular torsion occurs when
the testicle twists.
• This causes the nerves and the
blood vessels to pinch which
causes swelling and pain.
• Testicular torsion usually
happens during athletic activity.
• Immediate medical care is
required to prevent damage to
the testicle.
Male Reproductive Problems
• The urethra runs right through
the middle of the prostate.
• When the prostate enlarges, it
can cause frequent and slow
urination.
• This usually occurs with age.
• There are some medications and
surgery that can help.
Male Reproductive Problems
• Testicular cancer is the
uncontrolled growth of cells in the
testes.
• Testicular cancer usually does not
cause pain therefore it is important
to get regular check ups and do self
exams.
• Surgery and chemotherapy are
used as treatment.
• If left untreated, the cancer cells
can spread to other parts of the
body that can lead to death.
Testicular Exam
• Place the index and middle
fingers under the testicle with
the thumbs placed on top.
• Check for any swelling on the
scrotal skin.
• Examine each testicle with both
hands.
• Roll the testicle gently between
the thumbs and fingers.
• You shouldn't feel any pain when
doing the exam.
Testicular Exam
• Don't be alarmed if one testicle
seems slightly larger than the
other, that's normal.
• Find the epididymis, the soft,
tube like structure behind the
testicle that stores the sperm.
• Be careful not to mistake this
structure for a suspicious lump.
Testicular Exam
• Cancerous lumps usually are
found on the sides of the testicle
but can also show up on the
front.
• Lumps on or attached to the
epididymis are not cancerous.
Testicular Exam
• When conducting a Testicular Exam
you are looking for any of the
following:
• Any enlargement of a testicle
• A significant loss of size in one of the
testicles
• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
• A dull ache in the lower abdomen or in
the groin
• A sudden collection of fluid in the
scrotum
• Pain or discomfort in a testicle or in the
scrotum
Testicular Exam
• If you have any of these
symptoms; tell your parents
and/or doctor.
• Waiting and hoping is will go
away will not fix anything.
• When in doubt, get it checked
out!
Care for the Male Body
• Bathe regularly
• Keep skin clean and dry
• Always wear protective gear when
playing sports
• Get regular check ups and report
any pain, swelling, tenderness, or
lumps
• Do regular testicular exams.
• Abstain from sex before marriage to
prevent the spread of sexually
transmitted disease
Bladder
Urethra
Prostate Gland
Penis
Seminal Vesicles
Epididymis
Vas Deference
Testicle
Quick Check
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
____ is the male sex cell.
____and ____ is produced in the testes.
Sperm is stored in the ____ until needed for ejaculation.
Name the three glands that add fluid to sperm to make semen.
The ____ controls the temperature of the testicles.
In erection is caused by an increase of ___ into the chambers of the penis.
Frequent and slow urination are symptoms of ____ enlargement.
It is important to get regular medical check ups as well as performing ____
exams.
Quick Check
1. SPERM is the male sex cell.
2. SPERM and TESTOSTERONE a produced in the testes.
3. Sperm is stored in the EPIDIDYMIS until needed for ejaculation.
4. Name the three glands that add fluid to sperm to make semen.
1.
2.
3.
PROSTATE
COWPER'S
SEMINAL VESICLES
5. The SCROTUM controls the temperature of the testicles.
6. In erection is caused by an increase of BLOOD into the chambers of the penis.
7. Frequent and slow urination are symptoms of PROSTATE enlargement.
8. It is important to get regular medical check ups as well as performing TESTICULAR
exams.