$FWDKXPDQLWDULFDXQLYHUVLWDWLV6DXOHQVLV7í ,661 3UREOHPVRI)RUPDWLRQRI3ROLWLFDO5HJLPHVLQWKH%DOWLF 6WDWHVLQWKHVDFFRUGLQJWR5XVVLDQVRXUFHV 7 D W L D Q D . 2 & + ( 3 $ 6 2 9 $ 5XVVLDQ$FDGHP\RI/DZRIWKH0LQLVWU\RI-XVWLFHRIWKH5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ .H\ZRUGV%DOWLF6WDWHV.RPLQWHUQ([HFXWLYH&RPPLWWHH5XVVLDQ6WDWH$U FKLYH.RPLQWHUQ5XVVLDQ&RPPXQLVW3DUW\$QWDQDV6PHWRQD$XJXVWLQDV9ROGH PDUDVDXWKRULWDULDQPRGHOV\VWHPRIDXWRFUDF\SROLWLFDOUHJLPHV &UHDWLQJLWVRZQDUFKLWHFWXUHRISRZHUIRUWKH%DOWLFFRXQWULHVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJ of 20thFHQWXU\ZDVDQXQNQRZQSKHQRPHQRQDOWKRXJK/LWKXDQLDFRXOGUHSOLFDWH WKHH[SHULHQFHRIVWDWHLQGHSHQGHQFHRQO\DWWKHOHYHORIWKHLUKLVWRULFDOPHPRU\ IRU/DWYLDDQG(VWRQLDLWZDVWKH¿UVWH[SHULHQFHRIVWDWHKRRG ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH OHJDO VWUXFWXUH RQH RI WKH OHDGLQJ WDVNV ZDV IRUPDOL]DWLRQRISROLWLFDOUHODWLRQVFUHDWLQJDSROLWLFDOFOLPDWH,QWKLVUHJDUGWKH SURSRVHGDUWLFOHLVDQDWWHPSWWRH[DPLQHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVWDWHLQGHSHQGHQFH WKURXJKWKHSULVPRIHYROXWLRQRISROLWLFDOUHJLPHVLQWKH%DOWLFFRXQWULHVIURPWKH OLEHUDOGHPRFUDWLFPRGHODQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQV\VWHPLQ±WRDQDXWKRULWDULDQ PRGHODQGV\VWHPRIDXWRFUDF\DQGEXUHDXFUDF\LQWKHODWHV ,Q WKH KLVWRU\ RI WKH %DOWLF 6WDWHV WKLV WRSLF LV SUHVHQWHG TXLWH VXI¿FLHQWO\ KRZHYHUWKHRULJLQDOLW\RIWKHSURSRVHGZRUNLVWKDWLWKDVEHHQGRQHRQWKHEDVLV RI5XVVLDQVRXUFHVRIWKHVWKDWDOORZVWRWDONDERXWWKH³5XVVLDQYLHZ´RQ WKHSUREOHPRILQGHSHQGHQFHRIWKH%DOWLF6WDWHV)LUVWRIDOOPDWHULDOVKDYHEHHQ XVHGRIWKH)XQGRIWKH.RPLQWHUQ([HFXWLYH&RPPLWWHH±VWRUHG LQWKH5XVVLDQ6WDWH$UFKLYHRIWKH5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQɊȽȺɋɉɂ0RVFRZ7KH VSHFL¿FVRIWKH.RPLQWHUQDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHVLGHQWL¿HGWKHIRFXVRILWVDWWHQWLRQ WR WKH GHWDLOV RI WKH HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH %DOWLF 6WDWHV WKH SROLWLFDO VLWXDWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH FRXQWULHV WKHLU UHODWLRQV ZLWK WKHLU QHLJKERUV FROOHFWLQJ VWDWLVWLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ0DWHULDOVRIWKH.RPLQWHUQUHÀHFWWKHVLWXDWLRQRIWKHFLYLF VRFLHW\DQGWKHQDWXUHRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIWKHVRFLHW\ZLWKWKHVWDWHWKHW\SHRI UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHSRZHUDQGWKHRSSRVLWLRQPHDQVRIUHVROYLQJSROLWLFDO DQGVRFLDOFRQÀLFWV 7KLVUHVHDUFKLVDOVREDVHGRQWKHSXEOLVKHGSDSHUVRIWKHVRFDOOHG³VSHFLDO ¿OHV´RIWKH3ROLWEXURRIWKH&HQWUDO&RPPLWWHHRI5XVVLDQ&RPPXQLVW3DUW\RI %ROVKHYLNV$OO8QLRQ &RPPXQLVW 3DUW\ RI %ROVKHYLNV PE 3' 2000), RQFHVHFUHWPDWHULDOVZKLFKDUHUHÀHFWLQJWRDJUHDWHUH[WHQWWKHIRUHLJQSROLF\ 7DWLDQD.RFKHSDVRYD of the Sovi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¿FDQGFUHGLEOH forces in the name of governments and armies of the Soviet Russia, Germany, )UDQFH RU (QJODQG ZHUH LQWHUSUHWHG DV D IXQGDPHQWDO YDOXH 7KH LPDJH RI WKH GHPRFUDWLFUHSXEOLFVZDVUHÀHFWHGLQWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQVRI(VWRQLD/DWYLD DQG /LWKXDQLD 'HVSLWH WKH DWWUDFWLYHQHVV RI EHFRPLQJ SDUW RI :HVWHUQOLEHUDOVRFLHW\LQWKHHDUO\VWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVKDYHQRW\HWSRVVHVVHG DQ\VWURQJIRXQGDWLRQIRUWKLV±LQPDWHULDOSROLWLFDOPHQWDODQGFXOWXUDOVHQVH 7KHYDOXHRILQGHSHQGHQFHLVQRWLQFOXGHGVRPXFKLQLWVDUELWUDU\SURFODPDWLRQ EXWPRUHLQUHDVRQDEOHQHVVDQGGHSHQGHQFHRQVSHFL¿FVWHSV 7KHPDMRUPRWLYHIROORZHGE\WKHOHDGHUVRIWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVLQWKHHDUO\\HDUV RIJRYHUQDQFHZDVWKHVRFDOOHGQDWLRQDOMXVWLFH,WSUHVXPHGFDUU\LQJRXWWKHSROLF\ RI FRPSHQVDWLRQV IRU FHQWXULHVROG UHSUHVVLRQ RI WKH /DWYLDQV WKH /LWKXDQLDQV DQGWKH(VWRQLDQV)LUVWDQGIRUHPRVWHPERGLPHQWRIWKHQDWLRQDOMXVWLFHZDVDQ DJUDULDQUHIRUPZKLFKEHJDQLQLQ(VWRQLDLQLQ/DWYLDDQGLQ in Lithuania. 7KH PHDQLQJ RI WKH DJUDULDQ UHIRUP ZDV WKH QDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ WKH HOLPLQDWLRQ RI ODQG SURSHUWLHV RI ³WKH IRUPHU´ ± WKH %DOWLF *HUPDQV WKH 5XVVLDQ DQG ORFDO ODQGRZQHUVJLYLQJWKHODQGWRWKHODQGOHVVDQGODFNODQGSHDVDQWV7KHODWWHUZDV SDUWLFXODUO\UHOHYDQWIRUH[DPSOHLQ/DWYLDLQODQGOHVVSHDVDQWVDFFRXQWHG IRURIUXUDOSRSXODWLRQɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ7KHODZ RQDJUDULDQUHIRUPLQ/DWYLDSURYLGHGIRUFUHDWLRQRIIDUPVRIDUHDHTXDOWRDERXW GHVVLDWLQDVIRUDOOODQGOHVVSHDVDQWVZKRZLVKHGLWKRZHYHUODQGZDVSULPDULO\ RIIHUHGWR³/DFKSOHVLV´RUGHUKROGHUVWKHQWRIDPLO\PHPEHUVRIWKRVHNLOOHGLQWKH ZDUIRULQGHSHQGHQFHVROGLHUVZKRKDYHVWD\HGDWWKHZDUIURQWVIRUDWOHDVWVL[ PRQWKVDQGGLVDEOHGZDUYHWHUDQVɉ ɭ ɧ ɝ ɚ ,IRQHWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWWKDW LQWKHHDUO\V³/DFKSOHVLV´RUGHUKDGEHHQJLYHQWRQXPHURXVSXEOLF¿JXUHV RI/DWYLDDVZHOODVWRUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKH/DWYLDQERXUJHRLVLHLWLVSRVVLEOHWR FRQFOXGHWKDWLWZDVGLUHFWUHGLVWULEXWLRQRIODQGRZQHUVKLSLQIDYRURIWKHSRZHU KROGLQJFODVVHV7KHODZDOVRWRRNLQWRDFFRXQWDVDSULRULW\WKHDYDLODELOLW\RI SHDVDQW¶VWRROVQHHGHGIRUODQGFXOWLYDWLRQWKXVOLPLWLQJWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIREWDLQLQJ DUHDOSORWE\WKHSRRUHVWSHDVDQWV $VDUHVXOWRIODQGUHIRUPFDUULHGRXWLQ(VWRQLDPRVWRIWKHODQGRZQHUV¶ODQGV ZHUHDOVRLQKHULWHGE\³OLEHUDWLRQZDUKHURHV´±JHQHUDOVRI¿FHUVDQGSULPDULO\ ODUJHODQGRZQHUVWKHVRFDOOHG³GDUNEDURQV´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realistic situation. 7KXVWKHSURFODLPHGVORJDQ³(DUWKIRUIUHH´RIFRXUVHZDVDQLOOXVLRQ7KH SULQFLSOH RI QDWLRQDO MXVWLFH LQ WKH YLOODJH ZDV FRQIURQWHG ZLWK WKH SULQFLSOH RI HFRQRPLF IHDVLELOLW\ $JUDULDQ UHIRUP GLG QRW KHOS WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI IDUPV UDWKHU LQFUHDVLQJ WKH VSUHDG RI VXEVLVWHQFH IDUPLQJ$IWHU REWDLQLQJ WKH SORW RI ODQGWKHPDMRUSUREOHPIRUIDUPHUVZDVQRWWKHODQGEXWWD[DWLRQEHFDXVHPDQ\ KRXVHKROGVKDGEHHQLQGHEWIRUH[DPSOHLQWKHGHEWRI/DWYLDQSHDVDQWV WRYDULRXV¿QDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVZDVHTXDOWRPLOOLRQODWɁ ɭ ɛ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ (JDOLWDULDQDJUDULDQUHIRUPLQ/DWYLDZKLFKJDYHWKHODQGWRHYHU\RQHZKR ZDQWHG LW OHG ¿UVW WR ODQG GH¿FLW UHVXOWLQJ LQ SORWV RI ODQG IRU WKH ODVW SHRSOH RQ WKHZDLWLQJOLVWXQGHU GHVVLDWLQDV DQG WKHQ ± WR WKH ODFN RI UXUDO ZRUNHUV QRZDOOZHUH³RZQHUV´HYHQLIWKH\RQO\SRVVHVVHGVHYHUDOKHFWDUHVRIODQGɊȽȺ ɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ,QWKH*RYHUQPHQWGHFLGHGWRLPSRUW /LWKXDQLDQ DJULFXOWXUDO ZRUNHUV IRU VHDVRQDO MREV ,Q HYHQ WKH QXPEHU RI /LWKXDQLDQZRUNHUVZDVQRWHQRXJKZKLFKZDVIROORZHGE\LPSRUWRI3ROLVKUXUDO ZRUNHUVZKRVHQXPEHUVDWWKHHQGRIH[FHHGHGWKRXVDQGSHRSOHɊȽȺ ɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ,Q(VWRQLDWKHDJUDULDQUHIRUPOHGWRWKH VKDUSGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRISHDVDQWU\±LQWKHUHZHUHWKRXVDQGODERUHUVWKDW ZDVEURNHSHDVDQWVDQGWKRVHZKRORVWWKHLUODQGZKLOHRIODQGZDVLQWKH KDQGVRIPHGLXPDQGODUJHKROGHUVZLWKKROGLQJVUDQJLQJIURPWRKHFWDUHV HDFKɉ ɭ ɧ ɝ ɚ In addition, the land reform results had been used by the authorities of the Baltic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±IURPWR± 7KH %DOWLF VWDWHV ZHUH DFWLYHO\ UHDOL]LQJ WKH ³EULGJHWUDQVLW´ HFRQRPLF PRGHO ZKLFKORRNHGYHU\DWWUDFWLYHSURYLGLQJTXLFNDQGHDV\SUR¿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± +RZHYHU WUDGH DQG HFRQRPLF WLHV ZLWK 0RVFRZ GHVSLWH WKH DWWUDFWLYHQHVV RIWKHHFRQRPLFEHQH¿WVUDLVHGIHDUVWKDWWKHVWUHQJWKHQLQJRI6RYLHW5XVVLDRQ WKH%DOWLFHFRQRPLFVSDFHZLOOPHDQ³WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHHQGRIHYHU\/DWYLDV´ ɉ ɢ ɫ ɶ ɦ ɨ 0RUHRYHU VXFK D PRGHO RI HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW GLG QRW FRQWULEXWHWRWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVLQWKHZHVWHUQHFRQRPLFV\VWHP 7KH VHFRQG SRVVLEOH PRGHO RI HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH %DOWLF 6WDWHV ± LQGXVWULDO H[SRUW ± LQ WKH V ZDV XQDFFHSWDEOH WR WKHP :LWK WKH *HUPDQV¶ DGYDQFH LQ D QXPEHU RI LPSRUWDQW LQGXVWULHV ZHUH HYDFXDWHG GHHSHU LQWR 5XVVLDIURPWKH/DWYLDQWHUULWRU\GXULQJWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DU%RWKZRUNHUVZLWK WKHLUIDPLOLHVDQGSURGXFWLRQHTXLSPHQWZHUHVHQWWKHUH/DWHURQLQWKHWZHQWLHV DIWHU WKH FLYLO ZDU VRPH ZRUNHUV UHWXUQHG EXW WKH HTXLSPHQW UHPDLQHG ZKHUH LWKDGEHHQLQVWDOOHG(YDFXDWLRQKDGEHHQDSSOLHGWRHQWHUSULVHVRIPLOLWDU\DQG HFRQRPLFLPSRUWDQFHVXFKDVDJLDQWUXEEHUSURGXFHU³3URYRGQLN´DVKLSEXLOGLQJ SODQW ³/DQJH DQG 6RQ´ WKH %DOWLF VKLSEXLOGLQJ DQG VKLSUHSDLU SODQW WKH WZR UDLOFDUPDQXIDFWXULQJIDFWRULHV5XVVLDQ%DOWLFDQG³3KRHQL[´DQHOHFWURWHFKQLFDO SODQW ³8QLRQ´ D PHWDO SURFHVVLQJ DQG PDFKLQHEXLOGLQJ SODQW ³(WKQD´ ³)HO]HU DQG&R´³0RWRU´DQLURQZRUNVSODQW³6LULXV´HWFLQGXVWULDOIDFLOLWLHVIURP 5LJDDQGIURP'DXJDYSLOVZHUHHYDFXDWHGɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾ Ʌ± :LWKJDLQLQJLQGHSHQGHQFHLQWKHVWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVORVWWKHLUFRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK5XVVLDQPDUNHWVDQGUDZPDWHULDOV7KLVGHWHUPLQHGWKHIDWHRIWKHLULQGXVWU\± WKHQHHGIRUKHDY\LQGXVWU\VLPSO\ZDVQRORQJHUQHFHVVDU\+RZHYHUWKHUHZDVD SRVWZDUVKRUWDJHRIPDQ\FLYLOLDQJRRGV7KHPDUNHWODFNHGFRPSHWLWLRQZKLFK FRQWULEXWHGWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVPDOOVFDOHSURGXFWLRQWRPHHWWKHORFDOQHHGV )RUH[DPSOHDWWKHWLPHRILQGHSHQGHQFHLQ/DWYLDWKHDYHUDJHVL]HRIHQWHUSULVHV DV ZHOO DV WKH QXPEHU RI ZRUNHUV DQG WKH YROXPH RI SURGXFWLRQ GHFOLQHG DERXW WLPHV7KHVHZHUHFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWEXVLQHVVHVDFWXDOO\VPDOOZRUNVKRSV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH UXOHV RI /DWYLD¶V VWDWLVWLFV DQ HQWHUSULVH FRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG EHORQJLQJ WR LQGXVWU\ LI LW SRVVHVVHG DW OHDVW RQH HQJLQH RU ¿YH ZRUNHUV 7KH JHQHUDO YROXPH RI LQGXVWULDO SURGXFWV LQ /DWYLD IDLOHG WR UHDFK SUHZDU OHYHO RI (YHQLQSURGXFWLRQYROXPHZDVRQO\RIWKHLQGLFDWRUVRI ZKLOHLQPDFKLQHEXLOGLQJDQGPHWDOSURFHVVLQJLWZDVRQO\ɊȽȺɋɉɂɎ ɈɩȾɅ 7KHPRVWRSWLPDOPRGHOIRUWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVLQWKHVZDVWKHPRGHORI DJUDULDQGHYHORSPHQWLQZKLFKVPDOODQGPHGLXPVL]HGLQGXVWULHVFDQRQO\VHUYH WRPHHWWKHQHHGVRIWKHFRXQWU\$FFRUGLQJWRVWDWLVWLFVGXULQJV±VWKH DJULFXOWXUH HPSOR\HG RI WKH HFRQRPLFDOO\ DFWLYH SRSXODWLRQ LQ /DWYLD ± LQ /LWKXDQLD DQG ± LQ (VWRQLD ɊȽȺ ɋɉɂ Ɏ Ɉɩ Ⱦ 3UREOHPVRI)RUPDWLRQRI3ROLWLFDO5HJLPHV LQWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVLQWKHVDFFRUGLQJWR5XVVLDQVRXUFHV Ʌ +RZHYHU WKH SURVSHFWV IRU DJULFXOWXUDO H[SRUWV ZHUH OLPLWHG E\ WKH QDUURZQHVVRIWKHPDUNHW 7KHHFRQRPLFFULVLVRIWKHHDUO\VZDVDPDMRUWHVWIRUWKH%DOWLF6WDWHV )LUVWLWZDVIHOWE\(VWRQLD$PELWLRQVRI(VWRQLDQERXUJHRLVLHWREHFRPHPDVWHUV RIPDMRULQGXVWULHVZHUHWRRKLJK³,Q(VWRQLDQERXUJHRLVLHZDVWKUHDWHQHG E\ EDQNUXSWF\ ODUJH IDFWRULHV DQG SODQWV VWRSSHG SDUWO\ EHFDXVH RI WKH ODFN RI RUGHUV SDUWO\ GXH WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKH VWDWH KDG QR SRZHU WR VXSSRUW WKHP ZLWK ORDQV6LQFH(VWRQLDQERXUJHRLVLHOLYHGWKHOLYHVRISDUDVLWHVVSHFXODWHGRQ WKHDVVHWVIURPWKHIRUPHU5XVVLDQHPSLUHDQGSOXJJHGWKHJDSV ZLWKJROGJDLQHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI SHDFH WUHDWLHV ZLWK 6RYLHW 5XVVLD´ ɊȽȺ ɋɉɂ Ɏ Ɉɩ ȾɅ,QDGGLWLRQIRUHLJQFDSLWDOLQHYHU\ZD\LPSHGHGWKHGHYHORSPHQW RI (VWRQLDQ LQGXVWU\ VHHNLQJ WR WUDQVIRUP (VWRQLD LQ LWV DJURFRPPRGLW\ EDVLV ³&RPSOHWH DQG FRVWHI¿FLHQW XVDJH RI ODUJH HQWHUSULVHV ± SODQWV DQG IDFWRULHV ± ZDVLPSRVVLEOH7KH\FRXOGQRWGXHWRWKHLURXWGDWHGWHFKQRORJ\FRPSHWHZLWK WKH:HVWHUQ VWDWHV WKXV PDUNHWLQJ WKHLU SURGXFWV WR IRUHLJQ PDUNHWV KDV SURYHG DOPRVWLPSRVVLEOH,VKDGEHHQMXVWWHPSRUDULO\SRVVLEOHWRH[HFXWHRUGHUVIURP WKH8665EXWHYHQWKHUH(VWRQLDFRXOGQRWFRPSHWHZLWKRWKHUFRXQWULHV,QIDFW LWZDVWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIPDMRULQGXVWU\7UDQVLWWUDGHWKURXJKWKH6RYLHWSRUWVLQ WKH*XOIRI)LQODQGZDVGHFUHDVLQJHYHQPRUH´ɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾ Ʌ'RPHVWLFPDUNHWZDVH[WUHPHO\QDUURZHGE\WKHFKDRVLPEDODQFHRI SURGXFWLRQDQGOLYLQJVWDQGDUGVRIWKHPDVVHV*HQHURXVJRYHUQPHQWDOVXEVLGLHV GLGQ¶WKHOSWKHGHYHORSPHQWRILQGXVWU\*ROGDQGFXUUHQF\UHVHUYHVTXLFNO\GULHG XS7UDGHZDVIRXQGLQVWDJQDWLRQ7KHPDUNHWZDVÀRRGHGZLWK*HUPDQJRRGV ZKLFK(VWRQLDQWUDGHUVZHUHEX\LQJLQODUJHEDWFKHVXVLQJVKDUSGHYDOXDWLRQRI WKH*HUPDQPDUN%X\LQJZDVQ¶WWKHUHDVWURQJFURSIDLOXUHLQKDGIXUWKHU ZRUVHQHGWKHVLWXDWLRQRIZRUNLQJFODVVHVDQGORZHUHGWKHLUSXUFKDVLQJSRZHU$OO WKLVOHGWRWKHFROODSVHRIWKHLQGXVWU\&RPSDQLHVEXUVWOLNHVRDSEXEEOHV6KRSV ZHUHFORVHGDQGEDQNUXSW ,Q WKH DJULFXOWXUDO VHFWRU LQ (VWRQLD ³PDQ\ ODUJH IDUPV KDG GHEW RQ ORDQV REWDLQHG LQ WKH EDQNV GXULQJ WKH WLPH RI HFRQRP\ UHEXLOGLQJ DQG UHSD\PHQW RI WKHPWRDODUJHH[WHQWZDVLPSRVVLEOH$VDUHVXOWWKHUHZHUHVDOHVRIIDUPVE\ DXFWLRQVWUDQVIHURIIDUPVIURPKDQGVWRKDQGVHWF´ɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩ ȾɅ ,QLQ(VWRQLDDQG/DWYLDWUDGHFULVLVVWDUWHGXSZKLFKLQFUHDVHGGXHWR WKH SRRU KDUYHVW RI ± DQG WKH FHVVDWLRQ RI JUDQWLQJ VWDWHRZQHG EDQN ORDQV%\WKHHQGRIWKHUHVWULFWLRQRILPSRUWVZLWKKLJKWDULIIVFHVVDWLRQ RI ORDQV IRU EXVLQHVVHV DQG WUDGH UHGXFWLRQ RI WKH QXPEHU RI SXEOLF MREKROGHUV E\WKHJRYHUQPHQWVRIYDULRXVFRXQWULHVVXFFHHGHGLQGHOD\LQJWKHGHYHORSPHQW RIWKHFULVLV+RZHYHUWKHHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQLQ/DWYLDGLGQ¶WVRIWHQXQWLO 'XHWRWKHGHFOLQHLQH[SRUWVLQZKLFKZDVDJJUDYDWHGE\WKHIUHH]LQJ RISRUWVDQGLPSRUWJURZWKWKHGHFOLQLQJRIWKHIRUHLJQH[FKDQJHUHVHUYHVRIWKH 6WDWH%DQNWRRNSODFH³)RUWKUHHZHHNVLQ0DUFK±E\PLOOLRQODWVIURP 1RYHPEHU±E\PLOOLRQODWV,QWKHFRXQWU\EXGJHWZKLFKLQ± 79 7DWLDQD.RFKHSDVRYD ZDVHTXDOWRPLOOLRQODWVWKHYDOXHRILQGLUHFWWD[DWLRQLQFUHDVHG7KHIDOORI WKHQDWLRQDOFXUUHQF\DQGULVLQJSULFHVFUHDWHGDFDWDVWURSKLFVLWXDWLRQ%X\RXWRI ORFDOLQGXVWULHVE\IRUHLJQFDSLWDOVWDUWHGXS´ɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾ Ʌ 7KH HFRQRP\ RI /LWKXDQLD LQ WKH ± ³ZDV H[SHULHQFLQJ VHYHUH GH SUHVVLRQ7KHKDUYHVWRIZDVEDG,QGXVWU\ZDVLQDFDWDVWURSKLFVLWXDWLRQ 7KH SRUW RI 0HPHO ZDV UXQGRZQ IRUHLJQ WUDGH GLG QRW VKRZ VDWLVIDFWRU\ GHYHORSPHQWWKHUHZDVDGLI¿FXOW¿QDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQSXUFKDVLQJSRZHUKDGGH FOLQHGFRQVLGHUDEO\´ɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ $JDLQVW WKH EDFNGURS RI WKH SROLF\ RI ³KLJK H[SHFWDWLRQV´ WKH GHFOLQLQJ RI OLYLQJVWDQGDUGVZDVUHDO7KXVWKHZDJHVRILQGXVWULDOZRUNHUVLQ(VWRQLDLQ ZHUH±YHUVXVWKHOHYHORIɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ $FFRUGLQJWR$VVLVWDQW3UHVLGHQWRIWKH,QWHUVWDWH/DERU2I¿FH0U8GHJHVWZKR YLVLWHG (VWRQLD LQ ³WKH OLYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH (VWRQLDQ ZRUNHUV ODJJHG EHKLQG (XURSH IRU \HDUV´ ɊȽȺ ɋɉɂ Ɏ Ɉɩ Ⱦ Ʌ Wages DOVRFRXOGQ¶WNHHSSDFHZLWKWKHSUHZDUWLPHVLQWKHLQGXVWU\RI/DWYLDDVNLOOHG ZRUNHUPDGHXQVNLOOHG±ZRPHQZRUNHUV±ɊȽȺɋɉɂɎ ɈɩȾɅ,QPLGVDZRUNHULQ/DWYLDHDUQHGWLPHVOHVV WKDQDZRUNHULQ/RQGRQWLPHVOHVVWKDQDZRUNHULQ3DULVWLPHVOHVVWKDQ DZRUNHULQ0RVFRZWLPHVOHVVWKDQDZRUNHULQ:DUVDZDQGWLPHVOHVV WKDQDZRUNHULQ3UDJXHɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ 'HVSLWH RI WKH RI¿FLDOO\ HVWDEOLVKHG KRXU ZRUNLQJ GD\ WKH ODZ ZDV UDUHO\ REVHUYHGSHRSOHZRUNHGIRUKRXUVLQVRPHDUHDV±XSWRKRXUVSHUGD\ $FFRUGLQJWRLQVXUDQFHDXWKRULWLHVLQWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIVLFNZRUNHUV LQ/DWYLDLQFUHDVHGIURPWRZLWKDQDYHUDJHGXUDWLRQRILOOQHVVRI GD\V WKH QXPEHU RI LQMXUHG DW WKH ZRUNSODFH JUHZ IURP WR 2Q WKH EDFNGURSRIWKHHFRQRPLFFULVLVWKHUHGXFWLRQRIWKHZRUNLQJFODVVGXHWRLQFUHDVHG PRUWDOLW\XQHPSOR\PHQWDQGLPPLJUDWLRQWRRNSODFHɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩ ȾɅ±ȾɅ± 5HDFWLRQ RI SXEOLF RSLQLRQ ZDV LPPHGLDWH ,Q 0D\ LQ WKH GD\V RI WKH HOHFWLRQV FDPSDLJQ LQ 5HYHO WKHUH ZHUH VRFLDO GHPRQVWUDWLRQV ZLWK IUDQN DSSHDOV³'RZQZLWKWKH*RYHUQPHQWRINQDYHV´³0DUWQD)DWKHU±PLOOLRQDLUH DQGVSHFXODWRU´³0DUWQD6RQ±KHHDUQVDVDQDGYRFDWHEXWKHLVQRWDPRQJWKH ZRUNHUV´³.DUWDX±WKHJUHDWKHOPVPDQDQGVSHFXODWRURIPRRQVKLQH´³*HOODW± WKHIXOOSRZHU0LQLVWHURIVRYHUHLJQUHSXEOLF´³2\QDVLVPDNLQJSDSHUSURWRFROV RQWKHWKLHYHVRIERXUJHRLVUHSXEOLF´³5D\LVZDQGHULQJDPRQJWKHSDWULRWVDQG LVSXWWLQJZUHDWKVRQWKHJUDYHVRIWKH5HSXEOLFH[HFXWLRQHUVRWKHUVDUHPRUHRU OHVV EXUHDXFUDWV IRUHPHQ DQG SODQWRZQHUV$OO RI WKHP DUH VSHFXODWRUV RU MXVW EODEEHUV7KH\DUHVKDFNOHGWLJKWLQWKHFKDLQVRIJROGHQLGRO±WKH*ROGHQ&DOI´ ɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ± (FRQRPLFLQVWDELOLW\DQGVRFLDOSUREOHPVSURYRNHGPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIDOOVRUWVRI SROLWLFDORSLQLRQVWKHOHDGLQJWKHPHRIZKLFKZDVWKHGHJUHHRIFRQ¿GHQFHLQWKH JRYHUQPHQW6LQFHWKHUHZDVDUHYLYLQJRIWKHVWULNHPRYHPHQW7KHUHZDV 3UREOHPVRI)RUPDWLRQRI3ROLWLFDO5HJLPHV LQWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVLQWKHVDFFRUGLQJWR5XVVLDQVRXUFHV SXEOLFDQGSROLWLFDOLGHQWLW\JURZWKZKLFKZDVLQGH[HGE\WKHJURZWKRIDFWLYH SDUWLFLSDWLRQRIFLWL]HQVLQHOHFWLRQFDPSDLJQV7KXVLQHOHFWLRQVWRWKH6HMPDRI /DWYLDLQ2FWREHUWKHUHZHUHSDUW\OLVWVLQHOHFWLRQVLQWKHUHZHUH RQO\ OLVWV WKH QXPEHU RI SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ WKH HOHFWLRQV DPRXQWHG WR RI WKHSRSXODWLRQRIWKHUHSXEOLFHYHQLQWKHEDFNZDUGDUHDRI/HWJDOLDLWUHDFKHG 5HÀHFWLRQ RI WKH SUHVVLQJ GHPDQGV RI ZRUNHUV LQ WKH PDQLIHVWV RI 6RFLDO 'HPRFUDWVSURYLGHGIRUWKHV\PSDWK\RIWKHSRSXODWLRQ,Q5LJDWKHSDUW\RI6RFLDO 'HPRFUDWVJRWRIYRWHVLQ/LEDYD±LQ9LQGDYD±,QJHQHUDO LQWKHFLWLHVWKH6RFLDO'HPRFUDWVVFRUHG±PRUHYRWHVWKDQGXULQJSUHYLRXV HOHFWLRQVɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ 3DUOLDPHQWDU\HOHFWLRQVLQ(VWRQLDDOVRVKRZHGJURZWKLQVRFLDODFWLYLW\RIWKH FLWL]HQV0D\HOHFWLRQVZHUHDWWHQGHGE\RIWKHSRSXODWLRQ0D\ HOHFWLRQV±E\DOUHDG\7KHWKUHH\HDUSHULRGZDVWKHSHULRGRIVWUHQJWKHQLQJ RI DXWKRULW\ RI WKH (VWRQLDQ 6RFLDO 'HPRFUDWLF /DERU 3DUW\ LQ VRFLHW\ LW KDG LQFUHDVHGLWVSUHVHQFHLQ3DUOLDPHQWIURPWRVHDWVVOLJKWO\SXVKLQJDVLGHWKH $JUDULDQ3DUW\ZKLFKNHSW±RIWKHYRWHVDQGVHDWVLQ3DUOLDPHQW 7KH&RPPXQLVWVORRNHGDOVRYHU\FRQYLQFLQJO\LQWKHHOHFWLRQVLQVSHDNLQJ XQGHUWKHQDPHRI$OO6WDWH:RUNHUV¶3XEOLF)URQWWKH\VFRUHGRIWKHYRWH DQGWRRNVHDWVLQ3DUOLDPHQW,QLQDEORFNZLWKWKH(VWRQLDQ:RUNHUV¶ 3DUW\WKH\KDGPDQDJHGWRJDLQRIWKHYRWHDQGVHDWVLQ3DUOLDPHQWɊȽȺ ɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ± 7KXVWKHSXEOLFRSLQLRQGLVDSSRLQWHGE\WKHXQPHWSHUVRQDOQHHGVHVSHFLDOO\LQ HFRQRPLFVWDELOLW\H[SUHVVHGLWVDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHJRYHUQPHQW DQGSXWIRUZDUGWKHLUSULRULW\WRVRFLRSROLWLFDOYDOXHV7KHLPDJHRIWKHXQLYHUVDO ³GLVRUGHU´ZDVDFNQRZOHGJHGE\WKHPDVVFRQVFLRXVQHVVXQGHUWKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKH PLQGVHWRIWKHQDWLRQDOMXVWLFHFUHDWHGE\WKHVWDWHSURSDJDQGDDQGWKXVUHVWLQJ WKH SULPDU\ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RQ WKH VWDWH SRZHU 2Q 'HFHPEHU st (VWRQLDQ &RPPXQLVWVWULHGWRUDLVHDQDUPHGXSULVLQJLQ7DOOLQQZKLFKIDLOHG:LWKLQWZRWR WKUHHPRQWKVVHYHUDOKXQGUHGZRUNHUVZHUHVKRWDQGPRUHWKDQWKRXVDQGSHRSOH ZHUH SXW XQGHU DUUHVW ɊȽȺ ɋɉɂ Ɏ Ɉɩ Ⱦ Ʌ 'HVSLWH WKH DWWUDFWLYHQHVVRIDFFXVLQJWKH6RYLHW8QLRQRILQWHUIHULQJLQWRWKHLQWHUQDODIIDLUVRI (VWRQLDDQGWRVRPHH[WHQWMXVWL¿HG³SXWVFKZDVWKHFRQVHTXHQFHSULPDULO\RI GRPHVWLFHQYLURQPHQW´ZKLFKH[LVWHGLQ(VWRQLDQVRFLHW\DQGWKHVWDWHɊɟɲɟɧɢɹ 7KHDFKLHYHPHQWRIVWDELOL]DWLRQRIWKHLUSROLWLFDOUHJLPHVE\WKHOHDGHUVRIWKH %DOWLF6WDWHV LQ PLGV ZDV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH VWUHQJWKHQLQJ RI JRYHUQPHQWDO institutions, able to validate the consent of the citizens to the fact that they should EHJRYHUQHGH[DFWO\E\WKRVHZKRJRYHUQWKHPDQGH[DFWO\LQWKHZD\LWLVGRQH :LWKGUDZDOIURPWKHGHPRFUDWLFSULQFLSOHVRIJRYHUQDQFHLQ(VWRQLDEHFDPH HYLGHQWHYHQLQDQGZDVOLQNHGZLWKWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIWKH0LQLVWHURI+RPH $IIDLUV 0U *HOODW %HLQJ DQ DGYRFDWH RI SXEOLF RSLQLRQ PDQDJHPHQW E\ IRUFH KHHQKDQFHGWKHSROLFHDFWLYLWLHV7KHHPSKDVLVZDVSODFHGRQVXSSUHVVLRQRIWKH SRVVLELOLW\RIWKH&RPPXQLVWLQÀXHQFH7KHSROLFHUHFHLYHGWKHSRZHUVWRFDUU\ 7DWLDQD.RFKHSDVRYD RXWVHDUFKHVDQGDUUHVWVRIWKHVXVSHFWVLQWKHVWUHHW7KHVHFXULW\LQSULVRQVXVHGDQ XQOLPLWHGDUVHQDORIPHDQVRIFRHUFLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQUHODWLRQWRSROLWLFDOSULVRQHUV $FFRUGLQJWRWKHVRXUFHV³LQWKHSULVRQRIWKHWRZQRI<XULHYHDFKDUUHVWHGSHUVRQ ZDVWRUWXUHG8SRQFRQFOXVLRQRIWKHDUUHVWHGSHUVRQLQWRWKHSXQLVKPHQWFHOOKH ZDVELUFKHG,QZLQWHUWKHDUUHVWHGZHUHSXWLQWRFHOOVQDNHGZKHQWKHDUUHVWHG SOHDGHGVHFXULW\WRJLYHWKHPVRPHWKLQJWRPDNHVKHOWHUDJDLQVWFROGWKHRI¿FHUV SLOHGVQRZRQWKHP6KRRWLQJVZHUHDFFRPSDQLHGE\KXPLOLDWLRQ,QSULVRQVRI 5HYHODQG9H]HQEHUJVHFXULW\KDGDQDUVHQDORIGHYLFHVDQGH[FHOOHGLQWRUPHQWV ZLWKWKHXVHRIWRUWXUHVHOHFWULFVKRFNVVSHFLDODXWRPDWLFKDQGFXIIVZLWKWHHWK ZKLFK FRPSUHVV DW WKH VOLJKWHVW PRYHPHQW RI WKH KDQGV RI WKH DUUHVWHG´ ɊȽȺ ɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ± ,Q5HYHOLQWKH*RYHUQPHQWRUJDQL]HGDVSHFLDOJURXSRIWKHPRVWFDSDEOH DQGUHOLDEOHH[HFXWLRQHUV±³7KH'HWDFKPHQWRI2ZOV´KDYLQJVSHFLDO,'FDUGVZLWK DVWDPSGHSLFWLQJDQRZOSURGXFLQJVKRRWLQJV³&LUFXVVWURQJPHQDQGDWKOHWHV had been used for bone crashing during tortures in the chambers of Commander in &KLHILQ5HYHO´ɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ Authorities failed to hide their activities. At the elections to the Constituent $VVHPEO\RI(VWRQLDLQ$SULODOLVWRIH[HFXWHGZDVLVVXHG7KHKXQJHU VWULNHRI$XJXVWrdLQ5HYHOFHQWUDOSULVRQZDVDSURWHVWDJDLQVWWKHKXPLOLDWLRQ ELUFKLQJDQGWRUWXUHVLQSULVRQVDQGVHFXULW\RI¿FHVLQ(VWRQLD$FFRUGLQJWRWKH LQFRPSOHWH¿JXUHVLQ±(VWRQLDFDUULHGRXWRYHUDERXWSROLWLFDOWULDOV RIUHYROXWLRQDULHVWKHODUJHVWRIWKHP±³7KH3URFHVVRIWKH´LQ7DUWX,Q0D\ RQHRIWKHOHDGHUVRIWKHLOOHJDO&RPPXQLVW3DUW\LQ(VWRQLD9.LQJLVHSS ZDVDUUHVWHGDQGVKRWWRGHDWK,Q-DQXDU\DURXQGWUDGHXQLRQGLYLVLRQV RI(&3(VWRQLDQ&RPPXQLVW3DUW\DQGWKHLUDVVHWVZHUHGHPROLVKHGDQGDUUHVWV RIWKHGHSXWLHVRIWKHXQLWHGIURQWWRRNSODFH)URPth to 27th1RYHPEHU WKHVRFDOOHG³7KH3URFHVVRIWKH´ZDVRUJDQL]HGIROORZLQJZKLFKSHUVRQV ZHUHVHQWHQFHGWROLIHORQJSHQDOVHUYLWXGH2QHRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHSURFHVV WKH 3DUOLDPHQW GHSXW\<D7RPS ZDV SXW WR PLOLWDU\ FRXUW DQG VKRW WR GHDWK DW LWV VHQWHQFH IRU WKH ³FRQWHPSW RI FRXUW´ DQG ³LQFLWHPHQW WR RSHQ UHEHOOLRQ´$ PRQWK EHIRUH RQ 6HSWHPEHU th DQRWKHU 'HSXW\ &RPPXQLVW + +H\GHPDQQ ZDVDUUHVWHGDFFXVHGXQGHU³7KH3URFHVVRIWKH´DQGVKRWWRGHDWKLQ$XJXVW ,QWRWDOWKHUHZHUHSROLWLFDOWULDOVRIWKHDFFXVHGɊȽȺɋɉɂɎ ɈɩȾɅ $IWHU WKH ³5HYHO HYHQWV´ UHDFWLRQ LQ /LWKXDQLD VWDUWHG WR ULVH 6HLPDV KDV issued a series of decrees restricting freedom of the mass media, meetings and SURFHVVLRQV LQ WKH FRXQWU\$UUHVWV EHJDQ7KH DXWKRULWLHV KDG SUHSDUHG D VHULHV RIGHPRQVWUDWLYHSROLWLFDOSURFHVVHVWKH3URFHVVRIWKHZLWKUHVSHFWWR6HLPDV GHSXWLHVDQG6HLPDVFDQGLGDWHVXQGHUWKHOLVWVRIOHIWZLQJZRUNHUVDQGSHDVDQWV WKH3URFHVVRIWKH5RNVKLNZRUNHUVDQGSHDVDQWVZKRXQGHUWRUWXUHVLQ ZHUHIRUFHGWRFRQIHVVWRPHPEHUVKLSLQWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\WKH3URFHVVRIWKH &XOWXUDO/HDJXH±D-HZLVKFXOWXUDODQGHGXFDWLRQDOVRFLHW\ZKLFKEURXJKWWRWULDO RYHUSHRSOHDQGRWKHUV,QWRWDODWWKHHQGRIDERXWSHRSOHZHUH 3UREOHPVRI)RUPDWLRQRI3ROLWLFDO5HJLPHV LQWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVLQWKHVDFFRUGLQJWR5XVVLDQVRXUFHV EURXJKWWRFRXUWVRPHDSSHDUHGLQSURFHVVHV7KH\ZHUHPDLQO\DFFXVHGRI EHORQJLQJWRWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\ZKLFKXQGHUWKH/LWKXDQLDQODZEURXJKWWKH GHDWKVHQWHQFHɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ± Fighting against communism in the Baltic countries became state ideology. The VSHFXODWLRQVDERXWWKHGRPLQDQWUROHRIWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\DQGWKHVXEYHUVLYH LQÀXHQFHRIWKH&RPPXQLVW,QWHUQDWLRQDORQWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVZHUH not true. First of all, because of the very small size of the Baltic Communist Parties VRPHWLPHV PDGH RI D IHZ GR]HQV RI SHRSOH ZKRVH VXSSRUWHUV ZHUH HLWKHU LQ SULVRQRUKLGLQJɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ± The image of the enemy that threatens their state interests became the key LGHRORJ\RIWKH%DOWLFOHDGHUV7KHIXQFWLRQRI³KDUG´FRQVHUYDWLVP±VWUHQJWKHQLQJ RIWKHH[LVWLQJRUGHUDYRLGLQJDQ\VLJQL¿FDQWXSGDWLQJ³WKHLPDJHRIWKHHQHP\´ ZHUHQHFHVVDU\WRPDNHREMHFWLYHSURFHVVHVORRNOLNH³VXEYHUVLYHIRUFHV´ZDVKLQJ DZD\WKHEDVLVRIWKHVHRUGHUV ,QPLGVWKHOHDGHUVRIWKH%DOWLFFRXQWULHVEULQJDERXWWKHLGHDRIVWDWH VHFXULW\DVDFRQVROLGDWLQJIRUFHWKHPDLQWKUHDWLQWKHLURSLQLRQFRPLQJIURP WKH 6RYLHW 8QLRQ &HUWDLQO\ WKH FRQVFLRXVQHVV RI %ROVKHYLN OHDGHUV ZDV QRW HQWLUHO\IUHHRIWKHLPSHULDOV\QGURPH%XWLQLWLDOO\LWTXLFNO\VKRZHGLWVHOILQWKH DWWLWXGHWRWKH%DOWLFFRXQWULHVDV³IRUPHUSURYLQFHV´³VPDOOVL]HG´DQGWKXVQRW DIXOOSDUWQHULQ(XURSHDQDIIDLUV7KLVEHKDYLRUVHHPHGUDWKHUVWUDQJHHVSHFLDOO\ FRQVLGHULQJWKDWE\WKDWWLPH6RYLHW5XVVLDZDVQRORQJHUDEOHWRIHHOHTXDODPRQJ ZRUOGSRZHUVOHWDORQHWRFODLPRQFHEHORQJLQJWRWKHHPSLUHVWDWXVRIJUHDWSRZHU 7KLVVLWXDWLRQKDGWREHFRQVLGHUHGDQGDGDSWHGWRLWVRZQLPSHULDOFRPSOH[HV\HW SRRUO\SHUFHLYHGDVZHOODVREYLRXVO\IDLOLQJUHYROXWLRQDU\LGHDRI0HVVLDQLVPWR WKHGHPDQGVRIUHDOSROLWLFVɁ ɭ ɛ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ ± 7KHUHIRUHRQWKHRQHKDQGDUJXLQJDERXWWKH%DOWLF6WDWHV3HRSOH¶V&RPPLVVDU .(9RURVKLORYLQFDOOHGWKHPDOLWWOHOLJKWO\³WKHIULQJHVWDWHVVXUURXQGLQJ XV´ EXW RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH %ROVKHYLN VWUDWHJ\PDNHUV DFNQRZOHGJHG ³ LI WKHVHVPDOOVWDWHVKDGDWWDFNHGXVWKHUHLVQRGRXEWZHZRXOGKDYHEHHQGHIHDWHGª 3'%\WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIDUPLHVRIWKH8665 ZHVWHUQQHLJKERUV±)LQODQG5RPDQLD3RODQG/DWYLD/LWKXDQLD(VWRQLD±URVHWR WKRXVDQGDVRSSRVHGWRWKRXVDQGLQ2YHUWKHIRXU\HDUVWKHPLOLWDU\ EXGJHWV RI WKH VWDWHV LQFUHDVHG E\ PLOOLRQ UXEOHV DQG UHDFKHG PLOOLRQ UXEOHV/RDQVUHFHLYHGIURP)UDQFHDQG,WDO\DOORZHGWKHFUHDWLRQRIUHVHUYHVDQG VWUHQJWKHQLQJRIPLOLWDU\LQGXVWULHV7KHPLOLWDU\DLUÀHHWKDGWULSOHGDQGE\HDUO\ FRXQWHGFRPEDWYHKLFOHV5HFRYHU\LQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHQDY\RIWKH VWDWHVZDVRQWKHZD\1RQPLOLWDU\WUDLQLQJRIWKHSRSXODWLRQZDVDFWLYDWHG±XS WR WKRXVDQG SHRSOH FRPSDUHG WR WKRXVDQG LQ ZHUH LQYROYHG LQ PLOLWDU\XQLRQVɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ± 7KRVHIHDUVKDGOLWWOHLQFRPPRQZLWKWKHUHDOLQWHQWLRQVRI/DWYLD(VWRQLDDQG /LWKXDQLD0LOLWDU\LQGXVWU\RIWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVFRXOGDEVRUEQRPRUHWKDQRI WKHQHHGVLQDUPRU\DQGDPPXQLWLRQRIDUPLHVDWZDUWLPH%DVHGRQWKHYDOXHRI WKH)LUVW:RUOG:DUDWWKH5XVVLDQIURQWDQGWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWQHZWHFKQRORJLHV 7DWLDQD.RFKHSDVRYD WKHFRVWRIMXVWWKH¿UVW\HDURIWKHZDUIRUWKHPFRXOGPDNH±ELOOLRQUXEOHV ZKLOHWKHYDOXHRIWKHQDWLRQDOZHDOWKRIWKHVHFRXQWULHVZDV±ELOOLRQUXEOHV ɊȽȺ ɋɉɂ Ɏ Ɉɩ Ⱦ Ʌ ±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of the Baltic block. The idea of state security has received in Lithuania the most substantial PDQLIHVWDWLRQ 6LQFH WKH /LWKXDQLDQ *RYHUQPHQW VRXJKW DQ DJUHHPHQW ZLWK 3RODQG XQGHU ZKLFK /LWKXDQLD FRXOG UHJDLQ 9LOQLXV ORVW LQ 3RODQG LQUHVSRQVHLQVLVWHGRQWKHXQLRQRIWKHWZRVWDWHVZKLFKFDXVHGSURWHVWVRIWKH /LWKXDQLDQSRSXODWLRQɊȽȺɋɉɂɎɈɩȾɅ±± 7KHWKUHDWWRVHFXULW\ZLOOEHSOD\HGDVDSULPDU\FDUGHQVXULQJWKHOHJLWLPDF\ RIJDLQLQJSRZHUE\$6PHWRQDWKURXJKWKHFRXSLQ7KHSXEOLFRSLQLRQZDV LQGRFWULQDWHGZLWKWKHLGHDWKDWWKHFRXSZDVDSUHYHQWLYHVWHSRVWHQVLEO\PHDQW WRSUHYHQWWKHFRPPXQLVW6RYLHWFRXS2QH\HDUDIWHUWKHFRXSLQ'HFHPEHU $ 6PHWRQD VDLG ³:H KDYH UHFHLYHG UHOLDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW WKH %ROVKHYLNV KDG PRELOL]HG WKHLU IRUFHV DQG SUHSDUHG DQ DWWDFN RQ IUHHGRP´ +RZHYHU WR DYRLG FRQIURQWDWLRQ ZLWK WKH .UHPOLQ /LWKXDQLDQ OHDGHUV ± $ 6PHWRQD DQG $9ROGHPDUDV±ZURWHDUDWKHUVWUDQJHVWRU\RIWKH³FRPPXQLVWFRXS´ZLWK3RODQG DFWLQJDVDFDWDO\VW7KLVRULJLQDOYHUVLRQZDVIRUPXODWHGE\$9ROGHPDUDVLQWKH LQWHUYLHZWRWKH:HVWHUQPDVVPHGLD³2QWKHRQHKDQGLQ/LWKXDQLDWKHUHLVQ¶W DQ\VLJQL¿FDQWWKUHDWSRVHGE\FRPPXQLVWVDQGWKHGLFWDWRUVKLSRIWKHSUROHWDULDW is nothing more than a myth. On the other hand, this threat is obvious, since the communists are instigated by Poland to give rise to Pilsudsky to interfere into the DIIDLUVRI/LWKXDQLD´Ɂ ɭ ɛ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ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³ZRXOG LW QRW KDYH EHHQ ZRUVH"´ HVSHFLDOO\ PDOOHDEOHLQDFULWLFDOXQFHUWDLQVLWXDWLRQ7KHDSSHDOWRVWDWHWUDGLWLRQVWKHLGHD RIWKHVWDWHKDGDOZD\VEHHQDQHIIHFWLYHDQWLGRWHDJDLQVWWKHGHVLUHIRUUHIRUPV social and cultural changes. Transition from democracy to the state of emergency in the Baltic countries LQ ZDV WKH XQLYHUVDO PHWKRG RI DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ +DYLQJ EHW RQ WKH DUP\ 3UREOHPVRI)RUPDWLRQRI3ROLWLFDO5HJLPHV LQWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVLQWKHVDFFRUGLQJWR5XVVLDQVRXUFHV nationalists and bureaucracy, the leaders of the Baltic countries at the same time WRRN FDUH RI HOLPLQDWLQJ SROLWLFDO RSSRQHQWV WR WKHLU UHJLPHV 2I¿FLDOO\ WKHUH KDG EHHQ QR GRFXPHQW RQ SDUW\ GLVVROXWLRQ EXW WKH EDQ ZDV SODFHG RQ WKHLU SROLWLFDO DFWLYLWLHV IROORZHG E\ WKH EDQ RQ WUDGH XQLRQV &HQVRUVKLS ZDV SXW LQ SODFH&RQVWLWXWLRQVZHUHVXEMHFWHGWRDQDXGLWSDUOLDPHQWV±WRGLVVROXWLRQDQG XQOLPLWHG SRZHU KDG EHHQ XVXUSHG$V D UHVXOW LQ WKH ODWH V GHPRFUDF\ LQ WKH%DOWLFFRXQWULHVUHTXLULQJUHÀHFWLRQDQGFRKHUHQFHRIYDULRXVVRFLDOLQWHUHVWV GHIHQGLQJVRYHUHLJQW\RIDQLQGLYLGXDOJDYHZD\WRDXWKRULWDULDQLVPDLPHGDWWKH VXERUGLQDWLRQRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOWRDVWDWHZLGHDXWKRULW\DVSUHVHQWHGE\WKHVWDWH 5HIHUHQFHV %5±ɄɟɧɈɇɊɭɩɚɫɨɜȺɂɆɨɫɤɜɚɢɫɬɪɚɧɵȻɚɥɬɢɢɈɩɵɬɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ±ɝɝɋɬɪɚɧɵȻɚɥɬɢɢɢɊɨɫɫɢɹɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɢɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɈɬɜɪɟɞɫɨɫɬ ȾȿɎɭɪɦɚɧɗȽɁɚɞɨɪɨɠɧɸɤɆɊɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦ 3' ± Ʉɟɧ Ɉ ɇ Ɋɭɩɚɫɨɜ Ⱥ ɂ ɉɨɥɢɬɛɸɪɨ ɐɄ ȼɄɉɛ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɋɋɋɊ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɯ ± ɟ ɝɝ ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵɨɩɵɬɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹɑɚɫɬɶȾɟɤɚɛɪɶ±ɢɸɧɶɋɉɛ PE±ɉɨɥɢɬɛɸɪɨɐɄɊɄɉɛȼɄɉɛɢȿɜɪɨɩɚɊɟɲɟɧɢɹ©ɨɫɨɛɨɣɩɚɩɤɢª± Ɇ Ɂ ɭ ɛ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ ±ɁɭɛɤɨɜɚȿɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɚɢɄɪɟɦɥɶ±Ɇ ɉ ɢ ɫ ɶ ɦ ɨ ±ɉɢɫɶɦɨəɋȽɚɧɟɰɤɨɝɨɤɄɄɘɪɟɧɟɜɭȺȼɉɊɎɎ ɈɩɉɚȾɅ ɉ ɭ ɧ ɝ ɚ ± ɉɭɧɝɚ ɏ ɇɚɲɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɟɞɢ ± Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ ɅɚɬɜɢɹɅɢɬɜɚɆ ɊȽȺɋɉɂ±5XVVLDQ6WDWH$UFKLYHRIWKH5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɹ±ɆɟɦɨɪɚɧɞɭɦɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨɆɂȾɊɅɢɩɩɟɪɚɨɬɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ ɝ ɉɨɥɢɬɛɸɪɨ ɐɄ ɊɄɉɛȼɄɉɛ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɹ ©ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɚɩɤɢª ±Ɇ 7DWMDQD.RþHSDVRYD 3ROLWLQLǐUHåLPǐ%DOWLMRVYDOVW\EơVHIRUPDYLPRVLSUREOHPRV;;D LDMDPHGHãLPWPHW\MHUHPLDQWLV5XVLMRVãDOWLQLDLV 6DQWUDXND 3DJULQGLQLDLåRGåLDL%DOWLMRVYDOVW\EơV.RPLQWHUQR9\NGRPDVLVNRPLWHWDV5XVLMRV YDOVW\ELQLDLDUFK\YDL.RPLQWHUQDV5XVLMRVNRPXQLVWǐSDUWLMD$QWDQDV6PHWRQD$XJXV WLQDV9ROGHPDUDVDXWRULWDULQLVPRGHOLVDXWRNUDWLQơVLVWHPDSROLWLQLDLUHåLPDL âLXRODLNLQơV %DOWLMRV YDOVW\ELǐ LVWRULMRV SUDGåLą LQDXJXUDYR QHSULNODXVRPǐ YDOVW\ELǐ VXNnjULPDV7DLEXYRQDXMDVIHQRPHQDV/LHWXYDJDOơMRSDNDUWRWLãDOLHVQHSULNODXVRP\EơV SDWLUWƳ WLNWDL VDYR LVWRULQơV DWPLQWLHV O\JPHQ\MH R /DWYLMDL LU (VWLMDL WDL EXYR SLUPRML 7DWLDQD.RFKHSDVRYD YDOVW\ELQơV QHSULNODXVRP\EơV SDWLUWLV 6XYHUHQLWHWDV UHLãNơ YDOVW\EơV WHLVLQơV VLVWHPRV VXNnjULPąLUDSVLVSUHQGLPąGơOSROLWLQLǐVDQW\NLǐVLVWHPRV6WUDLSVQ\MHEDQGRPDQDJULQơWL YDOVW\ELQơVQHSULNODXVRP\EơVUDLGąSHUSROLWLQLǐUHåLPǐHYROLXFLMRVSUL]PĊ%DOWLMRVãDO\VH QXROLEHUDOLRMRGHPRNUDWLQLRPRGHOLRLUGDO\YDYLPRVLVWHPRV±PLNLDXWRULWDULQLR PRGHOLR DXWRNUDWLQơV VLVWHPRV LU ELXURNUDWLMRV ;; D WUHþLRMR GHãLPWPHþLR SDEDLJRMH 7\ULPRGXRPHQǐED]ơUHPLDVLLRMRGHãLPWPHþLRDUFK\YLQHPHGåLDJDVDXJRPD5XVLMRV YDOVW\ELQLDPH VRFLDOLQơVSROLWLQơV LVWRULMRV DUFK\YH 7DLJL GDUEDV JDOL EnjWL WUDNWXRMDPDV NDLSÄ5XVLMRVSRåLnjULV³ƳSROLWLQLǐUHåLPǐ%DOWLMRVãDO\VHIRUPDYLPRVLSURFHVąWUHþLDMDPH GHã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¿UVW H[SHULHQFH RI WKH VWDWHKRRG 6RYHUHLJQW\ PHDQW EXLOGLQJ WKH OHJDO IUDPHZRUN RI WKH VWDWHV DQG GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH IRUPDWRISROLWLFDOUHODWLRQV,QWKLVUHJDUGWKHSURSRVHGDUWLFOHUHSUHVHQWVDQDWWHPSWWR H[DPLQHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVWDWHLQGHSHQGHQFHWKURXJKWKHSULVPRIWKHHYROXWLRQRI SROLWLFDOUHJLPHVLQWKH%DOWLFFRXQWULHVIURPWKHOLEHUDOGHPRFUDWLFPRGHODQGWKHV\VWHP RISDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ±WRDQDXWKRULWDULDQPRGHODQGWKHV\VWHPRIDXWRFUDF\DQG EXUHDXFUDF\LQWKHODWHV7KHVRXUFHGDWDEDVHRIWKHUHVHDUFKLVEDVHGRQDUFKLYDO PDWHULDOVRIWKHVVWRUHGLQWKH5XVVLDQ6WDWH$UFKLYHRI6RFLR3ROLWLFDO+LVWRU\VR WKHZRUNFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKH³5XVVLDQYLHZ´RQWKHLVVXHRIIRUPDWLRQRISROLWLFDO UHJLPHVLQWKH%DOWLF6WDWHVLQWKHV 7 D W L D Q D . 2 & + ( 3 $ 6 2 9 $ 5XVVLDQ$FDGHP\RI/DZRIWKH0LQLVWU\RI-XVWLFH RIWKH5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ 0RVFRZ5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ >NRFKHSDVRYD#PDLOUX@
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz