IMPORTANT POLYATOMIC IONS
1– Ions
2 – Ions
nitrate
NO3
chromate
CrO42–
nitrite
bicarbonate
(hydrogen carbonate)
perchlorate
NO2–
dichromate
Cr2O72–
HCO3–
sulfate
SO42–
ClO4–
sulfite
SO32–
chlorate
ClO3–
carbonate
CO32–
chlorite
ClO2–
oxalate
C2O42–
–
hypochlorite
ClO
peroxide
O22–
cyanide
CN–
hydrogen phosphite
HPO32–
hydroxide
OH–
–
3 – Ions
–
acetate
CH3CO2
–
permanganate
MnO4
hydrogen sulfate
HSO4–
PO43–
borate
BO33–
1+ Ion
–
dihydrogen phosphate
phosphate
H2PO4
NH4+
ammonium
FLOWCHART FOR NAMING COMPOUNDS
Does the compound contain
a metal (or ammonium
ion, NH4+)?
Yes
Ionic compound
(If binary, contains a metal
cation with a nonmetal
anion)
Molecular compound or
acid
(If binary, contains two
nonmetals)
Can the metal form more
than one type of cation?
Does the compound
contain hydrogen and is it
dissolved in water where
it behaves as an acid?
Yes
The name of the metal ion
is written first, followed
by a Roman numeral in
parentheses to show the
charge on the metal. Then
write the name of the
nonmetal (with an –ide
ending) or the name of the
polyatomic ion. For
example, Cr2(SO4)3 is
chromium(III) sulfate.
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No
No
The name of the metal (or
ammonium) ion is written
first, followed by the name
of the nonmetal (with an
–ide ending) or the name
of the polyatomic ion. For
example, MgCl2 is
magnesium chloride.
Yes
In water, name the
compound as an acid. For
example, H2S(aq) is
hydrosulfuric acid.
No
Use prefixes to indicate
the number of atoms for
each element. For
example, H2S is
dihydrogen sulfide.
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FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
(FOUR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES)
Avogadro’s number
= 6.022 × 1023 particles/mol
atomic mass unit, amu
= 1.661 × 10–24 g
Planck’s constant, h
speed of light in a vacuum, c
= 6.626 × 10–34 J • s
= 2.998 × 108 m/s
universal gas constant, R
= 8.206 × 10–2 (L• atm)/(mol• K)
CONVERSIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Length
1 km
Volume
Mass
1 liter (L) = 1.057 quarts (qt)
1 cm3
= 1 mL
= 1000 m
= 0.62 mile (mi)
1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm
1 m3
= 35.3 ft3
1m
1 fluid oz
= 29.57 mL
1 gal
= 3.785 L
= 1.094 yards (yd)
Energy
1 kg
= 2.205 lb
1 metric ton (t) = 103 kg
1 lb (16 oz)
= 453.6 g
Temperature
Pressure
1 cal
= 4.184 J
0K
1 atm
1 Cal
= 1000 cal
mp of H2O = 0°C (273.15 K)
= –273.15°C
bp of H2O = 100°C (373.15 K)
TK
T°C
T°F
= 1.013 × 105 Pa
= 760 torr
1 torr
= 1 mm Hg
= T°C + 273.15
= (T°F – 32) 59
= 1.8T°C + 32
SI UNIT PREFIXES
pico-
nano-
micro-
milli-
centi-
deci-
kilo-
mega-
giga-
p
n
μ
m
c
d
k
M
G
–12
10
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10
–9
–6
10
10
–3
10
–2
10
–1
10
3
10
6
109
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