SHORT PROOF THEORY OF LIMITS TO MEASUREMENT
Bert Schreiber
4519 Holly St.
Bellaire, TX 77401-5802
[email protected]
1. Draw a line on a piece of paper about 6” long, horizontally, with about 1" short on left
and right margins of paper.
2. Under this line at about midpoint, put cv = speed of light.
3. At right end of line put a short vertical line and put v = cv and under same
3^ x l010 cm/sec. Rounded off value.
4. Now, can any physical Mass go to faster than cv? No.
5. If that is so, and you have just said it and I agree with you, then the maximum limit
to speed must be cv. Yes.
6. Now let's go to the left end of the line on the paper. Can any Mass go to Absolute
Rest? No. I agree with you 100% because if it did (for one reason, but there are others)
its Inertia would go to infinity.
7. Draw another short vertical line on the left end and label it zero speed (v = 0).
Put IMPOSSIBLE under this entry.
|____________________________________|
v = 0
v = cv
3^ x 1010 cm/sec
IMPOSSIBLE
cv = speed of light (Radiation)
8. Now you just agreed with that statement, and I agreed with you, that there can be no
zero speed, then:
9. There must be some speed greater than zero that marks the lower limit to
speed, regardless of how small it is, and you have established the largest and
smallest limits to speed (maximum and minimum).
10. What is the equation for speed? v = L / T. Now if this is the equation, then there
must be certain maximum and minimum values for L and t and those
values mark the limits so that:
min.
min.
cv = L ⌠ / T ⌠ (1)
⌡
⌡
max.
max.
11. What about temperature? Temperature depends on the Mass and the speed of
this Mass. No speed, no temperature; no Mass, no temperature. What is the lowest
temperature limit? Zero degrees. Can it be reached but not measured? No.
The lowest limit to temperature is: That Mass at the lowest attainable
speed, and it establishes the lower limit to temperature.
12. What is the highest temperature limit? When vM = cv . Can it be attained
by experiment? No. We have, however, reached for the proton about 99.99995%
cv, so we have almost reached the limit to attainable temperature. The limit will be
when v = cv or the maximum temperature limit.
Simply, we have attained 99.99995% of maximum temperature in the Tevatron; but
the scientists for the most part (a few do), apparently do not realize that they have
done so. (This will show up later so keep it in mind.)
13. If v of Radiation is 3^ x 1010 cm/sec, then L must also be fixed if T is going to be
a constant along with cv; otherwise, cv can not be greater than 3^ x 1010 cm/sec.
Is that not correct? Yes.
14. Well, didn't we define cv as a Unit of Length that is the Length RE goes in some
Unit of Time? Yes.
15. Well, if you did that, then you have set the limit on the longest Unit of Length
because if you change the definition of cv, you change both Time and Length.
16. If you substitute in the equation, then the Unit of Time, that is the longest, must
be one second. If you change either of these units you have to change all the rest,
or you are going to have to redefine your equation.
17. Are you getting confused? Minutes are an extended number of seconds, but is
not the Unit of Time.
18. Now if you have grasped this so far, and I hope I am not insulting your intelligence, it
is a hard concept to get hit with due to what you were taught in this world by others
who did not know it themselves to begin with, or ever gave it a second thought. You
wrote those answers on your test papers or failed the course. No arguments
permitted.
l9. Now what would be the minimum Unit of Time? We have the equation and it can
be written as:
Lmin.
Tmin. =
(2)
cv
20. What about mass? What is the largest single stable mass that can
exist? Not total mass. The proton.
21. Do you agree that Einstein's Equation is correct? Yes.
22. Then E = mcv2 . (3)
23. Do you agree that de Broglie's Equation is correct? Yes.
24. Then λ = h/mv. (4)
Now Planck's Constant, h, is the smallest Unit of Action/Energy which can be
measured and it cannot be any smaller nor be a fractional value, only multiples of
even numbers or 1h, 2h, 3h, etc.
26. Do you agree that Planck's Equation is correct? Yes.
27. Then E = hν. (5)
28. Since h is the smallest value and has been proven by numerous experiments to
determine this, then the smallest frequency must be when in 27. above that
E = hν. (5) That gives the smallest frequency = 1 cyc/sec.
29. What is the smallest mass? That will be when E = h in 22. above.
h
M =
(6)
cv2
2
That is then THE MASS OF THE NEUTRINO or the smallest mass which can exist.
Inserting the current values of the physical constants then gives the Mass of the neutrino
as 7.4^ x 10-48 grams.
30. Now we can equate 22. and 27. against one another which gives:
1
=
ν
h
Mmin. cv2
(7)
31. That gives the smallest Unit of Time (tk) or app. 4.4--- x 10-24 seconds.
32. Therefore, we have shown that the Unit of Measurement for each of the primary
physical constants are:
THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM LIMITS TO MASS, LENGTH AND TIME;
AND, THEREFORE, THE PRIMARY PHYSICAL CONSTANTS HAVE BEEN
QUANTIZED.
BOX 1
We now have all the known maximum and minimum UOM for mass, length, time, area,
and volume.
33. (From 19.) Minimum Length is then: cv x Tmin. = 1.3--- x 10-13 cm or the
Compton Wavelength of The Proton, and its approximately, physically measured
diameter.
34. Solve for 24. h = mvλ (8) when v = cv :
A. h = 7.4 x 10-48 x 3 x 1010 x 3 x 1010 = 6.6 x 10-27 M-L-T (gm-cm2-sec-1)
B. h = l.6 x 10-24 x 3 x 1010 x 1.3 x 10-13 = 6.6 x 10-27 M-L-T (gm-cm2-sec-1)
35. Minimum v can be found from: Lmin.¦Tmax. (3-15)
1. CONCLUSION:
MASS-LENGTH-TIME ARE DIRECTLY RELATED AND ARE NOT
ARBITRARY VALUES SUBJECT TO WHIMS. M x L = CONSTANT,
WHEN T = 1.
BOX 2
Revised December 2006
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