Name ___________________________ Period ____ Test Date _______________
First Semester Review Sheet
Lab Safety:
Read over all of your lab safety rules.
Measuring and Graphing:
Identify the lab equipment used to measure each of the following:
length - ruler or meter stick
mass - triple beam balance
1 meter = __100___ centimeters
1 centimeter = __10___ millimeters
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What is the length of the line in mm? 933 mm
What is the length of line in cm? 93.3 cm
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What is the mass of the object? 343 g
What is the volume of the liquid? 4.4 ml
graph - a visual way to show information
What kind of information is each graph used to show?
circle (pie) - parts of the whole (percentages)
bar - how many
line - how things are related to each other
What was the distance after 1 second? 10m
What was the distance after 4 seconds? 40m
If the time was plotted for 5 seconds, what will the
distance most likely be? 50m
What generalization can be made between the time
and the distance? the more time, the farther
Science Process Review Sheet
comparative investigation - an investigation that involves collecting data under
different conditions to make a comparison
descriptive investigation - an investigation that involves describing parts of a natural or
man-made system
experimental investigation - an investigation that involves a procedure under controlled
conditions to make a discovery
What is the scientific method? a logical, step by step approach used by scientists to
investigate and discover
independent variable - the thing you investigate to determine its effect; the thing that the
scientist changes on purpose
dependent variable - the thing you measure to see if the independent variable has any
effect; the thing that changes because of the independent variable
control - variable/s on an experiment that do not change
data - information
Bart believes that mice exposed to radio waves will become extra strong (maybe he's been
reading too much Radioactive Man). He decides to perform this experiment by placing 10
mice near a radio for 5 hours. He compared these 10 mice to another 10 mice that had not
been exposed. His test consisted of a heavy block of wood that blocked the mouse food.
He found that 8 out of 10 of the radio waved mice were able to push the block away. 7
out of 10 of the other mice were able to do the same.
Identify the:
control group: mice not exposed to radio waves
independent variable: mice exposed to radio waves
dependent variable: mouse strength
What should Bart’s conclusion be? Being exposed to radio waves does not
make mice stronger (only one more mouse was able to push the block away
than the mice not exposed to radio waves).
Density
mass - a measure of how much matter is in an object
volume - the amount of space that matter occupies
How do you find the volume of a regular shaped object?
length X width X height
How do you find the volume of an irregular shaped object?
water displacement = Put some water in a graduated cylinder. Record the
volume. Add the irregular object to the graduated cylinder. Record the
volume. Subtract the two volumes and the difference is the volume of the
object.
What is the volume of the block?
v=l X w X h
v = 4m X 3m X 1m
v = 12 m 3
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What is the initial (before the Goldfish) volume? 32 ml
What is the volume with the Goldfish? 38 ml
What is the volume of the Goldfish? 6 ml
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density - the measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in a given
volume
What is the formula for density? Density = mass/volume
remember: density = a broken heart
Calculate the densities of the following objects. Remember to place units after each number.
length
width
height
volume
mass
density
red block
5cm
2cm
4cm
40cm 3
400g
10 g/cm 3
blue block
10cm
8cm
3cm
240cm 3
300g
1.25 g/cm 3
Determine the density of a green ball.
Using the water displacement method, calculate the ball’s volume.
initial (before the ball is dropped in) water level = 25ml
final water level (after putting the ball into the graduated cylinder) = 40ml
The volume of the ball is 15 ml
The mass is 5 grams.
What is the density of the green ball?
D = m/v
D = 5g/15ml
D = 0.3 g/ml
Elements, Compounds, Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
element - a substance that cannot be broken down into other substance by chemical or
physical means
compound - a substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined
Write the chemical symbol for these elements:
carbon C
oxygen O
hydrogen H
sodium Na
chlorine Cl
Write the chemical formula for these compounds:
water H 2 O
carbon dioxide
CO 2
salt
NaCl
How many elements are in the following formulas?
H1
Na 1
C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 4
NaCl
2
luster - the ability of a substance to reflect light (shiny)
malleability - the ability of a substance to be hammered into thin sheets without breaking
ductility - the ability of a substance to be pulled into wire without breaking
conductivity - the ability of a substance to conduct (transfer) heat and electricity
What are the characteristics of a metal?
hard (not easily broken), luster, malleability, ductility, conductivity
What are the characteristics of a nonmetal?
brittle (easily broken), dull (no luster), not malleable, not ductile and not conductive
What are the characteristics of a metalloid?
has some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals semiconductor
Using a periodic table, identify each element as a metal, nonmetal or metalloid.
zirconium metal
hydrogen nonmetal
neon nonmetal
boron metalloid
carbon nonmetal
silicon metalloid
sodium metal
arsenic metalloid
gold metal
Chemical Changes
physical property - a property that is observable and measurable
examples: length, state of matter (solid, liquid, gas), density
chemical property - a property that is evident during or after a chemical reaction
examples: flammability, tarnishing, rusting
physical change - a change that alters the form or appearance of a substance but does
not make the material into another substance
How do you know a physical change has happened?
the substance has only changed size, shape, or state of matter
List examples of a physical change.
chopping wood, cutting paper, melting ice, shredding documents,
liquid changing to a solid
chemical change - a change in matter that produces (makes) a new substance
How do you know a chemical change has happened?
gas is formed (bubbles), new substance made, temperature change,
precipitate forms, color change (sometimes)
List examples of a chemical change.
burning wood, popping popcorn, rusting, tarnishing, baking a cake
flammable - ability to burn
rust - a chemical reaction that occurs when iron is exposed to oxygen and water and a
reddish coating forms on the iron
tarnish - chemical reaction between a metal and a nonmetal that results in a thin coat of
corrosion that discolors the metal
precipitate - formation of a solid in a solution during a chemical reaction
How do you know a gas has formed? bubbling, fizzing, expanding
Energy and It’s Uses:
radiation - the direct transfer of energy through empty space by electromagnetic waves
example: the sun heats the Earth’s surface
conduction - the transfer of heat by direct contact
example: a metal spoon left in a hot pot of soup
convection - the transfer of heat by movements of currents within a fluid (liquid or gas)
example: wind is caused by the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface hot air rises and cooler air comes in to take its place
Heat transfers from ___hot____ to __cold___.
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed.
energy transformation - changing one form of energy to another
Define each of the following types of energy and give an example of each:
chemical energy - energy that is released during a chemical reaction or change
example: battery; food; gasoline
electrical energy - energy in the form of electricity
example: electricity; lightning
mechanical energy - energy of motion
example: walking; moving water, wind turning a windmill
nuclear energy - energy that is released when the nuclei of atoms are split or
combined
example: fission, fussion
thermal energy - energy of heat
example: boiling water, curling iron, hair dryer
Describe 3 energy transformations with more than two transformations.
flashlight: chemical energy (battery) º electrical energy º light energy
plant growth: nuclear energy (fission in the sun) º light energy º chemical
energy (photosynthesis)
hot air balloon: chemical energy (propane gas) º thermal energy (heats the
air)º mechanical energy (balloon rises)
power plant: chemical energy (coal burning) º thermal energy (water turns to
steam) º mechanical energy (steam turns a generator) º electrical energy
(generator produces electricity)