e r h a p s t h e m o st i m p o rta n t a n d m o s t d i ffi c u l t ta s k w h i c h c o n
f ro n t s t h c U n i t e d St a t e s i s t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n : W h a t
r e l a t i o n s h a ll t h e n i n e m i l l i o n s b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n o c c u p y t o w ar d s
t h e e i g h t y m i l l i o n s w h i t e po p u l a t i o n !
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f ro m e ve r y st a n d p o i n t a s i m p a rt i a l l y a s t h i s i s p o s si b l e fo r
e n t i re l y so t h i s ca n n ot be d o n e Sel f p re se r va ti o n i s t h e fi r st la w
o f n a t u re a s w e l l fo r t h e i n d i v i d u a l a s fo r a n at i o n a n d w h e re t h e
i n te re st s o f o t h e r s co m e i n to co n fl i c t w i t h t h e sa m e t h e se fo re i g n
i n te re st s m u st n ot b e a l lo w e d co n s i de rat io n a s l o n g a s w e a r e n o t
g u i l ty o f d i re c t i n j u st i ce A t w h i c h e x a c t p oi n t t h e d u ty t o r e c
m u c h s m a l l e r n egro p o p u l a t i o n m eet s t h e
o g ni ze t h e r i g h t s o f t h e
n ec e s sa r i l y to b e p ro tecte d i n te re s t o f t h e by fa r m o re n u m e ro us
w h i t e p o p u l at i o n i s a m att e r o f i n d i v i d u a l o p i n i o n
I n t h e ye a r 1 62 0 t h e fi r s t A fri c a n s w e re i m p o rte d i n to N ort h
A m e r i c a a n d sol d a s s l av e s a t ! a m e sto w n V a ; a n d l i tt l e d i d t h e
i n h ab i ta n t s o f t h i s c o n t i n e n t fo re see t h e gr a v e c o n s eq u e n c e s o f t h i s
a ct i o n T h ey w el co m e d t h i s a dd i t io n to t h e i r w o r k i n g p o w e r e s p e
c i a lly t h e la n do w n e r s a n d be fo re a l l t h o se o f t h e S o u t h e r n c o l o n i e s
m o s t o f w h o m w e r e u n a cc u sto m e d to h a r d l abo r a n d c l i m at i c c o n
d i t i o n s ; fo r t h e t i l l i n g o f t h e soi l a n d t h e h a rv e st i n g o f c otto n r i c e
s u ga r a n d tob acco et c w a s n ot o n l y h a r d w o r k b u t p a rt l y a l so
u n h ea l t h y V e ry s o o n a l i ve l y t ra de i n t h e se h u m a n c a r go e s d eve l
o p e d a n d o n e s h i p l oa d a fte r t h e ot h e r w a s i m p o r te d u n de r t h e fl ag s
o f a l l sea fa ri n g n at io n s By fa r t h e m o s t ca rgoe s h o w e ve r w e re
l a n de d f ro m v e s sel s b e lo n gi n g t o t h e N o r t h e r n c ol o n i e s a n d l at e r
o n u n de r t h e S ta r s a n d S t r i p e s f r o m t h o s e o f t h e N e w E n gl a n d
S ta te s w h o se r e l i gi o u s c i t i ze n s glo r i e d e ve n i n t h e i d ea t h a t t h ey
i n t ro d u c e d t h e se p oo r be n i g h te d b l ac k A f r i c a n s to C h ri ste n do m a n d
ci v i l i zat i o n
T h ro u g h i m m i grat i o n f ro m E u ro p e t h e w h i t e l a bo re r s v e ry m u c h
i n c re a se d i n t h e N o rt h so t h a t t h e r e t h e e n sl a ve d n egro be ca m e
g ra d u a l ly o f l e s s i m p o rta n ce T h e re fo re t h e N o rt h e r n e r fo u n d i t
soo n m o re p ro fi tab l e to se l l h i s sl a v e s to t h e So u t h a t goo d p r i ce s
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i n t h e h i s to ry o f n at io n s \Vh at ev e r m a v s t ;
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by a n e g ro p o p u l at i o n Cr u d e w i ld c r u e l a n d i n dol e n t a s t h ey w e re
i n t h o se d ay s t h ey h ave re m a i n e d u p t o t h e p re se n t ti m e N o t w i t h
st a n d i n g t h e fe rt i l e soi l o f t h e i r h o m e co u n t ry — w i t h e x cep t i o n o f
t h e d e se rt — w i t h m a n v h i d d e n t rea s u re s o f g ol d d i a m o n d s e tc ;
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i n te ri o r a n d n ot w i t h st a n d i n g t h e e x t e n s i ve seacoa st w i t h i t s m a n y
goo d h a rbo r s t h ro u g h t h e se m a n y t h o u sa n d yea r s t h i s b l ac k ra ce
d i d n o t s h o w t h e l ea s t s i g n o f sel f de ve lo p m e n t n ei t h e r i n t h e fi el d
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fi s h i n g i n o rd e r to p roc u re t h e n ece s sa ri e s fo r t h e i r m i se rab l e l i ve s
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e x i ste n t a m o n g t h e n e g roe s o f t h e B a h a m a I s l a n d s ( e s p ec i a l l y o n
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u n der t h e n a m e o f
T h e l i tt l e t h ey a cq u i re d i n t h e
l e n gt h o f t i m e s u c h a s t ra d i n g i n goo d s t h e h a n d l i n g o f fi rea r m s
t h e u se o f sa i l s i n t h ei r lo n g n a rro w ca n oe s i n st ea d o f oa r s t h ey
re ce i ve d f ro m o u t s i d e t h ro u g h t h e i r i n te rco u r se w i t h o t h e r r a ce s
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w e l l be s a i d t h a t t h i s b l a c k ra ce o f A f r i c a w a s n ot o p e n to c u l t u re
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t h a t ev e n w h e n t h e i i eg r o h a s stoo d fo r so m e l e n gt h o f t i m e u n de r
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acq u i re m e n t s b u t h e re l a p se s i n to h i s o r i gi n a l i n dol e n ce b r u ta l i ty
a n d s u p e r st i t i o n H a i t i S t Do m i n go L i be ri a a re v i v i d e xa m p l e s
T h e n e g ro i m p o rte d d u ri n g t h e t w o c e n t u ri e s a n d a h a l f f ro m
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ab l e bod i e d p r i s o n e r s w e re m a d e s l a ve s ; a n d ce rt a i n l y t h e t reat m e n t
o f t h e se w a s n o t a s g o o d a s t h a t g i ve n t h e m i n N o rt h A m e r i ca T h e
de sce n da n t s d i d n o t k n o w a n y be tt e r b i t t t h a t t h ey w e re bo r n to
se rve t h e i r w h i te m a t e r s
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p o p u l at io n d i d n o t fa re so w e l l a fte r t h e c i v i l w a r ) t h ey e n j oye d
ba n j o p l ay i n g so n g a n d d a n c e i n f ro n t o f t h e i r q u a rte r s T ro u b l e
w a s u n k n o w n to t h e m
a n d t h o u g h t le s sly t h ey l i ve d f ro m d ay to
d ay l i ke c h i l d re n T h ey p o s se s se d a ce r ta i n m u s i ca l t al e n t w h i c h
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m i s se s h a d v i si to r s a n d w a n ted to d a n ce U n c l e
N e d w a s c a l l e d u p o n to p l ay h i s fi d d le B y t h e d ai ly i n te rco u rse
w i t h w h i te s a n d by s t r i c t d i sc i p l i n e t h e o ri g i n a l c r u d i ty a n d b r u
ta l i ty w a s m u c h i m p ro ve d o n a n d o fte n t h e n egroe s s h o w e d e ve n
se n t i m e n t Ac t u a l l y to u c h i n g w a s t h e lo ve o f t h e o l d b l ac k m a m m y
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fo r h e r g ro w i n g m i ss a s s h e ca l l e d h e r w h i te m i s t re s s e ve n ye t
w h e n s h e h a d a fa m i ly o f h e r o w n o r t h e fa i t h f u l n e s s o f t h e n egro
g ro w i n g u p w i t h h i s yo u n g m a s te r a n d h i s re ad i n e s s to sac ri fic e
h i m e l f fo r h i m
N o t e n o u g h c a n i t b e ac k n o w l edged t h a t d t r i n g
t h e e n t i re t i m e o f t h e c i v i l w a r i n t h o se p a rt s n o t oc c u p i e d by t h e
Fe de ra l a r m i e s f ro m w h e re e ve ry a b lebo d i e d w h i te m a n h a d bee n
se n t to t h e f ro n t lea v i n g be h i n d o l d m e n c h i l d re n a n d w o m e n n o t
a i n g l e ca se c a n b e c a l l e d t h a t t h e l atte r h a d bee n m o le sted by t h e
n e g roe s a l o l e ft be h i n d : t h o u sa n d s o f c ase s h o w e ve r w h e re t h e se
n egroe s too k c a re o f t h e w e a k to t h e b e st o f t h e i r ab i l i ty
T h e A f r i ca n s l a ve t ra d e h a d l o n g bee n p ro h i b i te d T h e i n h i b i t io n
h o w e ve r d at i n g a s ea rl y a s 1 80 8 w as n o t a t a l l ca r r i e d o u t a n d
t h e t ra de co n t i n u e d se c re t l y
Fo r t h e N o rt h e r n S tate s i t w a s a
p ro fi tab l e o n e a n d t h e So u t h co u l d w e l l u se t h e i n c rea se d l abo r fo r
i t s u n c u l t i vate d so i l S o t h e t ra n sgre s s io n w a s w i n ke d at I t w a s
w e l l k n o w n a n d a co m m o n oc c u r re n ce t h a t i n a l l N o rt h e r n p o rt s
a s fa r so u t h a s N o r fo l k v e s se l s w e re se n t w i t h a f u l l ca rgo o f
p rod u c t s o f t h e U n i te d S tate s to B ra z i l ; t h e re a s h a m sa l e o f t h e
ve s se l w a s m a d e to se n d i t to t h e A f r i c a n c oa st to b r i n g fro m t h e r e
a c a r go o f s l a ve s to t h e U n i te d S t a te s u n d e r fo re ig n flag a n d a p p a r
e n t ly fo re i g n o w n e r s h i p A s late a s 1 858 u n d e r B u c h a n a n s p re s i
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N o rt h e r n s h i p o w n e r s w h o h o w e v e r a l so m e t w i t h h ea vy l o s se s
occ a s i o n a l ly t h ro u g h ca p t u re o f t h e i r v e s s e l s by t h e B r i t i s h n a vy
p a t r o l i ng t h e coa st o f A f r i ca
Fo r a l o n g t i m e p u b l i c O p i n io n l e a n e d st ro n g ly to w a r d s t h e i dea
t h a t s l a ve ry s h o u l d be abo l i s h ed a s be i n g i n o p p o s i t i o n to t o e s p i r i t
o f t h e t i m e s ; a n d i t i s v e ry si g n i fi ca n t t h at t h e fi r s t m ov e to a e c o m
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t i m e s vo i ce s h ad b ee n h ea r d i n t h e So u t h e r n S ta te s i n o p p o s i ti o n o f
sl a v e ry b u t t h ey w e re obj e cte d to i n t h e N o rt h ; a n d w h e n i n 1 82 5
a s m a l l p a rty— re p re se n te d by a n e w s p a p e r —w a s fo r m e d i n t h e
So u t h e r n S tate o f Te n n e s see go i n g i n fo r a bo l i t io n t h e re w a s
h a r d l y a n abo l i t i o n i st t o b e fo u n d i n t h e S ta te o f M a s sa c h u set t s
! ra d u al ly t h e se vo i ce s fo r abo l i t i o n o f t h e s h a m e f u l i n st i t u t io n
b eca m e l o u d e r h o w e ve r T h e co m m u n i ty o f F r i e n d s h a d b ee n i n
fa vo r o f i t fo r a l o n g t i m e a n d a g re a t n u m be r o f n egroe s h a d
bee n a s si ste d by t h e m — t o b e s u re i l l ega l l y —i n t h e i r fl ig h t to t h e
f re e S tate s ; but o n l y i n t h e yea r 1 8 56 t h e a bo l i t i o n i st p a rty s h o w e d
i t se l f fo r t h e fi r st ti m e a s s u c h n at i o n a l ly I t s h ea dq u a rte r s w e re a t
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to w h o m a fte r w a rd s t h e p rotec t i o n i st s w e r e a d d e d w h o j o i n e d t h e
p o p u l a r m o ve m e n t fo r t h e i r o w n se l fi s h p u r p o se s A w e l l f o r m u
l ate d i d ea h o w t h e i r obj ec t s h o u l d b e ga i n e d w a s n ot t h e n i n e x i st
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III
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I n N ov e m b e r 1 86 0 t h e p re s i de n ti a l c a n d i d a te o f t h e ! e p u b l i ca n
p a rt y w a s e l ec te d I t w a s t h e fi r s t v i c to ry o f t h i s p a r t y a n d w i t h
i t b egi n s t h e l a s t ac t i n t h e h i sto ry o f s l ave ry i n No r t h A m e r i ca
w h i c h so
w h i c h fi n al ly e n d e d w i t h t h e abo l i t io n o f t h i s i n st i t u t io n
lo n g h a d b e e n e m i n e n t ly t ro u b le so m e T h i s l atte r h a d b ee n t h e fi r m
i n te n t io n o f t h e abo l i t i o n i s t s to w h i c h p a rty L i n col n b e lo n ge d ; b u t
t h e y w e re n o t c l e a r i n t h e i r o w n m i n d s h o w i t s h o u l d b e b ro u g h t
abo u t a n d fe w fo r e sa w t h e w ay i t w a s do n e l ate r o n
I n h i s fi r st
i n a u g u ra l a d d re s s o n M a rc h 4 1 86 1 L i n co l n l ay s p a rt i c u l a r st re s s
u p o n i t t h a t t h e Co n st i t u t i o n m u s t be u p h e l d a n d s p o ke t h e ce le
“
N o pc r s o n h eld t o s c r i cc o r la bo r i n o n e S t a t e
b r a t e d w o rd s :
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a no t h e r , s h a ll
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fr o m
in
c o n s e q ue n c e
s uc h s e r v i c e o r
c la i m o
f th e pa r ty t o w h o m s uc h
"
“
A n d f u rt h e r o n h e s a y s : I h av e n o
s c rz i c e o r la bo r m a y b e d u e
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r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y t o i n t e r fe r e w i t h
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I be li ev e I h a v e n o la w f ul r i g h t
s la z c r v i n t h c S t a t e t e h e r c i t e x i s t s
H i s p l a n w a s to h a ve
t o d o s o a n d I h a v e n o i n c li na t i o n to d o
s l a ve ry ab ro gate d b y a n ac t o f Co n g re s s w i t h co m p e n sa t i o n to t h e
s l a ve o w n e r s a n d colo n i zat io n o f t h e n egro i n fo re ig n l a n d s N ot a
ve r y p rac t i ca l p l a n ; for fi r s t ly t h e So u t h e r n S tate s co u l d n o t v e ry
w el l d o w i t h o u t t h e b l ac k labo r seco n d ly i t w o u l d h a v e b ee n rat h e r
d i ffi c u l t to ca r ry t h e p l a n t h ro u g h Co n g r e s s w i t h o u t r u p t u re a n d
fi n a l ly h o w m a n y yea r s w o u l d i t h a ve take n to t r a n s p o rt fo u r m i l
l io n p eo p l e by ve s se l to a fo re i g n co u n t ry !
A s i t t u r n e d o u t i t s h o u l d be do n e i n a n e n t i r e ly d i ff e r e n t w ay
T h e s l a ve S ta te s —w i t h ve ry fe w e xce p t io n s—a n n o u n ce d t h e i r
sec e s s io n f ro m t h e fe d e ra l u n io n ; t h e c i vi l w a r o n e o f t h e b loo d i e s t
i n h i s to ry be ga n a n d i n q u i c k s u cc e s s io n o n e e ve n t p r e s se d u p o n t h e
ot h er
O n Dece m b e r 3 1 86 1 i n h i s m e s sage to Co n gre s s L i n c o l n r e c
f re e
o mm e n d s to d ec l a re a ll s l a ve s co m i n g i n to t h e fe d e ra l l i n e s
u n d e r t h e co n fi sc at i o n ac t t h e co lo n i zat io n o f s a m e a n d a c q u i si t i o n
o f te rr i to r y fo r t h e i r e m i g ra t io n
la bo r
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9
U n i t ed S t a t es o ug h t t o c o —
o p e r a t e t i t li a n y S t a t e w h i c h ma y a d o /t
e
g r a d ua l a bo l i s li nt e n t o f s la v e r y g i t i ng s u c h S t a t e p e c u n i a r y a i d t o
be u s e d b y s u c h S t a t e i n i t s d i s c r e t i o n t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e i n c a n
”
t e u i c n c es p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e p r o d u ce d by s u c h c h a n g e of s y s t e m
O n A p r i l 1 6 1 86 2 s l a ve ry i s a b o l i s h e d i n t h e Di s t r i c t o f C o l um bi a
O n ! u ly 1 4 1 86 2 h e r e c o mm e n d s a g a i n t o C o n g r e s s t o p a s s a n
ac t t o p ay a c e r t a i n a m o u n t p e r h e a d fo r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f s la v e s i n
a n y St a t e w h i c h l a w f u l ly a bol i s h e s s lav e r y
“
h e r e t u r n s t o C o n gr e s s t h e p a s se d A c t t o su p
O n ! u ly
w h i c h w a s t o l i be r a t e a l l
f r es s i ns i a r ec ti o n p u n i s h t r ea s o n
s l a v e s H e p o i n t s o ut t h a t t h i s co u l d n o t b e do n e u n d e r t h e C o n st i
t u t i o n ; b u t i f t h e s la v e s w e r e fi r st a ll d e c la r e d c o n fi s c a t e d t h e n Co n
g r e s s h a d t h e r i g h t t o e t t h e m f r e e a n d t h at h e w o u l d h a ve n o
sc r u p l e t o s i g n a n ac t t o t h a t e ffect
H i s p ro c la m a t i o n o f 2 2 d Sep t e m be r 1 86 2 so u n d s h o w e ve r a
“
li t t le d i ff e r e n t :
I h e r e b y p r o c la i m a n d d e c la r e —T h a t o n t h e 1 s t
da y of ! a n ua r y A D 1 86 3 a ll p e r s o ns h e ld as s lav es w i t h i n a n y
S ta t e o r d es i g n a t e d p a r t of a S ta t e t h e [ e a p/e ze h e r e of s h a l l t h e n
be i n r e b e ll i o n a g a i ns t t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s s h a ll be t h e n t lt e n c efo r t ua r d
"
A nd o n t h e la s t n a m e d d at e h e p u b
a n d f o r m e r be f r e e e t c
etc
li s h e s h i s c e l e b rate d e m a n c i p a t i o n p ro c la m a t i o n
It m u s t n o t be
f o rg o t t e n t h a t t h e ! r e s i de n t a s w el l a s Co n g r e s s a l w ay s t r i e d t o
a do p t n o m ea s u re o u t s i d e o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d u se d t h e fol lo w
i n g s o p h i sm : C o n g r e s s h a s n o p o w e r by i t se l f to a bo l i s h s l av e ry ;
but i t h a s t h e r i g h t t o c o n fi s c a t e t h e p ro p e rty o f reb e l s w h e reby i t
be c o m e s t h e p r o p e r t y o f t h e U n i te d St a t e s w h i c h n o w C o n g r e s s
M a n y p e o p le e ve n n o w t h i n k t h a t
c a n d i s p o s e o f a s i t s ee s p ro p e r
Li n c o ln s e m a n c i p a t i o n p r o c la m a t i o n abol i s h e d sl av e ry e n t i re ly i n a l l
p a r t s o f t h e U n i t i d St a t e s T h i s w a s h o w e ve r n o t t h e c a se fo r
“
l o y a l sl a v e St at e s ( l oy a l by n e c e s s i t y ) w e r e n o t
t h e f e w so c a lle d
! u t i n r e a li t y s l a ve ry w a s d o n e a w ay w i t h fo r i n t h e se
i n c l ud e d
lo ya l St a t e s st r o n g l y o cc u p i e d by fed e ra l so l d i e r s a ll t h e s la v e s a t
o n c e l e ft t h e i r o w n e r s a n d li t t l e w o u l d i t h a ve a va i l e d t h e l a tt e r to
r e c la i m t h e m
“
I n h i s m e s s a g e o f 1 st De c e m be r 1 86 2 L i n co l n st i ll say s : A m ong
t h e f r i e n d s of t h e U n i o n t h e r e i s g r e a t d i v e r s i t y of s e n t i m e n t a n d o f
p o l i c y i n r eg a r d t o s la v e r y a nd t h e Af r i c a n r a c e a m o ng s t us
So m e
w o ul d p e r p e t ua t e s la c e r y ; s o m e w o ul d a b o l i s h i t s u d d e n l y a n d w i t h
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i n h i s m e ssag e o f De c e m be r 6 1 864 —a fte r h i s t e e le c t i o n t o t h e
p r e s i de n c y — L i n c o ln r e co mm en d s t o C o ng r e s s t o e n a c t a la w fo r t h e
e m a n c i p a t i o n o f a l l t h e s l a v e s i n a l l t h e St a t es ; t h i s t i m e w i t h o u t
m e n t i o n i ng an yt h i n g a bo u t c o lo n i z a t i o n c o m p e n sat i o n o r g r a d u al
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i n A p ri l 1 86 5 t h e c r ue l c i v i l w a r w h i c h h a d bee n w age d fo r f o u r
y ea r s d e at h d e a li n g a n d de v a st a t i n g w a s v i r t u al ly b ro u g h t to a n
Sh o r t ly be f o r e h i s e v e r t o be r eg r e tt e d dea t h L i n c o ln h a d p r e
e nd
p a r e d a p r o c la m a t i o n i n w h i c h h e r e i n st a t ed No r t h C a ro li n a
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St a t e s o f t h e U n i o n w i t h o u t w i t h h o ld i n g f r o m t h e e r st w h i le r e be ls
T h e lead e r s o f t h e ! e p u bl i c a n p a r t y p ro v e d
t h e v o t i ng f r a n c h i se
t o h i m h o w e v e r t h a t t h e Co n st i t u t i o n d i d n o t a llo w h i m t o m a ke
i n a ny o f t h e
a n y d i s p o s i t i o n i n r e g a r d t o t h e v o t i n g f r a n c h i se
In t h e p r e t t y h o t c o n t r o v e r s y i n w h i c h t h e l e a d e r s
s e p a r a t e St a t e s
t r i e d t o p e r s u a d e h i m to a l l k i n d s o f c o e r c i v e m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t t h e
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h av e s a n c t i o n e d ag a i n s t t h e ex a c t w o r d i n g of t h e C o ns t i t ut i o n i n
t h e s t r es s of w a r a s c o mm a n d e r i a c h i e f of t h e a r m y t o s av e t h e
Un i o n I h av e n o r i g h t t o d o n ow t h a t th e U n i o n i s sav ed My fi r s t
d ut y i s t o r e es t a bl i s h t h e C on s t i t ut i on a s o ur s up r e m e law ov e r
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ev e r y i n c h of o ur s o i l
! y s u c h w o rd s h e m a d e fo r h i m se l f e n e m i e s o f m a ny o f h i s o ld
p o li t i ca l f r i e n d s a n d ad v i se r s s u c h a s St e v en s S u m n e r e t c a fe w
T h ey w i s h e d t o c o nt i n u e t h e w a r a g a i n st
d a y s b e fo re h i s d e a t h
t h e So ut h e r n St a t e s but f e lt t h a t t h e r eali z a t i o n o f t h e i r pet i dea s
w o u l d be d i ffi c u lt i f n o t i m p o s s i ble u n de r L i n c o l n s a d m i n i st r a t i o n
H i s d ea t h —t h e g r e a t e st c a la mi t y fo r t h e So ut h —s h o u ld g i v e t h e m
h o w e v e r t h e d e si r e d sat i s f ac t i o n
Wi t h t h e i na u g ur at io n o f An d r e w J o h n so n as ! r e si d ent a h o t
c o n fli c t c o mm e n c e d bet w ee n h i m a n d Co n g r e s s i n r eg a r d t o t h e
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T h e a b o li t i on i s t s
a t t h e fi r st e l e ct i o n o f L i n c o ln t o t h e p r e s i d e n c y
h a d e ff e c t e d t h e a b o l i t i o n o f s la v e r y a n d t h e p r o t e c t i o n i s t s h ad
r a i se d t h e rate s o f i m p o r t d u t y t o a n e no r m o u s h e i g h t It s m i s s i o n
! u t p o l i t i c a l p o w e r h a s i t s g r e a t a tt rac t io n ;
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t h e p o li t i c a l lea d e r s lo o k e d fo r w ay s a n d m e a n s t o p e r p e t u ate t h e
T h e te n d e n c y o f a reco n s t r u ct io n o n t h e ba s i s o f t h e Co n
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w h i c h s h o w e d i t se l f w i t h m a n y o f t h e u n i o n i t s a n d
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U n i o n d i d n o t p l e a s e t h e m : a n d i n t h e h ea r t s o f m e n li k e T h ad de u s
St e v e n s S u m n er E d m u n d s C o n k l i n e t c a gr e a t a n t a g o n i s m —ye s
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so t h a t t h e y n e ve r a g a i n s h o ul d b e ab l e t o r a i s e t h e i r h e a d s ; a n d a s
t h e b e s t m e a n s t o a cc o m p li s h t h i s r e c o nn n e n d e d i t e l f t o t h e m t o
t a k e a w a y t h e v o t i n g f r a n c h i s e f ro m a l l w h o h a d i n a n y s h a p e o r
f o r m p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e r e be ll i o n a n d b e to w i t upo n t h e n e gro
p o p ul a t i o n
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ta x e d a r e d e c la r e d t o be c i t i z e ns of th e U n i t e d S ta t es w a s s e n t ba c k
t o C o n gr e s s by J o h n so n w i t h h i s v e t o o n t h e 2 7 t h o f M a rc h
T h i s la w w o u l d h a v e p la c e d t h e s t a m p o f c i ti ze n s h i p u p o n e v e r y
J o h n so n r e a so n e d t h a t a s e le v e n St a t e s— t h e ve ry o n e s mo t
neg ro
a ffe c t e d b y t h e p a s s a g e o f t h e ac t i n q ue s t o n— w e r e n o t r e p r e se n t e d
i n C o n g r e s s t h e C o n s t i t ut i o n w o u l d n o t a d m i t o f t h e p a s s a g e o f
“
! o u r m i ll i o ns
s u c h a c t ; a n d h e s a y s f u r t h e r i n h i s v e t o m e ssa g e :
us t e m e rg e d f r o m s la v e r y
of t h e m ( t h e c o lo r e d p o p u la t i o n ) h a v e j
Ca n i t be r eas o na b ly s up p os e d t h a t t h ey p oss ess t h e
i n t o fr e ed o m
t o e n t i t l e t h e m t o a ll t h e p r i v i l e g es a n d
r eq ui s i t e q i ui li fi c a t i o ns
i mm un i ti e s of c i ti z e n s of t h e U n i t e d S ta t es ! H a v e th e p e o p l e of t h e
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a f t e r t h e rebe l l i o n h a d b e e n qu e l le d—a n a m e n d m e n t t o t h e C o n st i
t u t i o n co u l d n o t be p a ss e d by C o n gr e s s w i t h o u t t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n
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t h e r e q u i r e d sa n c t i o n o f t h r ee f o u r t h s o f a l l t h e St a t e s
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h i g h e r p u b li c o ffi c e s ; t h e n e w e lecte d leg i s l at u r e s c o n s i s t ed t o t h e
g r e a t e r p a r t o f n e g r oe s A n d n o w c o m m e n c e d fo r t h em a g ay li f e
A n e g ro m i li t i a w a s i n st i t ut e d a r m s a n d u ni f o r m s w e r e f u r n i s h e d
f r o m t h e a r se n a l s o f t h e g e n e r a l gove r n m e n t a n d a c o m i c a l i f s a d
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t h e r e by s p re a d a m o n g t h e ea s i l y i n t i m i date d b l ac k s s u c h fe a r a n d
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a m o n g t h e bet te r c l a s s o f t h e ! e p u b l i ca n s b ro u g h t abo u t by a n d by
a l i t t l e m o re to l e r a b l e co n d i t io n s ! ut o n ly t h e yea r 1 87 7 g a ve t h e
So u t h i t s r i g h t s u n d e r t h e no w a l te re d Co n st i t u t io n
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T h e n egro vo te d a l w ay s o n ly fo r h i s o w n i n te r
w h i te p o p u l at i o n
e s t o r w h a t h e co n s i d e re d to b e s u c h
E i t h e r fo r t h e ! e p u b l i c a n
p a r ty f ro m w h i c h h e e x p e c te d i n re t u r n t h e a p p o i n t m e n t to p u b l i c
o ffice s a n d w h i c h — h e t h o u g h t—w o u l d p rotec t h i m agai n st t h e e ve r
p re se n t g h o st o f t h e re i n t r o d u c t i o n o f s l a ve ry o r a l so fo r a n ybod y
Wi t h f u l l c o n v i c t i o n o f
w h o w o u l d o ffe r h i m a do l l a r fo r h i s vo te
t h e r i g h t a n d w i t h t h e i n te n t io n a n d w i s h fo r t h e ge n e r a l w e l fa r e
t h e n eg r o v ote d n e v e r
T h e w h i te So u t h e r n e r s u ff e r e d m u c h u n d e r t h e fee l i n g o f w r o n g
d o n e h i m w h i c h m a d e h i m b e a r t h e e n t i re b u r d e n o f t h e fi ft e e n t h
a m e n d me n t a n d a s h e c ou l d n ot loo k to Wa s h i n gto n fo r be t te r m e n t
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a s s l a ve s u p to t h e p re se n t d ay I n t h e fol lo w i n g I s h a l l t ry to
e x p l a i n m y v i e w s a s t o t h e re l a t i o n h e s h o ul d o c c u p y t o t h e w h i t e
race i n t h e f u t u r e
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I f i n w a r o n e n at i o n co n
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An d i t h a s bee n
.
p r i v i le g e s w
a bo ut
p
br o u g h t
p o li t i c a l ly , a n
no r
t h e so c i a l li n e , w h i c h
f t h e In d o
st i ll
to
h i ch
w
i ll
i s d r aw n
a s s i m i lat i o n
in
one
a c lo s e r
de
d eg r e e
h
i
h
li
b
w
c
h
!
e
u
b
p
t
e
c h as
) y
o t h e r s i m i la r d a n g e r s f r o m o t h e r r a c e s ,
b r o ad e r
are
-
m a ny
o f v e ry
i n f e r i o r to
an d
f
i a lly
s oc
t h e dang e r to
o ut
u
h o i n s i st ed
ne i t h e r
.
o b li t e r a t e
by t o
a nd
t e r i o r a t i ng
of w
act o f
A b r a h a m Li n c o l n— d i d
f t h e t w o r ace s
o
be t w e e n t h e t w o
th e
h i t e ra ce
t h e m t h e i ll u s t r i o u s
by
by
p l a c i n g t h e n e g r o o n p ol i t i c a l a n d
n a t i o n a l sa c r i fi c e t h e a bo l i t i o n o
e n dea v o r
t en d
of
i t h t h at
h i c h p r e v a i ls i n t h e m i n d s
my
a m e nd m e n t
f th e
o
t h e d a n g e r s w h i c h o u r n a t i o n h a s y e t e n c o u n t er e d n o n e
eq
a mo ng
be
c o m pa r e d w
I h av e
at a
w o u ld
se n s e
h e r e t h e p la c e
.