DEAR AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS,
The amount of material covered in an AP Biology course in extensive and we are
always rushing to get to the end of the curriculum before the AP Exam. In order to get a head
start, I will be assigning the attached Summer Assignment. It has 4 parts. All parts must be
typed and submitted via e-mail (to [email protected]) by Friday, August 26 at
11:59PM. I will be available in school on August 24 and August 25 after 2:00PM and by email for the entire summer if you have questions or need help. The AP Exam is on May 8th
2017. LET THE COUNTDOWN BEGIN!
HAVE A GOOD SUMMER,
Ms. Russo
SUMMER ASSIGNMENT PART I: Read chapter 2 and 3 (pp. 46- 52) and answer the questions below
1. What are the most common elements in living organisms?
2. Helium has an atomic number of 2 and atomic mass of 4. Explain in terms of the subatomic particles
that make up an He atom and their location in the atom
3. Define isotope and give some examples.
4. How are isotopes used in biology?
5. What happens when electrons change levels?
6. What are valence electrons? What is the significance of valence numbers?
7. What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds in terms of the types of atoms involved and
what happens to the electrons?
8. How do non-polar covalent bonds differ from polar covalent bonds?
9. What is an ion? How do ions form? What is the difference between a cation and an anion?
10. What is a hydrogen bond? How does it form and how is it different from a covalent bond?
11. Sketch a three molecules of water, indicate their polarity (partial negative and positive charges), and
where H bonds form.
12. What are van-der waals forces? What causes them to occur?
13. Why is molecular shape important in biology? Give an example
14. For each property of water below: define it, what about the structure of water allows it to occur, why it
is important to life.
a. Cohesion and adhesion
b. Water’s high specific heat
c. Water’s high heat of vaporization
c. Water is less dense as a solid
d. Water can act as a universal solvent
15. Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic
SUMMER ASSIGNMENT PART 2: Read the experiment below and answer the questions that
follow
Enzymes are molecules that speed up the rate at which reactions occur. An enzyme known as
pepsin works to break down protein in the human digestive system.
Protein + Pepsin à Amino acids
You are trying to determine at which pH (acid or basic) the enzyme works best. The procedure
below was followed and the data was collected
1. 10g of protein powder is placed in 3 separate cups
2. To set up a the reaction a specific pH:
• In one cup but 5mL of an acid buffer (pH 3)
• In the other, put 5 mL of an neutral buffer (pH 7)
• In the last cup, put 5 mL of a basic buffer (pH 10)
3. Add 5 drops of enzymes to each cup and let the reaction run for 1 minute
4. Using biuret solution, measure the amount of protein left in each cup.
Environment
Acid (pH 3)
Neutral (pH 7)
Basic (pH 10)
Amino acids produced
7.3 g
4.5 g
3.1 g
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the problem we are trying to solve in this experiment?
2.
3.
4.
5.
What would be a correct hypothesis for this lab?
Identify the independent and dependent variable.
What are some constants in this experiment (variables that should be kept the same)
Make an Excel line graph of pH (x-axis) vs. amino acids produced (y-axis). Make sure you label
the axis and give the graph a title
6. Make the same graph above by hand (including all necessary labels). Take a picture of it and place
it in the word document
7. What can you conclude from the data? Use data to support your conclusion.
8. What are some (3) possible sources of error and explain HOW they would affect the data. YOU
MUST SAY SPECFICALLY IF THEY WOULD MAKE THE DATA GO UP OR DOWN
The graph below shows the reaction with pepsin and a protein at the optimal pH.
RateofReac2onofPepsin
240
220
aminoacidsmade(mg)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440460480500520
Time(sec)
9. Calculate the rate (slope) of reaction from 0 to 240 seconds
10. Calculate the rate (slope) of reaction from 240 to 480 seconds
11. Give a biological reason for the difference in rates calculated (this is a hard question).
SUMMER ASSIGNMENT PART 3: Design an experiment
Typed in a word document design an experiment that tests a factor that affect seed germination (when a
plant emerges from seed, NOT how much it grows). It must include the following
• Problem Statement in the following form: How does ________________ affect
seed germination?
• Hypothesis: A statement that answers the problem statement
• Identification of the independent and dependent variable in your experiment
• Identification of the constants (things that must stay the same in an
experiment)
• Design of experiment
o Include
§ All materials needed
§ All steps you will follow (in a numbered lists)
§ Experimental groups (what plants and how many will receive each
treatment
§ The time needed (seeds take 7-10 days to germinate in perfect
conditions)
• Design of a data table to record your results on for the duration of the
experiment
PART 4 – VIDEOS AND NOTES
Watch the video links below and take notes (you can do these by hand and take pictures
of them). Fill out the chart below or make your own. You will have a quiz on the
second day of school andyouwillbeallowedtousethesenotes!
•
•
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http://tinyurl.com/MEOWpolymer
http://tinyurl.com/MEOWcarbo
http://tinyurl.com/MEOWlipids
•
•
http://tinyurl.com/MEOWnucleic
http://tinyurl.com/MEOWprotein
Typeof
Biomolecule
AtomsIn
Compound
BuildingBlocks
(Monomers)
Types
APictureofitsstructure
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
NucleicAcid