Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
Introduction to Phonology
Week 8
Stress
Ruben van de Vijver
June 16, 2014
English stress
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
Last week
• Syllables,
• syllable structure,
• prosodic hierarchy
English stress
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
This week
• Stress,
• typology of stress
• metrical structure
English stress
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Stress
• [­ma.ka"ro.ni]
• stress is the relative prominence among syllables.
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
What is stress?
• [­lo.ko.mo"tiv@]
• ["tyrIN5 ­rOst­bratwUrst]
• [1 ty4 rIN5 2 rOst3 brat4 wUrst]
• ?[1 ty4 rIN5 3 rOst2 brat4 wUrst]
English stress
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
References
Four basic patterns
Primary stress first σ, secondary all odd σ: Maranungku
["ti1 .ralk]
["me1 .re.­pet3 ]
["yaN1 . gar.­ma3 .ta]
["laN1 .ka­ra3 .te.­ti5 ]
["we1 .le.­pe3 .ne.­man5 .ta]
Hayes (1995)
saliva
beard
the Pleiades
prawn
kind of duck
(stress
(stress
(stress
(stress
(stress
on
on
on
on
on
σ
σ
σ
σ
σ
1)
1 and 3)
1 and 3)
1, 3 and 5)
1, 3 and 5)
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Four basic patterns
Primary stress last σ, secondary every other preceding σ: Weri
[Nin."tip]
[­ku.li."pu]
[u.­lu.a."mit]
[­a.ku.­ne.te."pal]
Hayes (1995)
bee
hair of arm
mist
times
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Four basic patterns
Primary stress penult σ, secondary every other preceding σ: Warao
[ji.­wa.a."na.e]
[­ya.pu.­ru.ki.­ta.ne."ha.se]
[e.­na. ho.­ro.a.­ha .ku."ta.i]
Hayes (1995)
he finished it
verily to climb
the one who caused him to eat
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Four basic patterns
Primary stress second σ, secondary every other following σ: Araucanian
[wu."le]
[ti."pan.to]
[e."lu.mu.­yu]
[e."lu.a.­e.new]
[ki."mu.ba.­lu.wu.­lay]
Hayes (1995)
tomorrow
year
give us
he will give me
he pretended not to know
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Rhythm
Stress clash
• Stress alternates between syllables.
• Adjacent stresses are avoided.
• [ynivErsi"tet] ["dys@ldO5f] →["ynivErsitet] ["dys@ldO5f].
• [vaU.Ef."El] ["bo.xum] →["vaU.Ef.El] ["bo.xum]
• sometimes nothing can be done: ["hœ5] ["sal] →["hœ5.­sal]
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
Syllable weight
Syllable structure and stress
• Quantity insensitive
• Quantity sensitive
English stress
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
References
Syllable weight
Syllable structure and stress: rhythmic stress (Tümpishe Shoshone)
• Stress is on the first mora (long vowels have two moras, short
vowel one),
• and every other following mora
["na1 t.tu.­su3 .Pu.­Na5 n.ti]
["na1 .ti.­Bi3 n.ni.­ya5 .ha]
["ke1 :.­ya3 .wok.­ku5 p.pi.­xa7 n.ti]
["pa1 :.­Ga3 n.ti]
van de van de Vijver (1998)
doctor
(to) be named
not having money
having water
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
References
Syllable weight
Syllable structure and stress: one stress per word in Selkup
• Stress is on the last heavy syllable (syllable with long vowel)
• if there is no long vowel, stress is on the first syllable
Long vowels
[u:."cO:.m1t]
we work
[qu.mo:.qlI."lI:] your two friends
[u:.c1k."ko:.qI] they two are working
Walker (1997)
No long vowels
["qum.m1n]
human being
["a.m1r.na]
eats
j
["qol -c1m.pa.t1] found
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
References
Syllable weight
Stressed syllables are heavy: Tiriyo
• In words of two syllables, stress is on the first one,
• otherwise stress is on the second syllable and every other
syllable following it,
• except for the last one, which is never stressed.
[pa."wa:.na]
[ta."r@:.no]
[pe."re:.ru]
[ya."ra:.ma.ta]
[a."ri:.mi.na]
[k1."ya:.po.ko]
house
the Tiriyo people
butterfly
chin
electric eel
toucan
[ka."na:.mi.­t@:]
[i."ka:.pu.­pu:.tu]
[wa."po:.to.­ma:.ne]
[yi."ya:.ra.­ma:.ta]
tick
cloud
I helped
my chin
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
Is stress a distinctive feature?
No
• no single phonetic correlate,
• stress is multi-leveled,
• stress is (usually) alternating,
• stress is culminative,
• stress is positional,
• stress is demarcative.
English stress
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
The metrical foot
The foot
• A constituent in which a syllable or a mora is the head
• and another syllable or mora is the dependent.
• (σ head σ dependent ), (σ dependent σ head )
• (µhead µdependent ), (µdependent µhead )
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Feet in poetry
Shakespeare Sonnet 55
(Nor mar)(ble nor) (the gild)(ed mo)(numents)
Of princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme
But you shall shine more bright in these contents
Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time
When wasteful war shall statues overturn
And broils root out the work of masonry
Nor Mars his sword nor war’s quick fire shall burn
The living record of your memory
’Gainst death and all oblivious enmity
Shall you pace forth; your praise shall still find room
Even in the eyes of all posterity
That wear this world out till the ending doom
So, till the judgement that yourself arise
You live in this, and dwell in lovers’ eyes
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Feet in poetry
Willem Elsschot het huwelijk
Toen hij bespeurde hoe de nevel van de tijd
in d’ogen van zijn vrouw de vonken uit kwam doven
haar wangen had verweerd, haar voorhoofd had
doorkloven
toen wendde hij zich af en vrat zich op van spijt
-Hij dacht: ik sla haar dood en steek het huis in brand.
Ik moet de schimmel van mijn stramme voeten wassen
en rennen door het vuur en door de plassen
tot bij een ander lief in enig ander land
-Maar doodslaan deed hij niet, want tussen droom en
daad
staan wetten in de weg en praktische bezwaren,
en ook weemoedigheid, die niemand kan verklaren,
en die des avonds komt, wanneer men slapen gaat.
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Feet in poetry
Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum est 1
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through
sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Feet in poetry
Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum est 2
Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!– An ecstasy of fumbling,
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling,
And flound’ring like a man in fire or lime...
Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,
As under sea, I saw him drowning.
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Feet in poetry
Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum est 3
In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Feet in poetry
Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum est 4
If in some smothering dreams you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin;
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,–
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Metrical feet
Trochees and iambs
• the idea of feet is taken from the analysis of poetry,
• trochee: ("σ σ)
• iamb: (σ "σ)
• These are aligned with the left edge of the word or
• with the right edge of the word
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
References
Four basic patterns
Trochees aligned with the left edge of the word: Maranungku
[("ti1 .ralk)]
[("me1 .re.)(­pet3 )]
[("yaN1 . gar).(­ma3 .ta)]
[("laN1 .ka)(­ra3 .te)(.­ti5 )]
[("we1 .le).(­pe3 .ne).(­man5 .ta)]
Hayes (1995)
saliva
beard
the Pleiades
prawn
kind of duck
(stress
(stress
(stress
(stress
(stress
on
on
on
on
on
σ
σ
σ
σ
σ
1)
1 and 3)
1 and 3)
1, 3 and 5)
1, 3 and 5)
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Four basic patterns
Iambs aligned with the right edge of the word: Weri
[(Nin."tip)]
[(­ku).(li."pu)]
[(u.­lu.)(a."mit)]
[(­a).(ku.­ne).(te."pal)]
Hayes (1995)
bee
hair of arm
mist
times
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
References
Four basic patterns
Trochees aligned with the right side of the word: Warao
[ji.(­wa.a).("na.e)]
[(­ya.pu).(­ru.ki).(­ta.ne).("ha.se)]
[e.(­na. ho).(­ro.a).(­ha .ku).("ta.i)]
Hayes (1995)
he finished it
verily to climb
the one who caused him to eat
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Four basic patterns
Iambs aligned with the left edge of the word: Araucanian
[(wu."le)]
[(ti."pan).to]
[(e."lu).(mu.­yu)]
[(e."lu).(a.­e).new]
[(ki."mu).(ba.­lu).(wu.­lay)]
Hayes (1995)
tomorrow
year
give us
he will give me
he pretended not to know
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Nouns
Arizó:na
diplóma
papáya
marı́na
cerébrum
factótum
affidávit
Nebráska
agénda
appéndix
amálgam
conúndrum
veránda
enı́gma
América
cámera
álgebra
lábyrinth
aspáragus
alúminum
sýllable
Metrical structure
English stress
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Nouns
• Final syllable is extrametrical,
• Trochees from the right edge,
• quantity sensitive (long vowels, and closed syllables)
Penult long
Ari(zó:)<na>
diplóma
papáya
marı́na
cerébrum
factótum
affidávit
penult closed
Ne(brás)<ka>
agénda
appéndix
amálgam
conúndrum
veránda
enı́gma
penult light
A(méri)<ca>
cámera
álgebra
lábyrinth
aspáragus
alúminum
sýllable
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
Verbs and adjectives
maintáin
eráse
caróuse
surmı́se
decı́de
devóte
deláy
replý
supréme
sincére
secúre
remóte
Verbs
collápse
tormént
eléct
usúrp
obsérve
adápt
exémpt
invólve
Adjectives
absúrd
corrúpt
imménse
occúlt
astónish
édit
imágine
cáncel
intérpret
embárass
remémber
solı́cit
sólid
frántic
hándsome
clandéstine
English stress
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
Verbs and adjectives
• Final consonant is extrametrical,
• Trochees from the right edge,
• quantity sensitive (long vowels, and closed syllables)
main(tái)<n>
eráse
caróuse
su(pré)<me>
sincére
secúre
remóte
Verbs
col(láp)<se>
tormént
eléct
Adjectives
ab(súr)<d>
corrúpt
imménse
occúlt
a(stóni)<sh>
édit
imágine
(sóli)<d>
frántic
hándsome
clandéstine
References
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
References
Assignment
• Answer for question 11, page 373 Zsiga (2013) questions 10 a
and b.
• Answer for question 13, page 373 Zsiga (2013) questions 10 a
and b.
Introduction
What is stress?
Cross-linguistic typology
Metrical structure
English stress
References
References
Hayes, B. (1995). Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case
Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
van de Vijver, R. (1998). The Iambic Issue: Iambs as the Result of
Constraint Interaction. PhD thesis, Holland Institute of
generative Linguistics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Walker, R. (1997). Mongolian Stress, Licensing, and Factorial
Typology. ms., University of California, Santa Cruz.
Zsiga, E. C. (2013). The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to
Phonetics and Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell.