International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, V0l. 90 (2015)
DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2015. V90. 24
The Pattern of South Equatorial Current and Primary Productivity in
South Java Seas
Rizky M. Utamy 1, Noir P. Purba 1, Widodo S. Pranowo 2 and Henhen Suherman 3
1
2
KOMITMEN Research Group, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
3
P3SDLP, BALITBANG-KP, Jakarta, Indonesia
Abstract. South Equatorial Current flows throughout the year and be strong in The East Monsoon between
latitudes 10oLS–20oLS, focus of this study lies at the changing patterns of SEC associated with water mass
around it. The aim of this research is to knowing the correlation between SEC with the distribution of
phytoplankton in these waters. The observation was conducted by looking at the conditions of horizontal and
vertical of the data main (the current and phytoplankton) and supporting data (temperature and salinity) in
time series during 2014 using INDESO’s data. Result from this observation showed that the correlation
between SEC and primary productivity exists although known as a weak correlation. Other than that, SEC is
known have some spatial and temporal variations in every season as well, which is located at the northern
latitude during Eastern Monsoon in a range 5 oS-15oS for latitude and 90 oE-113 oE for longitude, and SEC
will be located at the southern latitude during First Transitional Season with range 8 oS-18oS for latitude and
90oE-115oE for longitude.
Keywords: SEC, primary productivity, phytoplankton, velocity
1. Introduction
Eastern Indian Ocean Waters has typical characteristic influenced by the movement of monsoon and
trade wind systems [1] with the maximum velocity occurred during the Eastern Monsoon [2], [3], the
fluctuation of South Java Current (SJC) [4], [5] with the salinity ranges 33.8 PSU [4], Indonesian
Throughflow (ITF) with salinity and temperature ranges 34.4 PSU and 29oC [6], [7] and eddies system [8].
One of the streams that centralized in Eastern Indian Ocean is SEC. SEC be the one that linked Indian Ocean
and Atlantic Ocean and directly associated with world system current by Ocean Conveyor Belt (OCB) [9],
[10]. The study about water masses in Eastern Indian Ocean have been done either by the observation as well
as the models by [11], [12], [13], [9], [14]. Focus of this study is in the changing patterns of SEC associated
with the water masses around it. It is highly influenced by the dominance of ITF, SJC, and the stress wind
prevailling seasonally and effect the changes of nutrient distribution around Indonesian and Australia Waters.
South Equatorial Current flows throughout the year [11] and be strong in The Easterly Monsoon [14] at
10 LS–20oLS for latitude and directly related to heat flux, salt transfer, and nutrient trap. SEC is one of
shallow current that have velocity about 0.15 m s-1 [12] and the depth is less than 200 m. The strong
incoming westward of SEC due to strengthening of ITF and the backflow in south Java [15]. SEC has its
own-characteristic which is has lower salinity than other water masses surrounded due to overflow of ITF
flowing to Indonesia [13]. This current has temporal variations influenced by the season and spatial
variations causing a shift of latitude as well. The study of dynamic in Eastern Indian Ocean and the
correlation with SEC more dominated in the spatial, zonal, temporal variability as well and has not been
discussed about its associated with primary productivity.
o

Corresponding author. Tel.: +622287701519; fax: +622287701518.
E-mail address: [email protected].
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2. The Observation
2.1. The processing of INDESO data
The studies of this research are an area of South Java waters with coordinate 5oLS – 20oLS and 90oBT –
130oBT (Fig. 1). The method is conducted by taking and processing the data of current and phytoplankton
that obtained from INDESO (Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography) model during 2014 from
website www.indeso.web.id with delayed mode. The data of INDESO has 0.88o as its resolution and
available in daily composite then processed into monthly average data. After that, both of data that have
become monthly average data processed spatially and temporally to find out the patterns of SEC and the
primary productivity condition in this waters.
Fig. 1: Area of SEC
3. Discussion
3.1. Current
According to the result of INDESO data processing during 2014 in South Java wares with coordinate
5 S-20oS and 90oE-130oE then known that SEC experiencing the maximum velocity during the Eastern
Monsoon with a value about 0.0150 m/s as well as temperature and salinity have each values about 29oC and
34 PSU. The minimum velocity of SEC is known occurs during Western Monsoon with a value about 0.0049
m/s as well as temperature and salinity have each values about 31oC and 35 PSU. Range of SEC velocity,
temperature, and salinity in every month can be seen in Table 1.
o
Table 1: Range of SEC Velocity, Temperature, and Salinity during 2014
SEC Velocity (m/s)
Temperature (oC)
Salinity (PSU)
Months
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
Minimum
January
0.0084
0.0028
31
27
34.6
33.8
February
0.0049
0.0027
31
26
35
33.6
March
0.0086
0.0033
32
27
34.8
32.5
April
0.0124
0.0040
31
27
35
32.5
Mei
0.1100
0.0039
30.5
26
35
32.5
June
0.0094
0.0041
30
25
34.5
31.5
July
0.0095
0.0034
29
23
35
33
August
0.0096
0.0041
29
23
35
32.9
September
0.0150
0.0046
29
24
34
34
October
0.0141
0.0037
29
24
35
33.8
November
0.0110
0.0029
31
25
35.2
33.8
December
0.0063
0.0028
31
25
35.3
33.8
Moreover, SEC is known to have some variations and changing patterns in every season as well. SEC is
located in the northern latitude during Eastern Monsoon with 5oS-15oS for latitude and 90 oE-113 oE for
153
longitude, and SEC will be located in the southern latitude during Transitional Season I with 8oS-18oS for
latitude and 90oE-115oE for longitude. The conclusion of variations and changing patterns of SEC during
2014 can be seen in Fig. 2 and Table 2.
Fig. 3: Patterns of Current and Primary Productivity during 2014
3.2. Primary productivity
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The phytoplankton processing data from INDESO 2014 in South Java waters showed that the
distribution of phytoplankton most abundant during Eastern Monsoon (September) with the maximum value
reaching 2 mmol C m-3 and 0.23 mmol C m-3 for the minimum value. The result showed that the abundance
of phytoplankton known to be in minimum condition when Transitional II Monsoon (December) occurs
reaching 0.8 mmol C m-3 for maximum value and 0.2 mmol C m-3 for minimum value. It means the primary
productivity in SEC waters of South Java known be the most abundance when Eastern Monsoon occurs and
decreased during Transitional Monsoon II. The value of primary productivity in SEC waters for 1 year can
be seen in Table 3 and the distribution of primary productivity in a year can be seen in Fig. 3.
Fig. 2: The Area of SEC Latitude and Longitude during 2014 Seen from All Seasons; Red is Transitional I Season; Blue
is Western Season; Black is Transitional II Season; Green is Eastern Season
Table 2: The Variations and Patterns of SEC during 2014
Seasons
Western
Transitional I
Eastern
Transitional II
The Conditions of SEC
Range of Latitude (Km)
Longitude
888
90oE - 117 oE
1110
90oE - 115oE
1110
90oE - 113oE
1165.5
90oE - 115oE
Latitude
8oS – 16oS
8oS - 18oS
5oS - 15oS
7oS – 17.5oS
Range of Longitude (Km)
2997
2775
2553
2775
Table 3: Primary Productivity in SEC Waters during 2014
Primary Productivity (mmol C m-3)
Months
Maximum
Minimum
January
1
0.2
February
2
0.19
March
2
0.2
April
2
0.19
Mei
2
0.21
June
2
0.22
July
1.3
0.2
August
2
0.2
September
2
0.23
October
2
0.198
November
1.4
0.21
December
0.8
0.2
4. Conclusion
From the results of observation concluded that SEC be in dominant phases when Eastern Monsoon
occurs with the velocity value is reaching 0.150 m/s as well as the value of temperature is 29 oC and 34 PSU
for salinity. SEC is known to has some variations and the different changing patterns in every season. The
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patterns of SEC will be located to the northern latitude during Eastern Monsoon, and will be located in the
southern latitude during Transitional I Season. Besides that, from the result of the observation can be
concluded that the productivity in SEC waters reaching the highest abundance during the Eastern Monsoon
with the maximum values is about 2 mmol C m-3 and the minimum value is about 0.23 mmol C m-3.
5. Acknowledgements
The Authors would like to thank Padjadjaran University especially Marine Science Program, Fisheries
and Marine Sciences Department-Padjadjaran University, and KOMITMEN Research Group who have
supported the workmanship of this paper. The Author would like to thank P3SDLP, BALITBANG-KP North
Jakarta as the place to processing and analysing the data as well and to BPOL Bali for the opportunity of
JUVO Cruise 2015 that given to the Author.
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Author Index
A
Al-Ashraf Abdullah Amirul
Alexander Onuchin
Amirhossein Ashouri
Analiza P. Rollon
Anastasia Musokhranova
Ashok N. Bhaskarwar
B
Bahareh Sadhezari
Benjamin Brigaud
Bhaskar Naik
Bin Li
Bo Jin
Bomi Kim
C
Camille Pasquet
Chan Jin Park
Chenglong Shi
Christine Laporte-Magoni
Christophe Durlet
Conghui Gu
D
Da-Young Nam
16
132
36
127
82, 101
36
22
51
8
1
94
E
Euijong Lee
Eun Ji Woo
Evans Chirwa
94
146
121
H
Hak-Ho Nam
Hana Vodičková
Heekyung An
Henhen Suherman
Hu Zhang
Hyungsoo Kim
Hyun-Jeong Park
K
Kaili Liu
Kangwon Lee
Kazuhiko Miyanaga
Kesaven Bhubalan
Khushbu Patel
Kaswandi, M.A.
22
146
63, 76
22
22
8
140
132
G
Garima Dwivedi
Georg Guggenberger
Guncha Munjal
J
Jaehun Kim
Jana JaklováDytrtová
Ji Ye Yoo
Jia Yongzhong
Jin Yong Choi
Jinghe Sun
Jongmin Kim
Jordan, H.D. Chiswell
132
Dmitri Prisov
F
Fabrice Monna
Fanglong Qiu
I
Ivana Šestáková
82, 101
132
82, 101
140
43
59
152
1
94
140
157
94
43
146
70
146
63
59
87
8
59
127
16
51
114
L
Lian, H.H.
Li Danqing
114
108
M
Mailin Misson
Min Jung Jeon
Min-Gyeong Gu
1
94
140
Min-Jeong Gu
Miroslav Gál
Mohamad-Azran Faris Mohamad
Azemi
Mohd Effendy Abdul Wahid
22
63, 76
43
140
43
16
16
N
Nur Hayatul Akmal M.R.
114
Nur-Hidayah, H.
114
Noah, M. R.
114
Nang Hein Nandar Htwe
Nirendra M Misra
Noir P. Purba
Noor-Fazielawanie Mohd Rashid
127
51
152
16
P
Pauline Le Monier
Peggy Gunkel-Grillon
22
22
O
Qiu Fanglong
70
R
Rakshith R Shettigar
Rémi Losno
Rasyidah, T.I.
Rizky M. Utamy
S
Shanshan Sun
Shaolei Xie
Shi Chenglong
Sun Jinhe
T
Taejin Hwang
Tamara Burenina
Terri-Ann Berry
Tian Yuan
Tomáš Navrátil
W
Wenqi Zhong
Widodo S. Pranowo
Woojin Kim
51
22
114
152
X
Xia Yiping
Xie Shaolei
28
63, 76
70
70
59
132
87
108
43
158
8, 28
152
59
108
70
Y
Yan Jing
Yasunori Tanji
Yongzhong Jia
76
127
63, 76
Z
Zack Khuzwayo
Zhou Lei
Zhulin Yuan
121
108
8, 28