European Conquest
LEARNING TARGETS
I can…
 Tell why Europeans sailed to the Americas
 Analyze how the conquistadors conquered the Aztecs
and the Incas
 breakdown how the Spanish empire was organized and
how colonization affected the Americas
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Vocabulary
Conquistador
Royal Fifth
Viceroyalty
Monopoly
Hacienda
Social class
Debt peonage
Treaty
Hernan Cortez
Francisco Pizzaro
Mestizo
Peninsular
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Europeans Arrive in the Americas
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Europeans Arrive in the Americas
A. In the 1400s, European nations of Spain and Portugal
were _________________________________________
_____________________________________________
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Columbus
B. The BIG mistake Christopher Columbus made when
planning his voyage was _________________________
____________________________________________.
C. Columbus was denied money from
__________________
D. Queen Isabella
of ________________
agreed to sponsor
(pay for) his voyage
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3. His three ships were the _________________,
_________________, & ____________________.
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Dividing a Continent
B. In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed a treaty.
C. A Treaty is ____________________________________
D. They created an imaginary line called the
________________________________ which gave Spain
the right to settle and trade west (50 degrees longitude
line) of that line and Portugal had east of that line
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Columbus presents Queen Isabella
and King Ferdinan with gifts from the
New World
An Age of Discovery
A. Centuries before Columbus, people did not
know_______________________________
B. Cities such as Genoa and Venice
prospered because of__________________________________
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Conquistadors’ Success
A. Spanish explorers hoped ______________________
____________________________ in the Americas as a
result of the conquistadors success.
B. The Spanish church also wished to spread
Christianity
A.
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Conquistadors’ Success
A. Conquistadors were given ____________________ in
exchange for their “conquering” services
B. One fifth of any wealth that was found had to be set
aside for the Spanish Crown. This was known as
_____________________________
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Hernan Cortez
~ the Conquistador


1485 to 1571
Leader of the
Spanish invasion
into Mexico and
conqueror of the
Aztec Empire
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Cuba (1511-1518)

In 1511, Cortés accompanied Diego
Velázquez de Cuéllar, an aide of the
Governor of Hispaniola, in his
expedition to conquer Cuba. Velázquez
was appointed as governor. At the age
of 26, Cortés was made clerk to the
treasurer with the responsibility of
ensuring that the Crown received the
quinto, or customary one fifth of the
profits from the expedition.
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Cuba (1511-1518)

The Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez,
was so impressed with Cortés that he
secured a high political position for him in
the colony. He became secretary for
Governor Velázquez. Cortés was twice
appointed municipal magistrate (alcalde) of
Santiago. In Cuba, Cortés became a man of
substance with an encomienda to provide
Indian labor for his mines and cattle. This
new position of power also made him the
new source of leadership, which opposing
forces in the colony could then turn to.
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Cuba (1511-1518)


In 1514, Cortés led a group which demanded
that more Indians be assigned to the settlers.
As time went on, relations between Cortés and
Governor Velázquez became strained.[7] This
began once news of Juan de Grijalva,
establishing a colony on the mainland where
there was a bonanza of silver and gold,
reached Velázquez; it was decided to send him
help. Cortés was appointed Captain-General of
this new expedition in October 1518, but was
advised to move fast before Velázquez
changed his mind.[7]
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Cuba (1511-1518)

With Cortés's experience as an
administrator, knowledge gained from many
failed expeditions, and his impeccable
rhetoric he was able to gather six ships and
300 men, within a month. Predictably,
Velázquez's jealousy exploded and decided
to place the leadership of the expedition in
other hands. However, Cortés quickly
gathered more men and ships in other
Cuban ports.
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Cuba (1511-1518)

Cortés also found time to become
romantically involved with Catalina Xuárez
(or Juárez), the sister-in-law of Governor
Velázquez. Part of Velázquez's displeasure
seems to have been based on a belief that
Cortés was trifling with Catalina's affections.
Cortés was temporarily distracted by one of
Catalina's sisters but finally married
Catalina, reluctantly, under pressure from
Governor Velázquez. However, by doing so,
he hoped to secure the good will of both her
family and that of Velázquez.[8]
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Hernan Cortez Conquers Aztecs

A. The Aztecs thought Cortez was a ____________

* They called him____________________________

B. Cortez headed to Mexico with:
He is credited with allowing the Spanish and Cortes to
march into the Aztec lands. The Aztec people thought
Cortes was an incarnation, living god, of Quetzalcoatl
returning from the East to retake his lands as told in
legend
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Journey into the Conquest…the story!

For a better detailed description of the story, read from
p. 154-158 from old book… (put book pages on the
ELMO and read together and complete notes
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How did the Spaniards do it?


A. Spanish had ________________________ and
_________________________
B. Spanish also carried diseases such as
____________________________ that killed off many
Aztecs and other natives.
Smallpox vaccine
Smallpox
victim
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Pizzaro Conquers Incans


A. Franciso Pizzaro traveled to Peru
to_______________________
Pizzaro headed into Cuzco with:
The Inca-Spanish confrontation in the Battle of
Cajamara left thousands ofJump
natives
to firstdead
page
Early years in Peru
Born in Trujillo, Spain, Gonzalo Pizarro accompanied his eldest
brother, Francisco Pizarro, in his third expedition for the conquest
of Peru in 1532. Gonzalo was also the brother of Hernando
Pizarro and Juan Pizarro. A lieutenant of his brother Francisco
during the conquest, Gonzalo Pizarro was one of the most
corrupt, brutal and ruthless conquistadors of the New World,
being far less restrained towards the natives and the Inca than
his older brothers.
After Inca emperor Atahualpa was captured in the Battle of
Cajamarca and later executed on July 26, 1533, the Pizarro
brothers and their followers marched towards the Inca capital of
Cuzco to complete the conquest, capturing the city on November
15 after a brief battle with the Inca forces under Quizquiz holding
it after previously defeating the central government and
massacring the nobility of Cuzco.
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Some sources suggest the Spaniards were well received after
vanquishing the northern forces having occupied the capital for
nineteen months, but that fact is highly uncertain.
Soon discords arose between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de
Almagro concerning their leadership in the newly conquered land
of the Incas. As a result, Almagro left Cuzco in 1534 and was given
the honor of Spanish King Charles I to explore the southern part of
Peru (modern-day Chile) and look for more treasures there. Upon
his departure, Gonzalo and Juan were appointed by Francisco as
garrisons of Cuzco without Almagro knowing it.
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Gonzalo and Juan Pizarro both looked after the settlements in
Cuzco, while their eldest brother Francisco explored the west
coast of northern Peru and founded the city of Lima in 1535.
Gonzalo, Juan and his younger brother Hernándo ruled Cuzco
with dictatorship, greed, corruption, and brutality, torturing and
executing those who refused to accept Spanish rule. Their corrupt
rule also brought a rebellion by the Incas under Manco Inca
Yupanqui, who began to fight for equal rights and demanded
freedom from harsh Spanish rule. The Incas fought the Spaniards
in a number of sieges and battles for control of the land and
temporarily captured Cuzco on May 6, 1536. The Incas were later
defeated by the heavily armed Spanish soldiers led by Gonzalo
and Juan. Smallpox was also spread among the natives and
many perished.
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When Almagro returned from Chile disappointed in not finding any
gold, he captured and imprisoned Gonzalo and Hernándo in 1537.
They eventually managed to escape and re-join Francisco Pizarro
on their return to Lima. When Gonzalo and Hernándo noticed that
Almagro also wanted to take control of Cuzco, they fought against
him in the Battle of Las Salinas in April 1538. In the course of
these events, Almagro left for Lima for a negotiation with
Francisco on who would control Cuzco. Gonzalo and Hernándo
heard of Almagro's threatening intentions and led an army against
him, defeating his forces and later condemning him for treason.
Almagro was executed on July 8, 1538, under Hernándo's orders
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Colonization



A. By 1600s Spain claimed land throughout much of the
Americas
B. The Catholic church sent missionaries to the
Americas to ____________________________
C. Other Europeans came to look for ______________
and ________________________________
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Spain Organizes its Empire

Viceroys were appointed
by the King to rule the
large provinces called
_____________________
Mexico City = Capital
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
Lima = Capital
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Colonial Trade—The Columb ian exchange
A.
B.


Spain wanted complete control over all
trade, also known as a
_________________.
Ships traveling from Cuba to Spain faced
dangerous ________________________.
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A person’s success in life often depended on their
_____________________________________________
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SOCIAL CLASSES IN LATIN AMERICA
-Own land

1. ______________= born in Spain
2.______________= born in the colonies
-- have slaves
-- good jobs
3.______________= mixed Indian & European (spanish)
4. ______________= mixed black and white (European)
- worked the land
-- were the servants
-- did not own land
-craftspeople
5. ______________________ = Aztecs, Inca, African
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Control of Indian Labor
1. Spain gave the settlers
_____________________________________

2. Encomenderos who ran the encomeindas
demanded _________________________ from
the natives
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Living in Colonial Latin America

A) When the encomienda system ended, good land in the
Spanish colonies was held in estates called
_____________________________

B) Hacienda owners controlled their workers through a
system of debt peonage.
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Spain's "New World" Empire Grew
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A. The Spaniards built their capital, Mexico City, on the
ruins of ________________________________
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A. The Spaniards built their capital, Mexico City, on the
ruins of ________________________________
Mexico City today
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