King’sCollegeLondon
InternationalCommittee,3October2016
Internationalisation,
post-referendum,Asia
SimonMarginson
ProfessorofInternationalHigherEducation
Director,ESRC/HEFCECentreforGlobalHigherEducation
UCLInstituteofEducation,UniversityCollegeLondon,UK
Global,nationalandlocal:
threedimensionsofhighereducation
•
•
•
•
Highereducationisformedandregulatedinnational(andalsoinEurope
pan-nationalregional)systems
Local individualandinstitutionalagentsandpracticesarecentral
Global agents,flows,systemsandpatterns,e.g.inresearchscience,policy
borrowing,areincreasinglyobvious
Institutionalstrategymustsynchronise allthreedimensionsofactivity
national
global
Higher
education
local
Abidingtensionsin
internationaleducation
1. Freeglobalmovementvs.nationalterritorialsovereignty
- Internationalengagementand/orlocalrelevance
- Universityglobalismand/orgovernmentpolicy
2. Globalengagementinourinterestormutualinterests
- Deliveringoureducationtoforeignersvs.reciprocity
- Cultural-learningapproachvs.commercialapproach
Interestingtimes
• 1990s—closureofUS/Sovietglobalpolarity,openborders,
Anglo-Americanzenith,globalised communications,
educationandresearch
• 2000s—globalreligiousmilitiavs.US,riseofChina,emerging
nationsinAsiaandLatinAmerica,globaluniversityrankings,
surgeinparticipation,growingstudentmobility
• 2010s—US/Chinaglobalpolarity,MiddleEastinflames,
migrationtensions,‘thenation-stateisback’,firstretreatfrom
studentmobility?(UK)
GrossTertiaryEnrolmentRatio(GTER,%):
World,NorthAmerica/WesternEurope,Central/EasternEurope,1971-2012
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
18 19
17 17
16
15
14 14 15
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14
12
12
12
12
12
10 10 10 11 11
27 28
25 26
24
23
21 22
29
33
31 32
1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
World
NorthAmericaandWesternEurope
CentralandEasternEurope
Studentsenrolledoutsidetheircountryof
citizenship,millions,1975-2012
OECDdata,2014
5!
4.5!
4!
3.5!
3!
2.5!
2!
1.5!
1!
0.5!
0!
4.1!
4.5!
3.0!
0.8!
1975!
1.1!
1.1!
1980!
1985!
1.3!
1990!
1.7!
1995!
2.1!
2000!
2005!
2010!
2012!
Brexitmeans...
• AnendtofreemigrationfromEurope,remakingofUK
migrationpolicyonthebasisofuniformtreatment.Highskill
preferenceinmigrationpolicy.Realcutsinmigrationnumbers
• Lessinternationalstudents(temporary?),shiftinthebalance
fromEUtonon-EUstudents
• Amoregenerousnon-EUandpost-studyworkregime(?)
• WeakeningofUKpresenceinEuropeanresearchprogrammes
• StrongerUKuniversityinterestinChinaandEastAsia
• Downwardpressuresonfunding,pressuretoincreasefees.
SortingoutphasewithsomelesserstatusHEIsintrouble
Europeanresearchgenerates€sforUK
Country
R&D inhighereducation Foreign sourceincomeas
asa%ofGDP2012
%ofresearchincome
Ireland
0.36
21.4
United Kingdom
0.44
19.8
Austria
0.72
16.2
Netherlands
0.62
12.3
Switzerland
0.83
12.1
Sweden(2011forforeign income)
0.89
11.1
Italy
0.36
9.5
Finland
0.74
8.8
France
0.47
7.6
Denmark
0.95
7.2
Spain
0.35
6.6
Germany
0.51
4.3
EU(28Countries)
0.47
9.7
0.39
3.8
United States
Eurostat data 2015
UK:Enrolmentfromnon-EUcountries,
2010-11&2014-15
HESAdata2016
89,540
China
18,320
India
17,920
Nigeria
Malaysia
17,060
United States
16,865
Hong Kong SAR
16,215
Saudi Arabia
8,595
Singapore
7,295
6,240
Thailand
6,080
Pakistan
107,875
all other
0
20,000
40,000
2014-15
60,000
2010-11
80,000
100,000
InternationalstudentsinUSA,
2002-03to2014-15
IIEOpenDoorsdata2016
Economyandpopulation,EastAsia
2013/14:UnitedNations,World Bank,CIA
Country/system
Population
(millions)
GDPPPP
(USD$bil)
GNPPPPpercapita
(USD$)
MacauSAR
0.6
87
142,564
Singapore
5.5
425
78,744
HongKongSAR
7.2
382
53,203
Taiwan
23.4
926
39,600
Japan
127.1
4624
36,315
50.4
1664
33,140
16,158
11,904
475
5293
SouthKorea
China(mainlandonly)
Vietnam
UnitedStates
UnitedKingdom
1367.6
89.7
319.0
15,653
53,143
64.1
2320
36,197
Annualnumberofsciencepapers2005-2014:
USA,China,otherEastAsia
Thomson-Reuters/UNESCO data.Papersinclude reviewsandnotes.Other
EastAsia=Japan, Korea,Singapore, Vietnam(TaiwanabsentfromUNESCOdata)
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
UnitedStates
2009
China
2010
2011
otherEastAsia
2012
2013
2014
LeadingAsianresearchuniversities:
Growthofpapersintop10%oftheirresearchfield,2006-09to2011-14
university
system
Paperspublished
2006-09
(citesby2011)
Paperspublished
2011-14
(citesby2016)
World
rank
2011-14
growth
NUSingapore
SINGAPORE
1042
1489
28
+42.9%
Nanyang TU
SINGAPORE
568
1253
46
+120.6%
TsinghuaU
CHINA
819
1453
31
+77.4%
ZhejiangU
CHINA
730
1431
33
+96.0%
ShanghaiJTU
CHINA
664
1232
48
+85.5%
PekingU
CHINA
622
1192
50
+91.6%
Fudan U
CHINA
469
1059
60
+125.8%
UTokyo
JAPAN
1318
1315
44
- 0.2%
Kyoto U
JAPAN
951
915
81
- 3.8%
HONGKONG
558
730
110
+30.8%
NationalTaiwanU
TAIWAN
604
736
108
+21.9%
SeoulNationalU
KOREA
742
1099
57
+48.1%
UHongKong
UMelbourne
AUSTRALIA
1005
1442
32
+43.5%
UCambridge
UK
1820
2169
12
+19.2%
China’sproportion(%)ofworldhighestcitation
papers,byresearchfield,2002&2012
China’sshareofallworld papersintop1%oftheirfield bycitationrate.NSFdata,2014
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18!
16!
14!
12!
10!
8!
6!
4!
2!
0!
2002!
2012!
UKinShanghaiAcademicRankingofWorld
Universitiestop500,2015
Worldrank
UKHEIs(totalof37inARWUtop500)
1-50
Cambridge(4),Oxford(7),UCL(17),Imperial(22),
Manchester(35),Edinburgh(41),King’sCollegeLondon(50)
51-100
Bristol(57)
101-150
Birmingham,Cardiff,Leeds,Liverpool,Nottingham,
Sheffield,Southampton,
151-200
Exeter,Glasgow,LSE, LondonSH&TM,QueenMaryUL,
Sussex,Warwick
201-300
Aberdeen,Dundee,Durham,EastAnglia,Leicester,Sussex,
York
301-400
Bath,Newcastle,QueensBelfast,Reading,St.Andrews
401-500
Bangor,Brunel,StGeorge’sHospitalMedicalSchool,Surrey
High/lowjointauthorshipbyUKresearchers
(1.00=expectedrate)
NationalScienceFoundation/ WebofSciencedata2014
Highratesof collaboration
Lowratesof collaboration
Ireland 2.17
South Korea 0.47
Greece 1.66
China 0.56
South Africa 1.49
SaudiArabia 0.58
Netherlands 1.45
Japan 0.62
Denmark 1.40
Iran 0.66
Hungary 1.38
Singapore 0.67
Norway 1.36
India 0.68
NewZealand 1.30
Taiwan 0.71
Finland 1.28
Argentina 0.73
Australia 1.24
Egypt 0.74
Sweden 1.23
UnitedStates 0.77
Italy 1.22
Mexico 0.78
Poland 1.20
Canada 0.85
UKco-authorshipinEastAsiacomparedto
otherEnglishspeakingcountries2011
1.00=averagerateofcollaborationforthecountriesconcerned
NationalScienceFoundationdata2014
UK
USA
Canada
Australia
China
0.56
1.10
0.74
1.11
SouthKorea
0.47
1.25
0.54
0.54
Taiwan
0.71
1.22
0.88
1.14
Singapore
0.67
0.74
0.45
1.48