A PROFILE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN ESSENTIAL OILS
MARKET VALUE CHAIN
2010
Directorate Marketing
Private Bag X 15
Arcadia
0007
Tel: 012 319 8455/6
Fax: 012 319 8131
Email: [email protected]
www.daff.gov.za
1
Table of Contents
1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS’ INDUSTRY
3
1.1 Production and Production Areas
1.1.1 Overview of the essential oils market and its composition
1.1.2 Identification of Products
3
6
6
2.
7
HARVESTING OF ESSENTIAL OILS
2.1 Harvesting
7
2.2 Essential Oils Marketing Activities
7
3.
EXPORTS VOLUMES
8
4.
IMPORTS VOLUMES
19
5.
USES OF ESSENTIAL OILS
25
6.
QUALITY & MAINTANANCE OF ESSENTIAL OILS
27
7.
ESSENTIAL OIL VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
27
8.
ESSENTIAL OILS DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS
33
8.1 Value Adding in South Africa
34
9. MARKET ACCESS
35
10. MARKET INTELLIGENCE
42
11. THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF PEPPERMINT
11.1.1 Properties of peppermint
11.1.2 Safety precautions and warnings
11.1.3 Production levels in South Africa
11.1.4 Major production Areas in South Africa
11.1.5 Stem, Leaves, and Flowers
11.1.6 Essential part of peppermint
11.1.7 Post harvest handling
11.1.8 The peppermint sale price
11.1.9 Essential Oils of Peppermint Industrial Utilization
11.1.10 Cosmetic Utilization
100
100
100
100
101
101
101
101
102
102
103
12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
111
2
1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS’ INDUSTRY
An essential oil is a liquid that is generally distilled (most frequently by steam
or water) from the leaves, stems, flowers, bark, roots, seeds, fruits or other
organs of a plant. Using the different technologies available essential oils are
sourced from over 3,000 plants of which approximately 300 are of commercial
importance. Most flowers contain very little volatile oil and their chemical
components are too delicate and easily denatured by the high heat used in
steam distillation.
A solvent such as hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract
the oils. Extracts from hexane and other hydrophobic solvents are called
concretes, which is a mixture of essential oil, waxes, resins, and other
lipophilic (oil soluble) plant material. The majority of essential oils are usually
obtained from agricultural plants but a number of oils are collected from wild
sources including trees.
The strengths of essential oils
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
They are antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antimicrobial.
Essential oils by-pass the digestive system so they are beneficial for
people with poor digestion/assimilation.
They require no refrigeration and require very little storage space.
They have the longest shelf life of any plant known to man.
Essential oils are highly oxygenating.
They are very cost-effective because they are one of the few substances
that the more you use them, the less you need them.
They are suitable for babies since they cannot swallow tablets and
capsules thus essential oils provide a solution as they only come in
liquid form.
Weakness of the Essential Oils industry (Production Constraints)
•
•
•
Production of essential oils requires highly focused farm practices and
field maintenance for high quality yield.
Requires more technical support, including the production inputs and
most effective plant material for new plantings
There is a high entry barrier which includes fencing, cuttings,
distillation plants and land preparation.
1.1 Production and Production Areas
3
The major producers of essential oils across the world are Brazil, China, USA,
Egypt, India, Mexico, Guatemala, Morocco and Indonesia. All of them with the
exception of USA are developing countries with low cost, peasant type
economies. It is estimated that about 65% of world production emanates from
developing countries. The major consumers are the USA (40%), Western
Europe (30%) and Japan (7%). While the EU as a whole dominate world trade,
exports and imports, no individual country from this bloc features in the list
of major producers. Most of the major producing countries have large
populations with huge internal appetite for essential oils. The table below
shows the projected hectares under essential oil crops given by provinces in
South Africa by 2010.
Table 1: The projected ha under essential oil crops by 2010 as given by
Provinces.
Province
Species
Mpumalanga Vetiver, Citronella, Lippia, Eucalyptus,
Rosemary, Geranium, Lemon grass
Free State
Tagete, Artemisia, Lavendin
Northern
Cape
North West
Eastern
Cape
Western
Cape
Limpopo &
Machado
Gauteng
KZN
TOTAL ha
Artemisia, 943
70
Marjoram, Rosemary, Lavendin
45
Geranium, Rosemary, Lavendin, Chamomile
Geranium, Rosemary, Lavender
40
200
Eriocephalus, Lavender, Lavandin, Buchu, Rosemary
77
Lippia, Geranium, Rosemary, Lavendin, Tea tree
91
Lavendin, Rosemary, Artemisia
82
Lavendin, Rosemary Eucalyptus, Geranium, Tea tree, 422
Lemon tea tree, Spear Mint, Lemon grass, Artemisia,
Melissa, Thyme
TOTAL
1970
These estimates exclude wild harvesting and community projects in progress
Source: South African Essential Oil Producer Association (SAEOPA)
Table 1 show the estimated hectares of essential oil crops of different species
which will be planted by different provinces by 2010. The table shows that in
the Mpumalanga province it is projected that 943 ha will be planted to
essential oil crops by 2010, followed by Kwazulu Natal with 422 ha and
Eastern Cape with 200 ha.
4
The estimated total hectares to be devoted to essential oil crops by all the
provinces by 2010 are about 1970 ha. However of all the total species
estimated, Geranium, Lavendin and Rosemary are the most projected species
to be planted in all provinces by 2010. The table indicates that in all
Provinces, Kwazulu Natal Province is projected to be the major producer of
most kinds of essential oil species than the other provinces by 2010.
Table 2: Estimated Production Statistics for certain selected Essential
Oils 2009.
OIL TYPES
ESTIMATED VALUE OF
PRIMARY
PRODUCTION (2009)
R7 444 526.00
Jasmine, R2 237 169.75
Major Oil (Citrus) and Eucalyptus)
Minor Oils (e.g. Chamomiles,
Lavenders, Tea Trees, Mints)
Minor Oils-FRIDGE Study - Specified
Geranium (Pelargonium Graveolens Roseum)
Buchu (Betulina, Crenulata)
Chamomile – Roman (Anthemis nobilis)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis)
Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus)
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)
Lippia (Lippia javanica)
Rose Damascene (Rosa * Damascene)
Source: Institute of Natural Resources
R541 666.67
500 000.00
R24 305.56
R15 000.00
R7 777.78
-
Table 2 indicates different types of essential oils and the estimated values of
primary production in 2009.
Table 3: The most utilized essential oils and major producers
Product
Country
Orange
Australia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Israel, Italy
and USA
Brazil, China, India, Japan, North Korea, Paraguay,
Taiwan and Thailand
Corn mint
Eucalyptus (cineole-type)
Australia, Austria, Brazil, China, India, Paraguay,
Portugal, South Africa and Spain
Citronella
Peppermint
Lemon
China, India and Vietnam
Australia, China, Italy, Japan and USA
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Greece, Spain, Italy,
5
Product
Country
Clove leaf
Cedar wood
Litsea cubeba
Sassafras
Lime
Spearmint
USA and Peru
Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and
Tanzania
USA and China
China
Brazil and USA
Brazil, China, Cuba, Ghana, Haiti, Ivory Coast,
Jamaica, Mexico and Peru
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, China,
Egypt, France, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Morocco,
New Zealand, Paraguay, Romania, Russia, Taiwan,
UK, USA and Yugoslavia
Source: South African Essential Oil Producer Association (SAEOPA)
1.1.1
Overview of the essential oils market and its composition
Production data for essential oils are hard to find, as it is very difficult to do
an exhaustive compilation covering the broad spectrum of all of essential oils
produced. The essential oil industry is dynamic with tastes and preferences of
consumers changing by the day. The top 10 crops in terms of production
account for about 80 percent of the total world market for essential oils. One
of the most important things to do for farmers who want to be involved in
essential oils production is selecting the right seed or plant material for
sowing. It is recommended that this be obtained from a reputable supplier.
Farmers should also be knowledgeable on weed control and management as
this will affect the quality of the end product. If weeds are harvested and
distilled with the crop, the oil from weeds can contaminate the desired oil,
which would compromise quality. These would lead to a total rejection of the
crop’s oil which will have a negative impact on the farm income.
1.1.2
Identification of Products
Given the appropriate equipment, essential oils can be fractionated and
components sold individually. Alternatively, at home industry level, essential
oils can be used in scented candles, soaps, and hand creams. Some authors
are of the view that massaging oils into the human skin as in aromatherapy is
of little therapeutic value, although it may induce a sense of sensual well
being. However, in spite of the lack of a scientific basis for aromatherapy, it
remains a viable component of the market for the South African essential oils
industry.
6
There are numerous ways to create value added products through the use of
essential oils. Based on information gathered from a brief overview of the
essential oil sub sector map and value chain, it has been decided that the
following value added products will be investigated further, completing each
investigation with a sub sector map for that product. The products are;
Soaps, Scented candles, Bath salts, Aromatherapy creams and lotions and
Potpourri.
It has been determined that each of these identified products are relatively
simple to make, thus making use of the home based production units, and
have a viable market within South Africa, and particularly, the Eastern Cape.
Each of these products will be discussed in detail.
2.
HARVESTING OF ESSENTIAL OILS
2.1
Harvesting
It must be noted that the essential oils can be harvested as either plants or
seeds. For the plants the proximity of the steam distillation plant is
important. If the period between harvesting and distillation is too long the oil
from the plant can evaporate or decline in quality. The quality of the oil is
volatile. It changes as the crop grows; this means that a farmer should ensure
that the crop is harvested at the right time.
2.2 Essential Oils Marketing Activities
The marketing structure of essential oils is not different from most products.
The traditional structure begins with the producer who sells to the flavor and
fragrance industries. Fragrance houses may or may not embark on value
adding to the product, they then sell it to the end users. At times system has
been supplemented by traders, agents and brokers who use their knowledge
to market niches and buy directly from producers and sell directly to the
flavor houses or end users. Although it is very difficult to enter into the
essential oils industry from either side, as producers or end users, there is
always an opportunity for small players. The reason for the difficulty in
gaining entry is that once end users have developed a product using specific
oil they do not want to change that oil or the supplier as they may fear a
compromise in quality. Small scale farmers may enter the market and target
small industries such as Aromatherapy and Massage for their product
market.
7
3. EXPORTS VOLUMES
Export Quantity (tons)
Figure 1: Exports volumes of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) to various regions
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0.15
0.097
0.71
0.682
1.418
1.002
1.552
1.251
2.331
1.052
Americas
0
0
0
2.269
0
0.08
0.06
0.059
0.001
0
Asia
0
0.1
0
0
0.001
0
0.036
0.079
0
0.01
Europe
0
0.001
0
0.001
0
0
0.345
0.12
0.229
0.09
Oceania
0
0
1.32
0
0
0.35
0
0
0
0.006
Africa
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 1 indicates exports volumes of essential oils of peppermint (including
concretes and absolutes) from South Africa to various regions between 2001
and 2010 period. During the same period under review, the major export
markets for essential oils of peppermint (including concretes and absolutes)
were Africa followed by the Americas and Oceania. Europe and Asia had very
low levels of exports of essential oils of peppermint including concretes and
absolutes during the same period under review. Between 2001 and 2010,
essential oils of peppermint including concretes and absolutes exports from
South Africa to Africa had fewer fluctuations. Exports of essential oils from
South Africa to Africa attained a peak in 2009 at approximately 2.331 tons
while exports of essential oils of peppermint from South Africa to Americas
attained a peak in 2004 at approximately 2.269 tons. Exports of essential oils
of peppermint including concretes and absolutes from South Africa to
Oceania attained a peak in 2003 at approximately 1.32 tons.
8
Figure 2: Exports volumes of essential oils of peppermint
(including concretes and absolutes) to Africa
Export Quantity (tons)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Eastern Africa Rest
SADC
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.001
0.048
0
0.15
0.97
0.71
0.682
1.418
1.002
1.552
1.25
2.283
1.052
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 2 represents exports of essential oils of peppermint (including
concretes and absolutes) from South Africa to Africa between 2001 and 2010
period. The graph further shows that the attractive market during the period
under examination was SADC region with no competition from other African
regions. During the same period under review, exports of essential oils of
peppermint to SADC had fewer fluctuations. A peak in exports of essential
oils of peppermint from South Africa to the SADC region was attained in 2009
at approximately 2.283 tons. Eastern Africa Rest had very low levels of
exports of essential oils of peppermint from South Africa during the period
under review.
Figure 2 clearly indicates that the demand for essential oils of peppermint
from South Africa to Africa was less as compared to what South Africa
exported to Americas, Europe and Asia over the same period under
examination.
9
Figure 3: Exports volumes of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) to SADC
2
Export Quantity (tons)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0.15
0.022
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Malawi
0
0.075
0
0
0
0.204
0.001
0.052
0.388
0.122
Mozambique
0
0
0
0
0
0.005
0
0
0
0
Seychelles
0
0
0
0
0.025
0
0
0.001
0
0
United Republic of Tanzania
0
0
0
0.213
0.003
0
0.01
0
0
0
Zambia
0
0
0.01
0.08
0.09
0
0.003
0.041
0
0.204
Zimbabwe
0
0
0.7
0.389
1.3
0.793
1.538
1.156
1.895
0.726
Mauritius
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 3 illustrates exports volumes of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes) and absolutes from South Africa to SADC member states between
2001 and 2010 period. The major attractive market for essential oils of
peppermint including concretes and absolutes from South Africa was
Zimbabwe followed by Malawi then Zambia and United Republic of Tanzania.
The graph further illustrates that essential oil of peppermint exports from
South Africa to SADC region had fewer fluctuations during the period under
review. Exports of essential oils of peppermint from South Africa to Zimbabwe
attained a peak in 2009 at approximately 1.895 tons while Malawi also
attained its peak in 2009 at approximately 0.388 tons. Tanzania and Zambia
experienced their peaks in 2004 and 2010 at approximately 0.213 tons and
0.204 tons respectively.
10
Export Quantity (tons)
Figure 4: Exports volumes of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) to Asia
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Eastern Asia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
South-central Asia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.009
0
0
0
South-eastern Asia
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0.027 0.075
0
0
Western Asia
0
0
0
0
0.001
0
0
0
0
0.004
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 4 shows essential oils of peppermints exports (including concretes and
absolutes) from South Africa to Asia between 2001 and 2010 period. During
the period under scrutiny, the most attractive market for essential oils of
peppermint exports from South Africa to Asia was South-eastern Asia
followed by a few exports to Eastern Asia and South-central Asia. The graph
further shows that there were very few fluctuations of exports of essential oils
of peppermint South-eastern Asia over the same period under examination.
Essential oils of peppermint exports from South Africa to South-eastern Asia
attained a peak in 2002 at approximately 0.1 tons while Eastern Asia and
South-eastern Asia had very low volumes of essential oil exports from South
Africa over the same period under examination.
11
Figure 5: Exports volumes of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) to Europe
0.4
Export Quantity (tons)
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
European Union
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
0.001
0
0.001
0
0
0.345
0.12
0.229
0.09
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 5 depicts volumes of essential oils of peppermints exports (including
concretes and absolutes) from South Africa to Europe between 2001 and
2010 period. The graph further depicts that essential oils of peppermint were
very low in 2002 and 2004, with no exports of essential oils in 2001, 2003
and 2006. The graph also depicts that volumes of essential oils of peppermint
exports started to increase in 2007 then a slight decline was experienced in
2008 and 2010. A peak in exports of essential oils of peppermint from South
Africa to the European Union was attained in 2007 at approximately 0.345
tons during the same period under examination.
12
Figure 6: Exports volumes of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) to the Americas
Export Quantity (tons)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
NAFTA
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
0
0
2.269
0
0.08
0.06
0.059
0.001
0
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 6 indicates volumes of essential oils of peppermints exports (including
concretes and absolutes) from South Africa to Americas between 2001 and
2010 period. The figure further indicates that the major export market for
essential oils of peppermint from South Africa to Americas was NAFTA. The
graph also indicates that there were no exports of essential oils of peppermint
from South Africa to NAFTA in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2010. Exports of
essential oils of peppermint from South Africa to NAFTA attained a peak in
2004 at approximately 2.269 tons.
13
Figure 7: Exports volumes of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) to Oceania
1.4
Export Quantity (tons)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Australia and New Zealand
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
0
1.32
0
0
0.35
0
0
0
0.006
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 7 illustrates exports volumes of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) from South Africa to Oceania between 2001 and
2010 period. The figure also illustrates that during the period under scrutiny,
the most attractive market in Oceania was Australia and New Zealand. The
graph further illustrates that exports of essential oils of peppermint from
South Africa to Australia and New Zealand occurred in 2003, 2006 and 2010
with exports of essential oils attaining a peak in 2003 at approximately 1.32
tons. The figure further illustrates that from 2007 to 2009 there were zero
exports of essential oils of peppermint to Australia and New Zealand during
the same period under scrutiny.
14
Figure 8: Value of essential oils of peppermints exports (including
concretes and absolutes) by Provinces
Exports Value (Rands)
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Western Cape
40431
0
395203
8625
0
1035
0
25061
Kwazulu-Natal
0
12830
0
0
0
0
0
0
North West
Gauteng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3195
285
58043
163216
194436
168241
508045
463932
614280
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 8 shows values of essential oils of peppermints exports (including
concretes and absolutes) by provinces of South Africa to the world between
2002 and 2009 period. The figure also shows that the major supplying export
markets for essential oils of peppermints from South Africa during the period
under review was Gauteng followed by Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and
North West provinces. Exports of essential oils by Gauteng attained a peak in
2009 at approximately 614 280 kilograms while Western Cape attained its
peak in 2004 at approximately 395 203 kilograms. Kwazulu-Natal and North
West provinces had very low export volumes of essential oils of peppermint
from South Africa to the world.
15
Exports Value (Rands)
Figure 9: Value of essential oils of peppermints exports (including
concretes and absolutes) by Gauteng Province
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Ekurhuleni Metropolitan
Municipality
271
57623
0
0
39035
314
9438
0
City of Johannesburg
Metropolitan Municipality
5
420
City of Tshwane Metropolitan
Municipality
9
0
163216 194436 129206 507731 395581 445033
0
0
0
0
58913 169247
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 9 indicates exports values of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) from Gauteng province to the world between 2002
and 2009 period. The graph also indicates that the City of Johannesburg
Metro was the major exporter of essential oils of peppermints followed by City
of Tshwane Metro during the period under examination. Exports of essential
oils of peppermints by the City of Johannesburg attained a peak in 2007 at
approximately 507 731 kilograms while the City of Tshwane Metro attained
its peak in 2009 at approximately 169 247 kilograms. The graph further
indicates that there were fewer fluctuations in terms of exports of essential
oils of peppermints from Gauteng province during the same period under
review.
16
Figure 10: Value of essential oils of peppermints exports (including
concretes and absolutes) by Western Cape Province
Exports Value (Rands)
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
City of Cape Town Metropolitan
Municipality
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
40431
0
395203
8625
0
1035
0
25061
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 10 shows values of exports of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) from Western Cape Province between 2002 and
2009 period. During the same period under examination, the figure also
shows that the major exporter of essential oils of peppermints was the City of
Cape Town Metro. Exports of essential oils from the City of Cape Town Metro
reached a peak in 2004 at approximately 395 203 kilograms. The figure
further shows that in 2003, 2006 and 2008, there were no exports of
essential oils from the Western Cape Province.
17
Figure 11: Value of essential oils of peppermints exports (including
concretes and absolutes) by KwaZulu-Natal Province
Exports Value (Rands)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
eThekwini Metropolitan
Municipality
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0
12830
0
0
0
0
0
0
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 11 depicts values of exports of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) from KwaZulu-Natal Province between 2002 and
2009 period. During the same period under examination, the figure also
depicts that the major exporter of essential oils of peppermints was eThekwini
Metro with no competition from the other municipalities. The figure further
depicts that exports of essential oils from the Metro attained a peak in 2003
at approximately 12 830 kilograms. The figure also depicts that in 2002 and
again in 2004 to 2009 there were no exports of essential oils from the
Western Cape Province.
18
4. IMPORTS VOLUMES
Import Quantity (tons)
Figure 12: Imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) from various regions
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
0
0
0
0.003
0
0
0.12
0
0
29.695
22.15
28.923
15.424
11.304
10.663
13.492
11.495
14.104
9.897
Africa
Americas
2.135
3.512
4.198
1.655
3.65
1.9
1.25
1.175
4.469
10.874
Europe
15.358
16.968
19.764
20.222
19.921
18.452
15.323
15.185
10.546
8.367
Oceania
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.013
0.016
Asia
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 12 shows imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) from various regions to South Africa between 2001
and 2010 period. During the same period under review, the major import
markets for essential oils of peppermint including concretes and absolutes
were from the Americas followed by Europe and Asia. Africa and Oceania had
very low levels of imports of essential oils of peppermint including concretes
and absolutes during the same period under review.
Between 2001 and 2010, essential oils of peppermint including concretes and
absolutes imports from the Americas, Europe and Asia to South Africa had
fewer fluctuations. Imports of essential oils from Americas to South Africa
attained a peak in 2001 at approximately 29 695 tons while imports of
essential oils of peppermint from Europe to South Africa attained a peak in
2004 at approximately 20 222 tons. Imports of essential oils of peppermint
including concretes and absolutes from Asia to South Africa attained a peak
in 2010 at approximately 10 874 tons. Figure 12 in comparison with figure 1
shows that South Africa is importing more tons of essential oils of peppermint
from the Americas as compared to what South Africa is exporting to the
Americas during the same period under review.
19
Figure 13: Imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) from Africa
Import Quantity (tons)
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
SADC
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
0
0
0
0.003
0
0
0.12
0
0
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 13 indicates imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) from Africa to South Africa between 2001
and 2010 period. The figure further indicates that the only import market of
essential oils of peppermint from Africa to South Africa was SADC region with
no imports in 2001 to 2004 and again in 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010 years.
Imports of essential oils of peppermint from SADC region to South Africa
started to increase in 2005 and attained a peak in 2008 at approximately
0.12 tons. Figure 13 as compared to figure 2 clearly indicates that the
demand for essential oils of peppermint from Africa to South Africa was less
as compared to what South Africa imported from US, Europe and Asia during
the same period under scrutiny.
20
Figure 14: Imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) from SADC
Import Quantity (tons)
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
0
0
0
0
0.003
0
0
0.12
0
0
Zimbabwe
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 14 depicts imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) from the SADC region to South Africa between 2001
and 2010 period. The figure further indicates that the only import market of
essential oils of peppermint from the SADC region to South Africa was
Zimbabwe with no competition from other SADC countries. The figure also
depicts that there were no imports of essential oils of peppermint from
Zimbabwe to South Africa between 2001 and 2004 and again in 2006, 2007,
2009 and 2010 years. Imports of essential oils of peppermint from Zimbabwe
to South Africa started to increase in 2005 and attained a peak in 2008 at
approximately 0.12 tons.
21
Figure 15: Imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) from the Americas
Import Quantity (tons)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
South America
3.898
0
0
0.54
0
0
0.9
0.72
0
0
NAFTA
25.797
22.15
28.923
14.884
11.304
10.663
12.592
10.775
14.104
9.897
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 15 illustrates volumes of imports of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) from the Americas to South Africa
between 2001 and 2010 period. The graph further illustrates that major
import market for essential oils of peppermint from the Americas was NAFTA
followed by very low imports from South America during the period under
review. Imports of essential oils of peppermint from NAFTA started to increase
in 2001 then a slight decline in 2002 until a peak was attained in 2003 at
approximately 28, 923 tons while imports of essential oils of peppermint from
South America attained a peak in 2001 at approximately 3, 898 tons.
The figure also illustrates that from 2004 to 2006 there was a consistent
decline in imports of essential oils of peppermint from NAFTA to South Africa
due to the high tariffs agreements and that let to less imports entering the
Borders of South Africa during the same period under review.
22
Figure 16: Imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes) and absolutes from Asia
Import Quantity (tons)
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0.385
1.9
0.615
0.82
1.287
1.22
0.35
0.592
0.635
1.605
South-central Asia
1.75
1.612
3.583
0.09
2.363
0.68
0.357
0.583
2.751
9.269
South-eastern Asia
0
0
0
0.72
0
0
0.543
0
1.083
0
Western Asia
0
0
0
0.025
0
0
0
0
0
0
Eastern Asia
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 16 represents volumes of imports of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) from Asia to South Africa between 2001
and 2010 period. The graph also shows that import markets for essential oils
of peppermint from Asia to South Africa were from South-central Asia
followed by Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia. Imports of essential oils of
peppermint from South-central Asia to South Africa started to increase in
2001 with a slight decline in 2002, then an increase in 2003 until the lowest
levels of imports were attained in 2004 at approximately 0.09 tons. Imports of
essential oils of peppermint from South-central Asia to South Africa attained
a peak in 2010 at approximately 9,269 tons.
23
Figure 17: Imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints (including
concretes and absolutes) from Europe
Im port Quantity (tons)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Western Europe Rest
European Union
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
0
50
0
0.059
0
0
0
0
0
15.358 16.968 19.714 20.222 19.862
18.452 15.323 15.185 10.546
8.367
Period (Years)
Source: Quantec
Figure 17 indicates imports volumes of essential oils of peppermints
(including concretes and absolutes) from Europe to South Africa between
2001 and 2010 period. The figure further indicates that Western Europe
commanded the greatest share in terms of imports of essential oils from
Europe followed by the European Union. The graph also indicates that
imports of essential oils from Western Europe reached a peak in 2003 at
approximately 50 tons while imports of essential oils of peppermint from the
European Union attained a peak in 2004 at approximately 20,222 tons. There
were no imports of essential oils of peppermint from Western Europe to South
Africa from 2001, 2002, 2004 and again in 2006 to 2010 years while in the
European Union there were imports of essential oils of peppermint to South
Africa almost every year.
24
5. USES OF ESSENTIAL OILS
•
•
•
Most essential oils are used for cooking, potpourri, crafting, cosmetics,
massage, aromatherapy and other uses.
Other essential oils are used to repel insects and other arthropods that
are pests of humans, livestock, and pets (mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, etc).
There are four broad sectors in which the oils are also used, including
the flavor, pharmaceutical, personal care and industrial.
It is important to note that essential oils are not the same as perfume or
fragrance oils. Where essential oils are derived from true plants, perfume oils
are artificially created fragrances or contain artificial substances and do not
offer the therapeutic benefits that essential oils offer. With so many plant
species from which essential oil products are sourced it is even more
problematic to accurately classify which plant belongs to which plant family
or species. However, among the plants notable for their essential oils are
members of the following plant families: carrot, ginger, heath, laurel, mint,
myrtle, olive, orchid, pulse, rose and rue.
Table 4: Common uses of selected essential oils
Essential oils
Common uses
Citrus
Industrial solvent, fragrance for cleaning
products, flavoring
Spearmint
Toothpaste,
flavoring
Peppermint
Toothpaste, mouthwash, chewing gum,
food flavoring, cosmetics, and tobacco
Lavender/ Lavendin
Eucalyptus
Fragrances and toiletries
Cough/cold remedies, solvents, cleaning
agents, flavoring
Tea tree
Toiletries, insect repellents, germicides,
cosmetics
Boronia
Blackcurrant bud
Food flavoring, fragrance
Food and beverage flavoring
mouthwash,
confectionery
Source: South African Essential Oils Producers Association (SAEOPA)
Table 4 above shows the list of common uses for selected essential oils in
different industries. There are a number of uses for essential oils in general
with some of those uses mentioned above. The table indicates that most of
25
the essential oils are used interchangeably in all segments, with most of them
being used mainly in the food flavoring.
Table 5: Overview of end-user sectors markets
Sectors
Segments
Cosmetic industry
Personal care
Soap and detergent
Dental care
Essential oils
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lemon
Peppermint
Orange
Patchouli
Rosewood
Mint
Spice
Eucalyptus
derivatives
and
Food industry
Soft drink
Confectionery
Tobacco
Candy
Processed and canned food
products
Chewing gum
•
•
•
•
•
•
Citrus
Spice oleoresins
Vanilla
Flavor and floral oils
Oleoresins
Peppermint
Pharmaceutical industry
Homeopathy
Health-care products
Aromatherapy
•
•
•
•
•
Orange
Citrus
Patchouli
Lavender
Geranium
Source: South African Essential Oils Producers Association (SAEOPA)
Table 5 shows the overview of the end user sectors markets for different kind
of essential oils. It is indicated that most essential oils are mainly used in
three
sector
markets
such
as
the
cosmetic
industry,
food
26
industry and the pharmaceutical industry. The essential oils of orange
and patchouli are used in both the cosmetic industry and also in the
pharmaceutical industry, followed by the use of essential oils of orange in
the food and pharmaceutical industry. These indicate that the essential
oils can in a given time period perform different kind of functions or uses
in different industries.
6. QUALITY & MAINTANANCE OF ESSENTIAL OILS
Over and above the barriers to entry alluded to above there is also the
issue of quality. Entering lucrative industries such as the rose and
boronia can be difficult as they have exceptionally rigid quality standards
which require sophisticated equipment to attain/extract from the plants.
Above the general quality requirements, storage of the product is also
highly important as it can compromise quality. Storage materials should
be solid and should be glass bottles; aluminum bottles and drums (used
mostly for expensive essential oils), lacquered and lined steel drums, and
plastic drums in high density polyethylene, which are less expensive
than lined steel drums.
Before they are stored for shipment oils should be dried by filtration or
the use of anhydrous calcium sulphate. Head space should be filled with
nitrogen gas although carbon dioxide is cheaper and easier to source in
developing countries. The danger with using carbon dioxide though, is
that it might react with residual moisture to form carbonic acid, which
may react with essential oil ingredients.
7. ESSENTIAL OIL VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
Essential oils in the value chain are generally used ‘as is’ when dealing
with the flavor and fragrance industry, especially with the minor or
smaller oils, such as rose geranium. Only some oils are further processed
and made into synthetic chemicals.
It is also important to know the different role players that are a part of
this value chain. One of the main organizations is the South African
Essential Oils Producers Association (SAEOPA). SAEOPA was formed in
2000 as an alternative to the council for Scientific and Industrial
Research, as a source of information about current and potential
producers. It is a voluntary association and has an objective to support
its members, who primarily comprise producers of essential oils. The
organization (SAEOPA) supports its members throughout the value
chain, beginning with the sharing of information on agricultural issues
and ending with marketing matters.
27
The other role players in the essential oils value chain can be identified
as; Growers, Distillers, Researchers, Government, Marketers and also the
Consumers or Buyers. The value chain for essential oils is illustrated on
the figure below.
28
Diagram 1: Processing of essential Oils
Purification
Natural Raw
Materials
Solvent
Extraction,
Distillation
etc.
-Retinoid
-Oleoresins
-Essential Oils
Flavor/
Perfume
Essences
Further Chemical/
Biological
Modification
Aroma
Chemicals
Chemicals
Compounded
Flavors
and
Fragrances
-Foods
-Cosmetics
-Toiletries
-etc
Organic Synthesis,
biological catalysis
Source: SAEOPA (South African Essential Oil Producer Association)
29
The value chain of Essential Oils basically follows this pattern identified
on Diagram 2 below.
Diagram 2: Value chain pattern of the Essential oils
Crop Selection
Input
Supplier
Crop Cultivation
Primary
Processing
• Drying
• Distillation
•
•
•
Further
Beneficiation
Rectification,
Fractionating,
Formulations
Sales & Marketing
•
•
•
Market
Knowledge
Market
Reputation
Market Access
Consumer
30
The value chain at farm gate and wholesale levels vary greatly across
products such that it is impossible to develop stylized value chains.
Diagram 2 represents the general essential oils’ value chain summarized
in seven stages, which can be described as follows;
•
•
•
•
•
•
The crop selection stage provides knowledge about the local soil,
climate, correct genotype and potential markets.
Crop cultivation stage which gives the sourcing of plant material
(seeds or seedling), planting, crop management (pests and
irrigation) and harvesting;
Input Supply stage which provides information about the correct
measure and application of different inputs according to the crop
requirements.
Primary processing stage shows the application of drying,
distillation, quantities (economic yields), qualities (chemical and
sensory qualities) and certification.
Further beneficiation involves rectification, fractionating and
formulations; and
Sales and marketing inform about the market knowledge,
reputation and market access.
While it is difficult to quantify costs from farm gate to wholesale levels, it
is estimated that harvesting costs make up between 10 to 35% of farm
gate costs, with an average of 22%. Pest, weed and disease management
costs are about 11 to 37%, with a mean of 22%. Nutrition, which
includes irrigation and fertilizers are about 10% of grower costs. At
wholesale level there is even greater variability as it depends on the
extent of refinement and processing of the oil. Extraction costs are
estimated to range between 60 to 75% of processor costs.
31
Diagram 3: Essential Oil Value Chain Tree
PRODUCERS
Traders, Agents &
Brokers
Flavor
Industry
Fragrance
Industry
End Users
Cosmetic
Industry
•
•
•
Personal
care
Soap &
Delegent
Dental Care
Food Industry
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soft drink
Confectionery
Tobacco
Candy
Processed &
canned food
Chewing gum
Pharmaceutical
Industry
•
•
•
•
Homeopathy
Health-care
products
Aromatherapy
massage
Diagram 3 above represents the various industries that are fully playing
a part in the use of essential oils. Farmers can produce Essential oils and
sell directly to the fragrance industry, flavor industry and to the traders
who can also supply the flavor industry. The fragrance industry and
traders may also buy the product directly from the producer and supply
the end users, and after which the products reached the end users, is
32
then supplied to the three different industries specifically, the cosmetic,
food, and the pharmaceutical industry.
8. ESSENTIAL OILS DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS
International trade for the bulk essential oils (like citrus) takes place on a
large scale. Shipments may be diverted to neighboring countries, and
there is a substantial re-export business. Most of the leading traders in
the European Union supply several countries. The re-exports are
important, as they can reduce the effect of supply irregularities and
domestic imbalances in supply and demand caused by the vagaries of
climate, crop disease, inadvertent overstocking or unexpected peaks in
demand. Some producers will bargain directly with major end-users.
Other producers will sell through independent traders (importers) or
sales agents. Figure below shows the various distribution channels for
essential oils.
Foreign Producers/ Exporter
Broker/ Agent
Processing Industry
Re-export
Importer/ Trader
Re-export
Food/ Cosmetic/
Pharmaceutical Industry
Retail Trade
Diagram 4: Essential Oils Distribution Channels
There are four major types of business partners for exporters of essential
oils such as; Agents, Importers or Traders, The processing industry
(processing importer), and the end product manufacturers. The trade
structure illustrated in figure 4 changes constantly, the distribution
channels and the specific functions mentioned are not as clear-cut as
they might seem. However, sixty to eighty percent (60-80%) of the
essential oil trade goes directly from producers or exporters to processing
importers such as the multinational flavor houses. An advantage of
processing importers is that they can create a total flavor composition
33
and give excellent service. This can facilitate co-operation with endproduct manufactures in the food or cosmetic industries. Many endproduct manufacturers do not usually purchase essential oils directly
from producers. The essential oil market is somewhat fragmented
between the following end-user market sectors; Aromatherapy, Natural
personal care and pharmaceutical, Flavor and Fragrance, Cosmetics and
Beverages.
8.1 Value Adding in South Africa
The production process and people involved vary depending on the type
and end use of the product. Common stages of production include
growing and harvesting the crop, extraction, further processing and the
oil, increasing its suitability for end use. Value adding in the form of
products such as creams, bath salts, candles, potpourri, and gifts has
proved more profitable for producers in South Africa. The booming
tourism industry has contributed to the success and survival of
producers in difficult times.
34
9. MARKET ACCESS
Table 6 below shows tariffs that are applied by various countries to the
exports of essential oils (nes) originating from South Africa.
COUNTRY
(IMPORTERS)
Canada
China
China
France
Germany
India
Spain
United
Kingdom
Terpeneless oils of
PRODUCT
clove,
niaouli & ylangDESCRIPTION
ylang,
incl concretes &
absolutes.
Preferential tariff
TRADE
REGIME
for
South
Africa
DESCRIPTION
0.00%
APPLIED
TARIFFS
2010
Ess oils, whether or
not terpeneless, incl
concretes.
Ess oils, whether or
not terpeneless, incl
concretes.
Ess oils, whether or
not terpeneless, incl
concretes(excl. those
of citrus fruit & mint)
Terpenic oils of clove,
niaouli & ylang-ylang,
incl concretes &
absolutes.
Terpenic oils of clove,
niaouli & ylang-ylang,
incl concretes &
absolutes.
Terpeneless oils of
clove, niaouli & ylangylang, incl concretes &
absolutes.
Ess oils (terpeneless or
not), including
concretes & absolutes,
resinoids, extracted
oleoresins,
concentrates of ess
oils in fats.
Terpeneless oils of
clove, niaouli & ylangylang, incl concretes &
absolutes.
MFN duties
(Applied)
0.00%
0.00%
ESTIMATED
TOTAL AD
VALOREM
EQUIVALENT
TARIFF 2010
0.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
20.00%
20.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
15.00%
15.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
0.00%
0.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
20.00%
20.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
Terpeneless oils of
clove, niaouli & ylangylang, incl concretes &
absolutes.
MFN duties
(Applied)
2.30%
2.30%
Source: ITC Market Access Map
35
Table 6 indicates the level of tariffs applied by various countries to the
essential oil (nes) originated from South Africa during the year 2010. The
table further indicates that countries such as France, Germany and India
applied equal tariffs of 0.00% to essential oils (nes) originating from
South Africa.
Table 7 below indicates tariffs that are applied by various countries
to the exports of essential oils of peppermints from South Africa.
COUNTRY
PRODUCT
(IMPORTERS) DESCRIPTION
TRADE
REGIME
DESCRIPTION
APPLIED
TARIFFS
2010
Belgium
MFN duties
(Applied)
0.00%
ESTIMATED
TOTAL AD
VALOREM
EQUIVALENT
TARIFF 2010
0.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
14.00%
14.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
15.00%
15.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
2.90%
2.90%
Preferential
tariff for South
Africa
0.00%
0.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
10.00%
10.00%
Brazil
China
Germany
Nigeria
Terpenic oils of
peppermint “Mentha
piperita”, incl.
concretes &
absolutes.
Oleos essenciais
(desterpenados ou
nao), incl. os
chamados
(concretos) ou.
Oils of peppermint
Mentha piperita,
whether or not
terpeneless, incl
concretes &
absolutes
Terpeneless oils of
peppermint “Mentha
piperite”, incl.
concretes &
absolutes
Terpeneless oils of
peppermint “Mentha
piperite”, incl.
concretes &
absolutes
Oils of peppermint
Mentha piperita,
whether or not
terpeneless, incl
concretes &
36
absolutes
United
Arab Essential oils
Emirates
(terpeneless or not),
incl. concretes &
absolutes, resinoids,
extracted
oleoresinoids.
Zimbabwe
Oils of peppermint
Mentha piperita,
whether or not
terpeneless, incl
concretes &
absolutes
MFN duties
(Applied)
5.00%
5.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
0.00%
0.00%
Source: ITC Market Access Map
Table 7 shows the level of tariffs applied by various countries to the
essential oil of peppermint originated from South Africa during the period
2010. Exports of essential oils of peppermint from South Africa to the
SADC region (Zimbabwe) were free due to the fact that South Africa is
part of SADC. Non SADC countries such as China, United Arab Emirates
and Brazil charged South Africa a tariff of 5.00%, 14.00% and 15.00%
respectively. There was no tariff barrier for South African essential oils of
peppermint exports from South Africa to Germany and Belgium because
of the common trade agreement between South Africa and the European
Union, which makes it for all EU countries to maintain a preferential
tariff of 0.00% for South African products.
Table 8 below reflects tariffs that are applied by various countries to
the exports of essential oils of other mints from South Africa.
COUNTRY
(IMPORTERS)
PRODUCT ESCRIPTION
TRADE REGIME
DESCRIPTION
APPLIED
TARIFFS
2010
Angola
Oleos essencias de
mentas, desterpenizados
ou nao, incl. os
chamados
Terpenic oils of clove,
niaouli & ylang-ylang,
incl concretes &
absolutes.
Terpeneless oils of
mints, incl. concretes &
absolutes (excl. those of
MFN duties
(Applied)
5.00%
ESTIMATED
TOTAL AD
VALOREM
EQUIVALENT
TARIFF 2010
5.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
12.00%
12.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
Argentina
Belgium
37
Brazil
Chile
Congo
Germany
Italy
Spain
peppermint “Mentha
piperita”)
Oleos essencias de
mentas, desterpenizados
ou nao, incl. os
chamados
Aceites esenciales
(desterpenados o no),
incl los concretes &
absolutes
Huiles essentielles de
menthes, deterpenees ou
non, y.c. celles dites.
Terpeneless oils of
mints, incl. concretes &
absolutes (excl. those of
peppermint “Mentha
piperita”)
Terpeneless oils of
mints, incl. concretes &
absolutes (excl. those of
peppermint “Mentha
piperita”)
Terpeneless oils of
mints, incl. concretes &
absolutes (excl. those of
peppermint “Mentha
piperita”)
MFN duties
(Applied)
12.00%
12.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
6.00%
6.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
10.00%
10.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
Source: ITC Market Access Map
Table 8 depicts tariffs that are applied by various countries to the exports
of essential oils of other mints from South Africa during the 2010 period.
The table further depicts that there was no tariff barrier for South African
essential oils of peppermint exports from South Africa to Germany,
Belgium, Italy and Spain because of the common trade agreement
between South Africa and the European Union, which makes it for all EU
countries to maintain a preferential tariff of 0.00% for South African
products. Angola which falls under SADC agreement charged South
Africa a tariff of 5.00% for essential oils of other mints exported by South
Africa during the period under scrutiny.
38
Table 9 below illustrates tariffs that are applied by various countries
to the exports of essential oils of oranges from South Africa.
United
COUNTRY Arab
Emirates
(IMPORTERS)
China
Zimbabwe
France
India
Mozambique
Mozambique
Netherlands
Spain
Ess
oils (terpeneless or
PRODUCT
not),
including concretes
DESCRIPTION
& absolutes, resinoids,
extracted oleoresins,
concentrates of ess oils
in
fats.
Oils
of sweet & bitter
orange, whether or not
terpeneless, incl.
Oils
of sweet
& bitter
concretes
& absolutes
orange,
whether
or not
(excl. orange
flower
oil)
terpeneless,
Oils of sweetincl.
& bitter
concretes
& absolutes
orange, whether
or not
(excl.
orangeincl.
flower oil)
terpeneless,
concretes & absolutes
(excl. orange flower oil)
Ess oils (terpeneless or
not), including concretes
& absolutes, resinoids,
extracted oleoresins,
concentrates of ess oils
in fats.
Oils of sweet & bitter
orange, whether or not
terpeneless, incl.
concretes & absolutes
(excl. orange flower oil)
Oils of sweet & bitter
orange, whether or not
terpeneless, incl.
concretes & absolutes
(excl. orange flower oil)
Terpenic oils of sweet &
bitter orange, incl.
concretes & absolutes
(excl. orange-flower oil)
Terpenic oils of sweet &
bitter orange, incl.
concretes & absolutes
(excl. orange-flower oil)
Terpenic oils of sweet &
bitter orange, incl.
concretes & absolutes
(excl. orange-flower oil)
MFN
duties
TRADE
REGIME
(Applied)
DESCRIPTION
5.00%
APPLIED
TARIFFS
2010
MFN duties
(Applied)
20.00%
5.00%
ESTIMATED
TOTAL AD
VALOREM
EQUIVALENT
TARIFF 2010
20.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
5.00%
5.00%
0.00%
0.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
20.00%
20.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
2.50%
2.50%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
7.00%
7.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
Source: ITC Market Access Map
39
Table 9 illustrates tariffs that are applied by various countries to the
exports of essential oils of oranges from South Africa during the 2010.
The table further illustrates that countries such as France, Mozambique
and Netherlands had free trade agreements under EU and SADC. Asian
countries applied a tariff of 20.00% to essential oils of oranges
originating from South Africa during the period under examination.
Table 10 below depicts tariffs that are applied by various countries
to the exports of essential oils of lemon from South Africa.
COUNTRY
(IMPORTERS)
Terpeneless
PRODUCT oils of clove,
niaouli
& ylang-ylang,
DESCRIPTION
incl concretes &
absolutes.
Preferential
tariff
TRADE REGIME
for
South
Africa
DESCRIPTION
0.00%
APPLIED
TARIFFS
2010
Canada
Ess oils of lemon,
whether or not
Oils
of lemonincl
whether or
terpeneless,
not
terpeneless,
incl.
concretes.
concretes
and
absolutes.
Ess oils, whether or not
terpeneless, incl
concretes.
Lemon oil
MFN duties
(Applied)
MFN duties
(Applied)
0.00%
0.00%
ESTIMATED
TOTAL AD
VALOREM
EQUIVALENT
TARIFF 2010
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
20.00%
20.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
MFN duties
(Applied)
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Preferential tariff
for South Africa
0.00%
0.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
7.00%
7.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
15.00%
15.00%
Preferential tariff
for SACU
0.00%
0.00%
MFN duties
(Applied)
2.30%
2.30%
Uganda
China
Japan
Norway
Spain
Spain
Sri Lanka
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Ess oils (terpeneless or
not), including concretes
& absolutes, resinoids,
extracted oleoresins,
concentrates of ess oils
in fats.
Terpeneless oils of clove,
niaouli & ylang-ylang,
incl concretes &
absolutes.
Terpeneless oils of
lemon, incl. concretes &
absolutes.
Oils of lemon whether or
not terpeneless, incl.
concretes and absolutes.
Huiles essentielles de
citron,
Terpeneless oils of clove,
niaouli & ylang-ylang,
incl concretes &
absolutes.
Source: ITC Market Access Map
Table 10 represents tariffs that are applied by various countries to the
exports of essential oils of lemon from South Africa during the 2010
40
period. The table again further shows that South Africa and EU had a
free trade agreement which led to 0.00% tariffs applied by Canada, Spain
and United Kingdom. Japan also had a free tariff agreement with South
Africa during the same period which led to 0.00% tariff by Japan.
Uganda also had a free tariff agreement with South Africa during the
same period which led to 0.00% tariff.
41
10. MARKET INTELLIGENCE
Table 11: List of importing markets for Essential oils (nes) exported by South Africa in 2009
Product: 330129
Trade Indicators
Importers
'World
Exported value
Share in South
Exported
Unit
2009, USD
Africa's
quantity 2009
value,
thousand
exports, %
(tons)
(USD/unit)
11317
Exported
Exported growth
Exported
growth in value
in quantity
growth in value
between 2005-
between 2005-
between 2008-
2009, %, p.a.
2009, %, p.a.
2009, %, p.a.
-10
-6
-19
Share of
Tariff
partner
(estimated)
countries in
faced by
world imports,
South Africa
%
4074
100
360
100
'Germany
990
24.3
107
9252
2
0
25
9.1
'0
'France
540
13.3
38
14211
-17
-15
-26
13.2
'0
'Australia
329
8.1
42
7833
-8
-17
-30
1.3
'0
'Zambia
254
6.2
13
19538
14
9
36
0
'0
of America
228
5.6
9
25333
-30
-9
10
16.9
'0
'Switzerland
199
4.9
2
99500
-24
7
-37
7.3
'0
'Mauritius
190
4.7
65
2923
9
7
-18
0.1
'0
Kingdom
179
4.4
7
25571
-21
7
-61
7.4
'0
'Mozambique
176
4.3
8
22000
12
-30
-73
0
'0
'Singapore
167
4.1
3
55667
45
161
4
'0
'Malawi
156
3.8
15
10400
4
-3
-1
0
'0
'Spain
116
2.8
15
7733
-9
4
-33
4.6
'0
'Netherlands
94
2.3
1
94000
-39
-39
4
2.3
'0
'India
89
2.2
1
89000
-9
-44
98
3.8
'20
'Uganda
59
1.4
3
19667
89
64
0
'0
'Congo
49
1.2
6
8167
53
53
345
0
'10
'Canada
37
0.9
0
1.6
'0
'United States
'United
42
Trade Indicators
Importers
Exported value
Share in South
Exported
Unit
2009, USD
Africa's
quantity 2009
value,
thousand
exports, %
(tons)
(USD/unit)
2846
Exported growth
Exported
growth in value
in quantity
growth in value
between 2005-
between 2005-
between 2008-
2009, %, p.a.
2009, %, p.a.
2009, %, p.a.
Exported
-12
-10
Share of
Tariff
partner
(estimated)
countries in
faced by
world imports,
South Africa
%
'Zimbabwe
37
0.9
13
'China
35
0.9
0
'Indonesia
28
0.7
0
'Kenya
26
0.6
3
'Mexico
12
0.3
0
93
140
3
'4.4
'Brazil
11
0.3
0
-7
-21
2.2
'10.8
'Belgium
10
0.2
3
-41
1.2
'0
'Lithuania
10
0.2
0
233
0
'0
'Japan
8
0.2
0
5.3
'0
'Ethiopia
5
0.1
1
150
0
'30
'Nigeria
5
0.1
0
54
67
0.1
'10
Emirates
5
0.1
0
-22
-29
'Argentina
4
0.1
0
0.7
'10.8
Congo
4
0.1
0
0
'10
'Austria
3
0.1
0
0
1.4
'0
China
3
0.1
0
50
0.8
'0
'Seychelles
3
0.1
1
-25
0
'0
'Algeria
2
0
0
0
'5
'Hungary
2
0
0
0.3
'0
'Italy
2
0
0
2
'0
'Saudi Arabia
2
0
0
24
8667
3333
26
-12
16
32
236
0
'5
400
2.3
'18.8
27
0.1
'5
-13
0.1
'0
-54
5000
-15
-10
'United Arab
'5
'Democratic
Republic of the
-36
'Hong Kong,
3000
0
'5
43
Trade Indicators
Importers
Exported value
Share in South
Exported
Unit
2009, USD
Africa's
quantity 2009
value,
thousand
exports, %
(tons)
(USD/unit)
Exported
Exported growth
Exported
growth in value
in quantity
growth in value
between 2005-
between 2005-
between 2008-
2009, %, p.a.
2009, %, p.a.
2009, %, p.a.
Share of
Tariff
partner
(estimated)
countries in
faced by
world imports,
South Africa
%
'United
Republic of
Tanzania
2
0
0
'Djibouti
1
0
0
'Greece
1
0
0
'Ireland
1
0
0
32
-19
-50
0.1
'0
0
'26
0.1
'0
1
'0
Source: ITC Trade Map
44
Table 11 indicates the list of importing markets for Essential oils (nes)
exported by South Africa in 2009. The table also indicates that during
2009 South Africa exported a total of 360 tons of essential oils (nes) to
the world, with greater volumes being exported to Germany followed by
Mauritius, Australia and France. The table further indicates that
Germany as the leading import market commanded the greatest share of
South Africa’s essential oils (nes) exports.
Exports of essential oils (nes) to France experienced a decrease of about
15% and 17% in both value and quantity between the periods 2005 and
2009. During the year period between 2008 and 2009, Germany has also
decreased its value of the essential oils (nes) imports from South Africa
by almost 26%.
45
Figure 18: Performance of South African essential oils (nes) in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
46
Figure 18 shows that Germany, France and the United States of America
were the biggest import markets for essential oils (nes) exported by South
Africa in 2009. The figure also shows growth in demand for essential oils
(nes) exports from South Africa in 2009 period. The figure further shows
that South Africa’s annual growth in demand to Uganda during the
period 2009 was high at 90% and at the same time Uganda’s annual
growth from the world also increased to 70%.
However, countries such as Indonesia, Zambia, and Mauritius increased
their share of essential oils (nes) imports to the total South Africa’s
exports growth but decreased their annual growth of imports from the
world.
47
Figure 19: Diversification of markets for essential oils (nes) exported by South Africa in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
48
Figure 19 indicates diversification of markets for essential oils (nes)
exported by South Africa in 2009. The figure further indicates that the
United States, France and Germany were the main markets for essential
oils (nes) exported by South Africa between 2005 and 2009 periods.
Germany commanded the greatest share in South Africa’s exports in
2009 at approximately 24%.
If South Africa were to look for alternative options in terms of export
markets for essential oils (nes) markets exist in Uganda, India, Zimbabwe
and Congo. The same small markets (countries) of essential oils (nes)
mentioned above were importing less essential oils (nes) from South
Africa but more from the world between 2005 and 2009 periods.
49
Table 12: List of exporting markets for essential oils (nes) imported by South Africa in 2009
Product: 330129
Trade Indicators
Exporters
Imported value
2009, USD
Africa's imports, %
thousand
'World
Imported growth
Imported
Share in South
quantity 2009
(tons)
Unit value,
in value between
(USD/unit)
2005-2009, %,
Imported growth in
quantity between
2005-2009, %, p.a.
p.a.
Imported
growth in value
between 20082009, %, p.a.
Share of partner
countries in
world exports, %
Tariff (estimated)
applied by South
Africa
3378
100
182
18560
7
1
3
100
'United Kingdom
759
22.5
33
23000
1
-7
9
3.9
'0
'China
472
14
74
6378
59
51
126
11.4
'0
'India
365
10.8
14
26071
23
22
-22
3
'0
'Australia
347
10.3
13
26692
18
23
-37
1.9
'0
'France
297
8.8
8
37125
8
14
26
22.5
'0
America
215
6.4
11
19545
-20
-16
-10
8.2
'0
'Germany
113
3.3
7
16143
7
6
-4
4
'0
'Singapore
104
3.1
6
17333
84
39
136
3.6
'0
'Spain
90
2.7
1
90000
-15
-50
61
5
'0
'Canada
82
2.4
3
27333
120
41
1
'0
'Netherlands
73
2.2
0
'Italy
66
2
2
'Austria
57
1.7
0
'Madagascar
52
1.5
2
'Malawi
51
1.5
0
'Rwanda
36
1.1
0
'Mozambique
29
0.9
1
'Area Nes
29
0.9
0
'Israel
21
0.6
1
12
110
2
'0
'Switzerland
21
0.6
0
29
200
4.1
'0
'Belgium
18
0.5
0
0
-33
0.8
'0
'Republic of Moldova
14
0.4
0
0.2
'0
'United States of
-14
33000
34
-31
36
26000
22
19
-6
1.8
'0
288
0.6
'0
104
2
'0
-55
2
'0
28
0
'0
16
'0
29000
'0
71
21000
Source: ITC Trade Map
50
Table 12 illustrates the list of exporting markets for essential oils (nes)
imported by South Africa in 2009. The table further illustrates that
during 2009, South Africa imported a total of 182 tons of essential oils
(nes) from the world. The table also illustrates that the United Kingdom
was the biggest importing market of essential oils (nes) in terms of value
at approximately US$ 759 followed by China at approximately US$ 472
for South Africa. At the same time, in volume terms the United Kingdom
exported less quantities of essential oils (nes) to South Africa of about 33
tons as compared to China which exported 74 tons during the same
period under review. South Africa’s imports from China increased by
59% and 51% (in value and volume terms respectively) as compared to
imports from the United Kingdom that decreased by 1% and 7% in value
and quantity during the same period under review.
During 2009 the United Kingdom, China, India and Australia were the
major suppliers of essential oils (nes) imported by South Africa, with the
UK commanding the greatest share (22.5%) of South Africa’s essential
oils’ imports followed by China with 14% share, India with 10.8% share
and Australia with 10.3% share.
51
Figure 20: Competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for essential oils (nes) imported by SA
in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
52
Figure 20 shows competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for
essential oils (nes) imported by South Africa in 2009. The figure further
shows that France, United States of America and China were the biggest
suppliers of essential oils (nes) imported by South Africa during the same
period under review. The figure also shows that Canada (even though a
small market) was the most competitive supplier of essential oils to
South Africa’ between 2005 and 2009 at 100% followed by Singapore at
85%.
53
Figure 21: Market diversification for essential oils (nes) imported by South Africa in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
54
Figure 21 indicates market diversification for essential oils (nes) imported
by South Africa in 2009. The figure further indicates that France, United
States of America and China were the biggest suppliers of essential oils,
(nes) to South Africa during the period under scrutiny. The graph also
indicates that if South Africa had to diversify its suppliers of essential
oils, nes, small and attractive markets exist in Italy, Switzerland, Canada
Austria and Singapore.
55
Table 13: List of importing markets for essential oils of lemon exported by SA in 2009
Product: 330113
Trade Indicators
Exported
Importers
Exported value
2009, USD
Exported
Share in South
quantity 2009
Africa's exports, %
thousand
(tons)
Unit value,
(USD/unit)
Exported growth in
value between
2005-2009, %, p.a.
Tariff
growth in
Exported
quantity
growth in value
between
between 2008-
2005-2009,
2009, %, p.a.
(estimated)
Share of partner
countries in world
faced by
imports, %
South Africa
%, p.a.
'World
4907
100
274
17909
12
-15
-46
100
America
2663
54.3
123
21650
4
-17
-44
28.6
'0
'Netherlands
'United States of
1335
27.2
90
14833
39
7
138
2
'0
'United Kingdom
345
7
31
11129
3
9
-55
16.4
'0
'Ireland
267
5.4
16
16688
-43
3.4
'0
'France
133
2.7
6
22167
'Japan
124
2.5
5
24800
'Spain
38
3
51
4.8
'0
-81
9.5
'0
-97
0.4
'0
0
0
'5
2.1
'0
31
0.6
2
15500
'Zimbabwe
5
0.1
1
5000
'Canada
2
0
0
'Germany
2
0
0
4
'0
'Malawi
1
0
0
0
'0
-32
-38
-46
Source: ITC Trade Map
56
Table 13 depicts the list of importing markets for essential oils of lemon
exported by South Africa in 2009. The table further depicts that the
biggest importing markets for essential oils of lemon were United States
of America, Netherlands and United Kingdom. The table also depicts that
during the same period under examination, South Africa exported 274
tons of essential oils of lemon to the world. United States of America
imported 123 tons of essential oils of lemon while Netherlands imported
90 tons of essential oils of lemon during the same period.
South Africa’s exports of essential oils of lemon to the United States of
America increased by 4% in value and the quantity decreased by 17%
between 2005 and 2009 periods. South Africa’s exports of essential oils
of lemon to Netherlands increased in value by 39% and in quantity by
7% between 2005 and 2009 periods. United States of America also had a
highest share in South Africa’s essential oils of lemon imports of about
54.3% as compared to Netherlands with 27.2% share.
57
Figure 22: Growth in demand for essential oils of lemon exported by SA in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
58
Figure 22 represents growth in demand for essential oils of lemon
exported by South Africa in 2009. The figure shows that the United
States of America and United Kingdom were the biggest import markets
of essential oils of lemon exported by South Africa. The figure also shows
that South Africa’s exports of essential oils of lemon to Netherlands grew
at about 39%, as compared to our exports of essential oils of lemon to
France which grew at about 38%.
The graph further shows that Netherlands was an attractive dynamic
market for exports of essential oils of lemon with an annual growth of 39
% while France was a declining market (in world terms) but with an
annual growth of 38%.
59
Figure 23: Prospects for market diversification for essential oils of lemon exported by SA
in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
60
Figure 23 shows prospects for market diversification for essential oils of
lemon exported by South Africa in 2009. The figure shows that United
States of America followed by United Kingdom were the biggest import
markets of essential oils of lemon from South Africa during the same
period under review. The graph also shows that if South Africa had to
diversify its markets of essential oils of lemon, potential export markets
exist in Netherlands and France.
61
Table 14: List of supplying markets for essential oils of lemon imported by SA in 2009
Product: 330113
Trade Indicators
Exporters
Imported value
Share in South
Imported
2009, USD
Africa's imports,
quantity 2009
thousand
%
(tons)
'World
Unit value,
(USD/unit)
Tariff
(estimated)
Imported growth in
Imported growth in
Imported growth in
Share of partner
value between
quantity between
value between
countries in world
applied by
2005-2009, %, p.a.
2005-2009, %, p.a.
2008-2009, %, p.a.
exports, %
South Africa
548
100
62
8839
20
49
-26
100
284
51.8
14
20286
300
-32
12
'Israel
80
14.6
1
80000
13
0
33
'Zimbabwe
55
10
40
1375
25
111
686
0
'0
'Netherlands
41
7.5
4
10250
-13
41
215
1.1
'0
'Germany
31
5.7
0
129
-53
3.5
'0
'Switzerland
20
3.6
0
-12
5
2.1
'0
'France
'United States of
America
'0
'0
17
3.1
1
17000
1
0
-26
4.4
'0
'United Kingdom
8
1.5
1
8000
-11
0
-38
5.1
'0
'Italy
6
1.1
0
-65
9.6
'0
'India
4
0.7
0
0
'0
'Argentina
3
0.5
0
44.1
'0
'Canada
1
0.2
0
1.9
'0
-39
8
-25
Source: ITC Trade Map
62
Table 14 shows the list of supplying markets for essential oils of lemon
imported by South Africa in 2009. The table further depicts that South
Africa imported a total of 52 tons of essential oils of lemon from the world
during the period under review. This is due to the fact that South Africa
was a net exporter of essential oils of lemon (274 tons) during the same
period under scrutiny. In world terms, United States of America and
Zimbabwe commanded the greatest export market share for essential oils
of lemon to South Africa. In 2009 South Africa’s imports of essential oils
of lemon from Zimbabwe increased in both value and quantity at
approximately 25% and 111% respectively. South Africa’s imports from
Zimbabwe also increased in value by 686% between 2008 and 2009
periods while those from the United States of America decreased in value
between 2008 and 2009 periods.
63
Figure 24: Competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for essential oils of lemon imported
in 2009.
Source: ITC Trade Map
64
Figure 24 illustrates competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for
essential oils of lemon imported in 2009. The figure further illustrates
that Argentina was the biggest supplier of essential oils of lemon during
the same period under review. The figure also illustrates that Germany
and United States of America were the most competitive suppliers of
essential oils of lemon with South Africa’s annual growth of imports from
these countries being
100% respectively between 2005 and 2009
periods.
65
Figure 25: Market diversification of suppliers for essential oils of lemon imported by SA in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
66
Figure 25 indicates market diversification of suppliers for essential oils of
lemon imported by South Africa in 2009. The figure also indicates that
Argentina commanded the greatest market share of essential oils of
lemon imported by South Africa during the period under review. The
figure further indicates that if South Africa wants to diversify its markets
of essential oils of lemon, potential import markets are available in
United States of America with a market share of about 52% and in
Germany with about 5% share.
67
Table 15: List of importing markets for essential oils of oranges exported by SA in 2009
Trade Indicators
Importers
Exported value
Share in South
2009, USD
Africa's exports,
thousand
%
'World
Exported
Exported growth
quantity
Unit value,
in value
2009
(USD/unit)
between 2005-
(tons)
2009, %, p.a.
Exported
Tariff
Exported
growth in
growth in value
quantity
between 20052009, %, p.a.
between 20082009, %, p.a.
Share of partner
(estimated)
countries in world
faced by South
imports, %
Africa
1103
100
492
2242
5
-7
17
100
'United Kingdom
282
25.6
57
4947
281
37
18
5.6
'0
'China
258
23.4
153
1686
33
5.6
'20
America
175
15.9
94
1862
154
19.3
'0
'Canada
'United States of
-13
-15
140
12.7
79
1772
-9
-10
'Netherlands
52
4.7
38
1368
74
17
'Japan
37
3.4
17
2176
'Zambia
28
2.5
7
4000
-28
-46
'Zimbabwe
27
2.4
7
3857
-56
-61
'Italy
26
2.4
16
1625
'France
17
1.5
7
2429
-32
-39
-65
4.9
'0
'Israel
11
1
8
1375
-76
0.1
'10
'Kenya
11
1
3
3667
-21
0
'0
'Malawi
11
1
2
5500
0
'0
'Poland
'0
11
1
4
2750
'Singapore
9
0.8
1
9000
'Sri Lanka
6
0.5
2
3000
'Germany
1
0.1
0
'Greece
1
0.1
0
13
-20
-50
'0
2.8
'0
28
13.3
'0
180
0
'0
200
0.1
'5
1.3
'0
-20
-22
13
3.1
-73
0
0
0.1
-31
1.5
'0
-14
0
'15
9
'0
0.1
'0
Source: ITC Trade Map
68
Table 15 shows the list of importing markets for essential oils of oranges
exported by South Africa in 2009. The table further depicts that South
Africa exported a total of 492 tons of essential oils of oranges to the world
during the period under review. In world terms, the United Kingdom and
China commanded the greatest import market share for essential oils of
oranges from South Africa during the same period under examination. In
2009 South Africa’s exports of essential oils of oranges to the United
Kingdom increased both in value and quantity at approximately 281%
and 37% respectively. South Africa’s exports to the United Kingdom also
increased in value by 18% between 2008 and 2009 periods while South
Africa’s exports to China increased in value by 33% between 2008 and
2009 periods.
It is also clear in the table that the United Kingdom imported more of
essential oils of oranges from the world than from South Africa during
the same period under review as the exported growth in value and
quantity from the world between 2005 and 2009 periods and between
2008 and 2009 periods were less than what the United Kingdom
imported from the rest of the world over the same periods under review.
69
Figure 26: Growth in demand for essential oils of oranges exported by South Africa in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
70
Figure 26 represents growth in demand for essential oils of oranges
exported by South Africa in 2009. The figure further shows that the
United States of America, Germany and France were the biggest import
markets of essential oils of oranges exported by South Africa during the
same period under examination. The figure also shows that South
Africa’s exports of essential oils of oranges in United Kingdom were
growing faster at about 100%, as compared to its exports to the
Netherlands which was also growing faster at approximately 70%.
The graph further shows that the United Kingdom and Netherlands were
attractive, dynamic markets for essential oils of oranges from South
Africa, with an annual growth in exports of 100% and 70% respectively.
71
Figure 27: Market diversification for essential oils of oranges exported by SA in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
72
Figure 27 depicts prospects for market diversification for essential oils of
oranges exported by South Africa in 2009. The figure further depicts that
the United States of America followed by Germany were the biggest
import markets of essential oils of oranges from South Africa during the
same period under review. The graph also depicts that if South Africa
had to diversify its markets of essential oils of oranges, small attractive
markets exist in Nigeria, Kenya, Sri-Lanka and Zimbabwe.
73
Table 16: List of supplying markets for essential oils of oranges imported by SA in 2009
Trade Indicators
Imported
Exporters
Imported value
Share in South
2009, USD
Africa's imports, %
thousand
Imported
growth in
Imported
quantity 2009
(tons)
Unit value,
value
(USD/unit)
between
%, p.a.
580
100
98
5918
'Australia
222
38.3
12
18500
'Zimbabwe
in value between
quantity
2005-2009,
'World
Imported growth
growth in
20
between 20052009, %, p.a.
-7
2008-2009, %,
p.a.
Tariff
Share of partner
(estimated)
countries in world
applied by
exports, %
South Africa
1
100
1486
0
'0
138
23.8
75
1840
104
81
712
0.1
'0
'Netherlands
85
14.7
6
14167
9
-36
2
2.8
'0
'Switzerland
61
10.5
0
-46
2.1
'0
'United Kingdom
45
7.8
2
22500
38
-84
6.3
'0
'Germany
10
1.7
1
10000
49
100
6.4
'0
'Italy
10
1.7
0
2.7
'0
America
6
1
1
28.3
'0
'Singapore
2
0.3
0
0.2
'0
'Israel
1
0.2
0
0
'0
-6
-23
11
'United States of
6000
32
0
-14
Source: ITC Trade Map
74
Table 16 illustrates the list of supplying markets for essential oils of
oranges imported by South Africa in 2009. The table further depicts that
South Africa imported a total of 98 tons of essential oils of oranges from
the world during the period under review. The reason for South Africa to
import less essential oils of oranges (98 tons) was that South Africa was a
net exporter of essential oils of oranges (492 tons) during the same period
under scrutiny. In world terms, Australia and Zimbabwe commanded the
greatest export market share of essential oils of oranges to South Africa
during the period under scrutiny. In 2009 South Africa’s imports of
essential oils of oranges from Zimbabwe increased both in value and
quantity at approximately 104% and 81% per annum respectively. South
Africa’s imports of essential oils of oranges from Zimbabwe also increased
in value by 712% between 2008 and 2009 periods while those from
Australia also increased in value by 1486% between 2008 and 2009
periods.
75
Figure 28: Competitiveness of suppliers for essential oils of oranges imported by South Africa in
2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
76
Figure 28 shows competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for
essential oils of oranges imported in 2009. The figure further shows that
the United States of America was the biggest supplier of essential oils of
oranges imported by South Africa during the same period under review.
The figure also shows that Germany followed by United Kingdom were
the most competitive suppliers of essential oils of oranges with annual
growth in imports of about 48% and 50% respectively between 2005 and
2009 period.
77
Figure 29: Market diversification for essential oils of oranges imported by SA in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
78
Figure 29 indicates prospects for market diversification of suppliers for
essential oils of oranges imported by South Africa in 2009. The figure
further indicates that the United States followed by United Kingdom
commanded the greatest market share for essential oils of oranges
imported by South Africa during the period under review. The figure also
indicates that if South Africa had to diversify its import markets of
essential oils of oranges, potential markets are available in United
Kingdom, Switzerland and Zimbabwe with an export market share of
about 9%, 11% and 25% shares respectively.
79
Table 17: List of importing markets for essential oils of peppermint exported by South Africa in 2009
Trade Indicators
Importers
Exported value
2009, USD
Exported
Share in South
Africa's exports, %
thousand
quantity 2009
(tons)
Exported growth in
Exported growth in
Unit value,
value between
quantity between
(USD/unit)
2005-2009, %,
2005-2009, %,
p.a.
p.a.
Tariff
Share of
(estimated)
Exported growth in
partner
value between
countries
2008-2009, %, p.a.
in world
imports, %
faced by
South
Africa
'World
76
100
3
25333
14
8
25
100
'Zimbabwe
38
50
2
19000
4
15
-12
0
'5
'United Kingdom
20
26.3
0
186
12.4
'0
'France
16
21.1
0
3.3
'0
'Malawi
1
1.3
0
'Belgium
'Hong Kong, China
'0
4.1
'0
3
'0
Source: ITC Trade Map
Table 17 depicts the list of importing markets for essential oils of peppermint exported by South Africa in
2009. The table also depicts that Zimbabwe was the biggest import market for essential oils of peppermint
from South Africa during the period under examination. The table also depicts that South Africa’s exports of
essential oils of peppermint to Zimbabwe increased in both value and quantity at about 4% and 15% but the
exports value between 2008 and 2009 decreased by 12%. Zimbabwe commanded 50% share in South Africa’s
exports of essential oils of peppermint as compared to the United Kingdom’s share of 26.3% during the period
under scrutiny.
80
Figure 30: Growth in demand for essential oils of peppermint exported by SA in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
81
Figure 30 illustrates growth in demand for essential oils of peppermint
exported by South Africa in 2009. The figure further illustrates that there
were no growth in terms of the world imports of peppermint from South
Africa in the dynamic market over the same period. The figure also
illustrates that the annual growth of South Africa’s exports of essential
oils of peppermint to a declining market such as Zimbabwe were growing
between 3.75% and 4.5%.
82
Figure 31: Prospects for market diversification for essential oils of peppermint exported by SA
in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
83
Figure 31 shows prospects for market diversification for essential oils of
peppermint exported by South Africa in 2009. The graph shows that
United Kingdom, Germany and Singapore were the biggest import
markets for essential oils of peppermint originating from by South Africa
during the period under examination. The figure also shows that should
South Africa want to diversify its markets of essential oils of peppermint,
small and attractive markets exist in Zimbabwe.
84
Table 18: List of supplying markets for essential oils of peppermint imported by South Africa
in 2009
Trade Indicators
Exporters
Imported value
2009, USD
thousand
'World
Share in
Imported
South
quantity
Unit value,
Africa's
2009
(USD/unit)
imports, %
(tons)
Imported
Imported
Imported
growth in
growth in
growth in
value
quantity
value
Share of partner
countries in world
between
between
between
2005-2009,
2005-2009,
2008-2009,
%, p.a.
%, p.a.
%, p.a.
exports, %
Tariff (estimated)
applied by South
Africa
1308
100
29
45103
13
-5
70
100
America
885
67.7
14
63214
30
5
155
54.8
'0
'United Kingdom
'United States of
344
26.3
10
34400
-4
-14
-6
5.2
'0
'India
37
2.8
3
12333
12
11
164
22.8
'0
'China
16
1.2
1
16000
9
0
45
0.3
'0
'Singapore
16
1.2
1
16000
8
'0
'Germany
8
0.6
0
-33
2.4
'0
'Australia
2
0.2
0
0.2
'0
'France
1
0.1
0
2.4
'0
'Italy
1
0.1
0
0
'0
0
'0
'Malawi
'Zimbabwe
4
-14
'0
Source: ITC Trade Map
85
Table 18 indicates the list of supplying markets for essential oils of peppermint imported by South Africa in
2009. The table indicates that United States of America was the biggest exporter of essential oils of
peppermint to South Africa followed by United Kingdom. The table also indicates that South Africa’s imports
of essential oils of peppermint from United States of America grew at a rate greater than the average exports
from the rest of the world (13% against 30%, -5% against 5%, and 70% against 155%).
86
Figure 32: Competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for essential oils of peppermint imported
in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
87
Figure 32 illustrates competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for
essential oils of peppermint imported in 2009. The figure further
illustrates that United States of America was the biggest supplier of
essential oils of peppermint imported by South Africa during the same
period under review. The figure also illustrates that Germany followed by
India and Germany were the most competitive suppliers of essential oils
of peppermint during the period under scrutiny. The figure also
illustrates that South Africa’s annual imports growth to the United States
of America grew up by 30% between 2005 and 2009 period.
88
Figure 33: Prospects for diversification of suppliers for essential oils of peppermint imported by SA in
2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
89
Figure 33 shows prospects for market diversification for essential oils of
peppermint imported by South Africa in 2009. The graph further shows
that Germany was the biggest export market for essential oils of
peppermint to South Africa followed by United Kingdom during the
period under examination. The figure also shows that should South
Africa want to diversify its markets of essential oils of peppermint, small
and attractive markets exist in Singapore, Australia and India. During
the same period, the figure further shows that United States of America
commanded 70% share in South Africa’s imports of essential oils of
peppermint.
90
Table 19: List of importing markets for essential oils of other mints exported by South Africa
in 2009
Trade Indicators
Importers
Exported value
Share in
Exported
2009, USD
South Africa's
quantity 2009
thousand
exports, %
(tons)
Exported growth
Exported growth
Exported growth
Unit value,
in value between
in quantity
in value between
(USD/unit)
2005-2009, %,
between 2005-
2008-2009, %,
p.a.
2009, %, p.a.
p.a.
Share of partner
countries in world
imports, %
'World
9
100
0
-14
50
100
'Zimbabwe
9
100
0
45
80
0
Tariff (estimated)
faced by South
Africa
'5
'Belgium
3.3
'0
'Brazil
6.9
'5.3
'Guatemala
2.1
'0
'Japan
6.4
'1.4
'Mexico
4.1
'5
'China
8.8
'15
'France
3.6
'0
'Germany
6.4
'0
'India
1.1
'20
'Spain
1.5
'0
'United Kingdom
6.5
'0
33.5
'0
'United States of
America
Source: ITC Trade Map
91
Table 19 indicates the list of importing markets for essential oils of other
mints exported by South Africa in 2009. The table further indicates that
during the period under review, South Africa exported no essential oils of
other mints to the world. In world terms, Zimbabwe commanded the
greatest market share for essential oils of other mints from South Africa
during the same period under examination. In 2009 South Africa’s
exports of essential oils of other mints to Zimbabwe increased in value at
approximately 45% and also increased in exports in value between 2005
and 2009 period.
It is clear in the table that Zimbabwe’s exports in value was more than
the world’s exports in value during the same period under review.
92
Figure 34: Growth in demand for essential oils of other mints exported by South Africa in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
93
Figure 34 illustrates growth in demand for essential oils of other mints
exported by South Africa in 2009. The figure further illustrates that
Zimbabwe’s growth in demand for essential oils of other mints from
South Africa grew up by 45% in a dynamic market between 2005 and
2009 period. The figure also illustrates that in terms of annual growth of
South Africa’s exports of essential oils of other mints in a declining
market, there was no growth of exports to any country between 2005 and
2009 period.
94
Figure 35: Market diversification for essential oils of other mints exported by SA in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
95
Figure 35 depicts market diversification for essential oils of other mints
exported by South Africa in 2009. The graph also depicts that United
States of America commanded the greatest market share for exports of
essential oils of other mints from South Africa during the period under
examination. The figure further depicts that if South Africa had to
diversify its markets of essential oils of other mints, small and attractive
markets exist in India and Zimbabwe during the same period under
scrutiny.
96
Figure 36: Competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for essential oils of other mints imported in
2009
Source: ITC Trade Map
97
Figure 36 indicates competitiveness of suppliers to South Africa for
essential oils of other mints imported in 2009. The bubble graph further
indicates that Germany, India and United Kingdom were the three most
competitive suppliers of essential oils of other mints to South Africa
during the period under observation. The annual growth of South Africa’s
imports of essential oils of other mints from Germany increased by 100%
as compared to India with an annual growth of about 85% and United
Kingdom with an annual growth of 70% between 2005 and 2009 period.
98
Figure 37: Market diversification of suppliers for essential oils of other mints imported by SA in 2009
Source: ITC Trade Ma
99
Figure 37 shows market diversification of suppliers for essential oils of
other mints imported by South Africa in 2009. The figure further shows
that United States of America was the biggest market for essential oils of
other mints during the period under examination. The figure also shows
that if South Africa had to diversify its suppliers of essential oils of other
mints, potential supplying markets for the product the exist in India and
Canada between 2005 and 2009 period.
11. THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF PEPPERMINT
11.1 Description of the herb peppermint
Mentha x piperita L. is a sterile, perennial herb originating from a
hybridization between watermint (Mentha aquatica), and spear mint
(Mentha spicata), and therefore must be propagated vegetatively. The
entire plant has a very characteristic sharp, mint odor, because of the
presence of the volatile oil. This is an easy growing perennial herb,
growing up to 1 meter high, with underground runners and a distinctive
menthol fragrance.
11.1.1 Properties of peppermint
Peppermint is a decongestant, cooling, fragrant and bitter herb that is
anti-spasmodic, diaphoretic, digestive, antiseptic and slightly anesthetic.
It contains a high amount of essential oil, which contains menthol,
menthone, menthyl acetate and menthofuran.
11.1.2 Safety precautions and warnings
Peppermint essential oil must be used in moderation and the menthol
contained in the oil may cause sensitizing to some individuals skin. It
can irritate the mucus membranes if the dosage is too high. If used in
pregnancy, very small amounts should be used and not recommended
for infants.
11.1.3 Production levels in South Africa
Under irrigation and good management, peppermint will yield 20 to 25
tons of plant material per hectare per year, at an oil recovery rate of o.3
% or 60 to 75 kg essential oil per hectares. Dry land production will
generally be less, but it will depend entirely on the quantity of rainfall
and its frequency throughout the season.
100
11.1.4 Major production Areas in South Africa
Peppermint can be grown in most parts of South Africa where rainfall of
higher than 1000 mm per annum occurs with long periods of sunlight
and cool night temperatures. The latter are needed for the correct
balance of high quality oil production and it limits the constituent
menthofuran, which is undesirable in the oil. There are indigenous
species growing in South Africa in the temperature zones and these are
indicators of where the crop can be grown successfully. The best areas
are the escarpment of Mpumalanga, Gauteng, Eastern Free State, higher
altitudes of Kwazulu Natal, and areas in the Eastern and Western Cape.
11.1.5 Stem, Leaves, and Flowers
Peppermint is a summer growing perennial with upright, usually
purplish, smooth stems growing to one meter in height. The lance shaped
leaf margins are finely toothed, their surfaces smooth, both above and
beneath, or very slightly hairy (hardly visible), on the principal veins and
midrib on the underside. The whorled clusters of little reddish violet
flowers are in the axils of the upper leaves, forming loose, interrupted
spikes, and rarely bear seeds.
11.1.6 Essential part of peppermint
The whole plant is cut at flowering stage for steam distillation. The oil is
found on the undersides of the leaves.
11.1.7 Post harvest handling
•
Sorting and Distillation
The crop is steam distilled and the steam/oil vapor is condensed and
separated. Condensing and separation equipment should be
manufactured from stainless steel and a general processing hygiene
followed to ensure no contaminants are present. The time for oil
extraction varies, depending on the type of steam source, the herb
weight, and the moisture content.
•
Grading
The main chemical constituent of peppermint oils is menthol; however, it
also contains menthyl acetate and isovalerate, menthone, cineol, pinene,
limonene and other constituents. The quality of the oil is determined by
the correct combination of chemical constituents, especially menthol and
menthone and the absence of menthofuran.
101
Once the oil is separated, the product is relatively stable for many
months, provided it is stored out of direct sunlight and away from heat.
The odor and taste is a good indication of the quality of the oil.
•
Packaging and Storage
Epoxy lined, fluorinated plastic and galvanized drums are used for bulk
storage and transportation. Peppermint essential oil should be stored in
a cool, dry area until it is used. Once opened, refrigeration and tightly
closing the cap will prolong its shelf life.
•
Marketing
The market for essential oils in South Africa is divided into local buyers
and international buyers. The local buyers include marketing agents and
companies from chemical and pharmaceutical, as well as food and
flavoring industries. The international buyers are divided into flavor and
fragrance houses, cosmetics and personal health care, aromatherapy and
food manufacturers who buy in large quantities. The major market in the
world for essential oils exists in the United States, followed by Japan and
Europe. However, production continues to be concentrated in Europe,
with seven of the world’s largest essential oil processing firms. In the
United States, the major users of essential oils are the soft drink
companies.
11.1.8 The peppermint sale price
Price is largely regulated by the world supply and demand. Peppermint is
presently being produced in countries with low labor costs such as china
and India. This can make it difficult for a South African farmer to
compete, unless there is a fair degree of value adding applied.
Organically grow mint oil is always in demand and will fetch better
prices.
11.1.9 Essential Oils of Peppermint Industrial Utilization
Peppermint essential oil is mainly used as flavoring in toothpaste, ice
cream, confectionery, soft drinks, tobacco, chewing gum, and other
varieties of foods. It can also be found in shampoos, soaps, balms and
liniments. The oil has a cooling effect for fevers. Peppermint tea and tea
blends are becoming more popular as natural food stuff. Peppermint tea
is used for relief of palpitations of the heart and nausea.
102
11.1.10 Cosmetic Utilization
The therapeutic peppermint value lies in its ability to relieve flatulence,
bloating and colic, inhibit the growth of certain bacteria, and can assist
in smoothing and relaxing muscles when inhaled or applied to the skin.
It increases sweating, stimulates secretion of bile, assists in curing
ulcers. Peppermint eases nervous headaches and is used for aid in cases
of cholera and diarrhea. Peppermint is used to disguise the taste of
unpalatable drugs, as it imparts its aromatic characteristics to whatever
prescription it enters into. In aromatherapy the essential oil is used to
stimulate hot and verve endings and increase blood flow.
103
Table 20: Role players in the South African Fragrance and flavor industry and essential oil trading
Company
Address
Comhan
Products
(Pty) Ltd
Box 413066, Nathalie
Craig
hall Jelonek
2024
+27 (0) 11 325 [email protected]
6090
Cranbrook
Flavours
Po Box 1644,
Edenvale
1610
011 398 6000
Craetive
Flavors
International
(Pty)Ltd
Danlink
Ingredients
(Pty)Ltd
Deli Spices
(Pty)Ltd
Box
302, Adri
Strubens
Stander
Valley 1735
+27(0) 11 760 [email protected]
1830
Box
3208,
Cramerview
2060
Box
611,
Eppindust
7475
Dunmustard Box
1518,
Distributors Westville
3630
Firmenich
P/Bag X113,
(Pty)Ltd
Halfway
Contact
Person
Telephone
Number
Email
[email protected]
Sambashni
Govender
+27(0) 11 469 [email protected]
4508
Robin
Haller
+27(0) 21 505 [email protected]
2000
Anthony
Krijger
+27(0) 31 701 [email protected]
7734
Dody
Leijenaar
+27(0) 11 653 [email protected]
0700
104
Company
FlavourCraft
(Pty) Ltd
Flavourome
(Pty) Ltd
Foodspec Co
(Pty) Ltd
Fruition CC
Address
House 1685
Box 962, New
Germany
3620
P/Bag
X6,
Kyalami 1684
Box
1783,
Pinegowrie
2123
Box
505,
Wellington
7654
Box
4449,
Honeydew
2040
Box
83027,
South
Hills
2136
Post
Office
Sezela 4215
Box
40,
Isando 1600
Frutarom
South Africa
(Pty) Ltd
Givaudan
South Africa
(Pty) Ltd
Illovo Sugar
Ltd
International
Flavors
&
Fragrances
(SA)(Pty) Ltd
Junnderee
P/Bag X2025,
(Pty) Ltd
Isando 1600
Contact
Person
Telephone
Number
Email
Ryan
Ponquett
+27(0) 31 764 [email protected]
9760
David
Wright
Jenal
Harduth
+27(0) 11 314 [email protected]
0219
+27 (0) 11 793 [email protected]
1333
Nick
Schwerin
+27 (0) 21 873 [email protected]
6716
Darrell
Gray
+27 (0) 11 794 [email protected]
1362
Antoine
Nourrain
+27 (0) 11 406 [email protected]
8700
Charles
Kruger
Levi
Thamage
+27 (0) 39 975 [email protected]
8216
+27 (0) 11 922 [email protected]
8800
Chris
Young
+27 (0) 11 974 [email protected]
7822
105
Company
Address
Contact
Person
Telephone
Number
Letaba
Citrus
Processors
(Pty) Ltd
Post Net Suite
100, P/Bag X
4019,
Tzaneen,
0850
Box
880,
Morningside
2057
Unit 1, Bertie
Park,
12
Bertie
Avenue,
Eppindust
P/Bag X 64,
Halfway
House 1683
Box
6837,
Halfway
House 1685
Carmen
Sacco
+27 (0) 15 304 [email protected]
4000
Peter
Harrison
+27 (0) 11 234 [email protected]
8470
Mark
Mulholland
+27 (0) 21 534 [email protected]
4422
Mike
Palmer
+27 (0) 11 690 [email protected]
0311
Jason
Vlantis
+27 (0) 11 315 [email protected]
6582
Box
11172,
Randhart
1457
Box
75864,
Gardenview
2047
Craig
Taylor
+27 (0) 11 613 [email protected]
2702
Colleen
Maroun
+27 (0) 11 856 [email protected]
4500
McCollum &
Associates
SA (Pty) Ltd
Mane South
Africa (Pty)
Ltd
McCormick
South Africa
(Pty) Ltd
Nicola-J
Flavours &
Fragrances
(Pty) Ltd
Petrow Food
Ingredients
(Pty) Ltd
Savannah
Fine
Chemicals
(Pty) Ltd
Email
106
Company
Savoury
Food
Industries
Sensarome
(Pty) Ltd
Address
Box
43028,
Industrial,
2042
P/Bag X 6,
Kyalami,
1684
Sensetek CC Box
2598,
Bedfordview
2008
Sensient
Suite
173,
Colors
P/Bag X 7,
South Africa Northriding
(Pty) Ltd
2162
Sharon Bolel Box
693,
Chemical
Edenvale
Marketing
1610
SK
Box
5101,
Chemtrade
Meadowdale
Services
1612
(Pty) Ltd
Sunspray
Box
43057,
Food
Industrial
Ingredients
2042
(Pty) Ltd
Symrise
Box 143, I
(Pty) Ltd
sando 1600
Unique
Box
9583,
Flavors
Centurion
Contact
Person
Telephone
Number
Email
Harry
Meyer
+27 (0) 11 309 [email protected]
1606
Themba
+27 (0) 11 805 [email protected]
Nghalaluma 8294
Mike Capon +27 (0) 11 608 [email protected]
4944
Dershana
Jackison
+27 (0) 11 462 [email protected]
7150
Sharon
Bolel
+27 (0) 11 454 [email protected]
5400
Vanessa
Salt
+27 (0) 11 974 [email protected]
1124
Rene Cross
+27 (0) 11 473 [email protected]
6811
Rudy
McLean
Johan
Smith
+27 (0) 11 921 [email protected]
5600
+27 (0) 12 644 [email protected]
0334
107
Company
Val-UFlavours
(Pty) Ltd
Von
Holy
Consulting
CC
Afriplex
Flavours &
Fragrances
(Pty) Ltd
Agrana Fruit
South Africa
(Pty) Ltd
Bidfood
Technologies
(Pty) Ltd
Cargill
Flavor
Systems
(RSA)
(Pty)
Ltd
Carst
&
Walker (Pty)
Ltd
Address
Contact
Person
Telephone
Number
Email
0048
Box
10053, Rurik
Belhar 7507
McKaiser
+27 (0) 21 981 [email protected]
7892
Box
4449,
Edenvale
1610
Box
3186,
Paarl 7620
Corene Von +27 (0) 83 267 [email protected]
Holy
6004
Grant
Momple
+27 (0) 21 872 [email protected]
4976
Box
143,
Bergvliet
7864
Box
37200,
Chempet,
7442
Box
354,
Table
View
7439
Philippe
Gomez
+27 (0) 21 705 [email protected]
0210
John
Morris
+27 (0) 21 527 [email protected]
5020
Nicole
Lombard
+27 (0) 21 556 [email protected]
1512
Box
87710, Gloria Ford
Houghton
2041
+27 (0) 11 489 [email protected]
3631
108
Company
Address
Contact
Person
Telephone
Number
Email
Chemimpo
SA (Pty) Ltd
Box
1378, Dawie
S +27 (0) 11 293 [email protected]
Randburg
Maartens
2000
2125
Claman (Pty) Box
70667, Clarissa
+27 (0) 11 704 [email protected]
Ltd
Bryanston
Heyman
5289
2021
Clive Teubes Box
4919, Ron
+27 (0) 11 793 [email protected]
(Pty) Ltd
Randburg
Allwright
1207
2125
Coca
Cola Box
9999, Karen
+27 (0) 11 644 [email protected]
South Africa Johannesburg Vokes
0666
(Pty) Ltd
2000
Soil
27 Musgrave Nikki
or +27 (0) 31 201 [email protected]
Avenue,
Grant
2778
[email protected]
Durban, 4001
Source: South African Association of the Flavour & Fragrance Industry (SAAFFI)
109
Table 21: Sector Organizations and Research Institutions Involved in the Essential Oils Industry.
Organization
Role
South African Essential
Association (SAEOPA)
Oils
Producer Its role is to provide knowledge for current and
potential oil producers with information ranging from
species selection, quality control etc.
Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA)
The Council for
Research (CSIR)
Scientific
&
SEDA has been involved in setting up essential oil
business incubation, which provide technical
assistance in the Eastern Cape & North West
Province
Industrial CSIR is active in developing production techniques
and has developed various steam distillation
techniques. It also provides technical consulting
services.
Agricultural Research Council (ARC)
It introduced essential oil crops into selected rural
communities and it also provides mentorship support
to selected farmers of essential oils.
Department of Agriculture and Academic Conduct research and development of manuals to
Institutions in South Africa
help growers.
Source: South African Essential Oils Producers Association (SAEOPA)
110
12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following organizations are acknowledged:
Agricultural Statistics: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries
Tel: (012) 319 8453
Fax: (012) 319 8031
Website: www.daff.gov.za
South African Essential Oils Producers Association (SAEOPA)
Karen Swanepoel
University of Zululand
Tel: 035 902 6359/ 082 785 8700
Fax: 035 902 6428
Website: http://safarmer.net/SAEOPA
South African Association of the Flavour & Fragrance Industry
(SAAFFI)
Tel: +27 (0) 11 447 2757
Fax: 0866 203 723
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.saaffi.co.za
ITC Market Access Map
Website: http://www.macmap.org/SouthAfrica
ITC Trade Map
Website: http://www.trademap.org.
Disclaimer: This document and its contents have been compiled by the Directorate:
Marketing of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the purpose of
detailing essential oils value chain. Anyone who uses the information as contained in
this document does so at his/her own risk. The views expressed in this document are
those of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries with regard to essential
oils market unless otherwise stated. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries, therefore accepts no liability that can be incurred resulting from the use of
this information.
111