Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 10(13), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i13/110804, April 2017
ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846
ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645
Estimation of Age through Handwriting
Characteristics in Female Writers
Sushma Upadhyay1* and Jyoti Singh2
Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Koni, Bilaspur – 495009, Chhattisgarh, India;
[email protected]
2
Amity University, Noida – 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India; [email protected]
1
Abstract
Objectives: To study the estimation of age through handwriting Characteristics in Females. Handwriting changes
progressively according to the passage of time, these changes depends on various factors: the writing experience, physical
and mental health, gender and age. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In the present study 100 handwriting samples from
5 different age groups of females (Indian) from 20 to 60 years and above were collected. The individuals were asked to
write London letter on Blank A-4 sheet. The analysis of handwriting samples were done to extract out some specific class
and individual characteristics. A coding system is followed for class characteristics to simplify the research. Percentage
proportions of the class characteristics were calculated. Findings: Results discussed individually for each group. The class
characteristics such as slant, speed, tremors, hesitation marks has varied in percentage for different age groups which is
helpful in understanding a fine demarcation between ages of different groups. A probable assessment can be done of age
of female writers from the findings of this research. After considering the out puts of this study it can be easily estimated
a rough idea about the age of female writers. It would be helpful for document examiner to proceed and take initiative in
case related to determination of age in females in forensic question document examination. This research work can also
be useful to exclude the innocent one with the help of other corroborative evidences. By analyzing above data it is easy
to estimate up to some extent the approximate age of the writer from the handwriting samples. Some characteristics are
found to be really valuable and helpful for age determination such as alignment, spacing, hesitation marks, tremor and
speed . Application/Improvements: These characteristic of handwriting showed significant correlation with the age of
the writer, it can be considered as a corroborative evidence in questioned document and helpful to identify a tentative age
of a person.
Keywords: Class Characteristics, Corroborative Evidence, Document Examiner, Handwriting
1. Introduction
Writing is a conscious act, through repeated use, the
actual formation of each letter or word becomes almost
automatic, so that the experienced writer concentrates
most on his conscious thought on the subject matter
rather than on the writing process itself. Thus writing is
made up of various subconscious habitual act which are
part of the individual assembly of his personal habits or
mannerism1. The gross features of writing are class characteristics. Class characteristics is defined as “Not all
*Author for correspondence
characteristics encountered in a document examination
are peculiar to a single person or thing and one that is
common to a group may be described as class characteristics”1. Handwriting can be described as the formation
of letters, characters or symbols using writing implement
according to a recognizable pattern which is designed to
communicate with another person2. Twenty one different
elements in handwriting were recognized.
Variation in shapes of each letter were examine which
is called allographs. It can be useful, but word formation is not more important for analyses like gendering a
Estimation of Age through Handwriting Characteristics in Female Writers
writer based on handwriting: in particular, word formation in cursive writing tends to have more individuality
and patterns than individual shape of letters3. In English
and Urdu handwriting, a consistent differences related
with the gender of handwriting in both cases were found,
and have equal level of accuracy and identification4.
Some important aspects such as gender, age, ethnicity can influence the handwriting of an individual but
their style of writing always shows the personality of its
own. Handwriting of a person is considered as unique
authenticity5. Handwriting is a written speech, every act
of writing characteristics is personal to an individual6. It
is proposed that men are high in assertiveness, whereas
women are high in nurturance.7 A review was conducted
to test the rule of individuality. Test performed on 1500
people from the U.S. population and went into a database.
A PC programming program (CEDAR-FOX) was produced to develop to extract out micro as well as macro
features. In light of just a couple of full scale and small
scale highlights, result shows that the author of a specific
sample can be related to 98 percent certainty. Deducing
these measurements over the whole U.S. population, writers identification can be set up with 96 percent of surety.
By considering finer components, writers identity can be
established with an almost 100 percent certainity8. “The
amount of writing must necessarily always be considered, but total coincidence of all characters is so remote
that even identity of a small amount of writing is very
improbable.”9 Female penmanship has more prominent
circularity, handwriting in Urdu was judged to be more
‘’delicate and decorative’’ than from men. Despite the
fact that there might be slight contrasts in the indications
of these sex contrasts, it is intriguing to discover a report
of a culturally diverse comparability proposing that differences in handwriting emerge not such a great amount
from a social setting but rather more from a biological
determinant.10
2. Material and Method
In the Present study only female subjects were selected for
sample collection. Handwriting samples are taken on A-4
Size paper of London Letter. total 100 samples are collected from age group up to 20 to 30 yrs., 30 to 40 yrs., 40
to 50yrs, 50 to 60 yrs and 60yrs above.
Exclusive factors in this study are only literate &
females are included. Only healthy female adults are
2
Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org
taken for sample collection. Male adults were excluded to
avoid gender based differences.
A handwriting characteristic has been analyzed
and comparison is done among different age groups of
females. Following age groups were taken- 20-30 years,
30-40 years, 40-50 years, 50-60 years& 60 years and
above. Handwriting was studied on the basis of class and
individual characteristics of the selected groups.
Coding system has been followed to calculate the ratio
of handwriting characteristics.
Line quality: - Coding of line quality was done in 3
different types like:a) Highly Smooth & perfect - (1)
b) Medium Smooth & perfect –(2)
c) Less Smooth & perfect – (3)
II. Movement: - Coding for movement is done is 3
different types :a) Fore arm movement along with wrist movement –(1)
b) Wrist movement –(2)
c) Finger movement along with wrist –(3)
III. Alignment Coding was done in 3 different types :
a) Arched –(1)
b) Straight –(2)
c) Descending –(3)
d) Ascending –(4)
IV. Margin: -coding was done in 2 different types:a) Even –(1)
b) Irregular –(2)
V. Hesitation Marks: - coding was done in 2 different
Manner:(a) Present – (1)
(b) Absent - (2)
VI. Connecting Line & Strokes: - coding was done in 3
different styles:(a)Angular – (1)
(b) Garland – (2)
(c)Arched – (3)
VII. Slant: - coding was done in 4 different manner:a) For war (1)
b) Backward -(2)
c) Vertical –(3)
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Sushma Upadhyay and Jyoti Singh
d) Irregulars –(4)
3. Age Group 20-30 Years
VIII. Speed: - coding was done in 3 Different types like:a) Fast –(1)
b) Medium –(2)
c) Slow – (3)
1) Line quality : – line quality of all samples are smooth
and perfect it is about 100 % in young age group .
2) Movement : – flow of writing is very smooth , so it
represents wrist cum forearm movement .
3) Alignment :– Alignment is straight in this group , it
is up to 100%.
4) Margin : – Some population of females about 55%
were having even margins, only 45 % of females have
irregular margin line.
5) Hesitation marks :- Hesitation marks are not seen in
this age group samples of females.
6) Connecting line and strokes :- 70% having angular
, 15% have arched & 15% having garlanded type
connecting lines and strokes.
7) Slant : – Out of total samples of 20 females of this
group have 75 % forward slant and25% have backward slant.
8) Speed :– All 20 samples of females having 100 % fast
speed.
IX. Skill: - coding was done in 3 different manner:a) Good – (1)
b) Medium – (2)
c) Poor – (3)
X. Spacing between words: - coding was done in 4
different style:a) Even – (1)
b) Broad –(2)
c) Narrow (3)
d) Irregular –(4)
XI. Tremors
a) Absent (1)
b) Present (2)
Table1. Coding for the class characteristics for age group 20-30 years
Class
characteristic
Line
quality
Movement
Align- Margin
ment
Hesitation
marks
Conn
-ecting
line &
stroke
Slant
Speed Skill
Spacing
between
words
Tremors
Sample -1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -2
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
Sample -3
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Sample -4
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
Sample -5
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
Sample -6
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -7
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Sample -8
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
Sample -9
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -10
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -11
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -12
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
Sample -13
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -14
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
Sample -15
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -16
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
Sample -17
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Sample -18
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Sample -19
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
Sample 20
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
3
Estimation of Age through Handwriting Characteristics in Female Writers
9) Skill – All 20 females have a good skill of writing i.e.
100%.
10) Spacing between words:– Out of 20 females 55 %
have even 30 % have broad 15% have narrow spacing.
11) Tremor: – tremors are absent in this age group .
3.1 For Age Group 20-30 Years
Maximum number of females are in this age group consists
of young population and they lead active life than any other
group. Line quality of this age group is smooth and perfect.
All ladies of the group have wrist cum forearm movement,
writing is smooth .Up to100% of females have straight
alignment so it shows good muscular co-ordination, mental status is sound, regular in writing process. Individuals
are very much focused to their respective goals are shown
in Table 1. When we come to slant out of total 20samples
75% of females have forward slant shows that they are
very much focused to their work, confident, knowledgeable and result oriented. As 80%were having even spacing
indicates again balanced mind and high muscular coordi-
nation. An important characteristic in this group is speed
which is 100% fast, it shows that they are speedily adopting
their individual characteristics and neglecting their class
characteristic. Tremors are total absent. In this age group
identification value more, as individual characteristics are
predominant over class characteristics.
4. Age Group 30-40 Years
1. Line quality: In this age group 100% line quality is
seen. It is highly smooth and perfect
2. Movement: All samples have forearm cum wrist movement
3. Alignment: 80% of female samples have straight alignment and 10 % have descending and remaining 10 %
have ascending alignment
4. Margin: Out of 20 samples 65% females have even
margin and 35 % of females having irregular margins.
5. Hesitation marks: Out of 20 samples 90% females are
free from hesitation marks but some habitual hesitation marks are seen in remaining 10% of females.
Table 2. Coding for the class characteristics for age group 30-40 years
4
Class
characteristic
Line
quality
Move - Align
ment
-ment
Margin
Hesitation
marks
Connecting
line &
stroke
Slant
Speed
Skill
Spacing
between
words
Tremors
Sample -1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Sample -2
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
Sample -3
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
1
Sample -4
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
Sample -5
1
1
3
2
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
Sample -6
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
Sample -7
1
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
Sample -8
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
2
1
Sample -9
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
Sample -10
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
Sample -11
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
Sample -12
1
1
2
2
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
Sample -13
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
Sample -14
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
Sample -15
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
Sample -16
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
Sample -17
1
1
3
2
2
1
3
1
1
3
1
Sample -18
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
Sample -19
1
1
4
2
2
3
3
1
1
3
1
Sample 20
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Sushma Upadhyay and Jyoti Singh
6. Connecting lines and strokes: in all 20 samples 70%
ladies have angular, 20 % of females have garlanded
and remaining 10 % have arched connecting lines
and strokes.
7. Slant : 80% of ladies have vertical slant whereas 20% of
ladies have backward slant.
8. Speed: All 20 samples have fast speed.
9. Skill: All 20 samples have good skill of writing.
10. Spacing between words: Out of 20 samples 10% of
females have even spacing whereas 30% of ladies have
broad spacing and 60% of ladies have narrow spacing
between words.
11. Tremors: tremors are completely absent in the group.
4.1 For Age Group 30-40 Years
Many individuals who are working and are experienced.
Line quality is highly smooth and perfect, writing is
smooth shows wrist cum forearm movement. About 80
% of were having straight alignment, It reflects that they
are much more experienced and dedicated to their work.
This fact is supported by slantas shown in Table 2. 60% of
ladies have narrow spacing which shows that this group
seems to be very busy and overburdened due to work and
other responsibilities time management is a big issue in
this group of ladies. 100% wrist cum forearm movement
as well as 100% fast speed indicates their stable mind, and
high confidence level. Good skill shows their experience.
5. Age Group 40-50 Years
1. Line quality : Out of 20 samples of this group 65% of ladies
have highly smooth and perfect line quality whereas 20
% medium smooth and other 15 % of ladies have less
smooth and perfect line quality. Medium smooth and
Less perfect quality is present in those females who are
not in habit of daily writing routine.
2. Movement: Out of 20 samples 80% of females have
forearm cum wrist movement but 20 % of remaining
have wrist movement.
3. Alignment: 60 % of females have straight alignment,
25% have descending alignment and 15% have
ascending alignment.
4. Margin: In all 20 samples 70 % of females have even
margin and 30 % have irregular margin.
5. Hesitation marks: 65 % of ladies have no hesitation
marks but other 35 % ladies handwriting have hesitation marks.
Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org
6. Connecting line &stroke: Angular connecting lines
and strokes are present in 65% of females, 25% have
garlanded and remaining 10 % have arched.
7. Slant: 40 % of ladies have forward slant, 20% have backward, 20% have vertical and remaining 20 % of ladies
have irregular slant.
8. Speed: Out of 20 samples of females 60% of them have
fast speed, 40% of ladies have medium speed.
9. Skill: 30% of females having good writing skill, 60% of
ladies have medium skill where as only 10 % of them
have poor skill.
10. Spacing between words: 65 % of females having even,
25 % of females have irregular, and 10 % have broad
spacing.
11. Tremors: out of 20 samples 80% of ladies are free from
tremors but in 20% of females handwriting tremor is
seen.
5.1 For Age Group 40-50 Years
This group is very much similar to the above. Line quality is smooth and perfect in 65% of ladies. Alignment
which is 60 % straight alignment shows good control over
muscular coordination as shown in Table 3. 80% of the
population of the collected samples were having wrist cum
forearm movement but 20% of ladies have wrist movement it seems that these ladies are not in regular practice
of writing. Speed is fast in 60% of females whereas 30%
having medium speed. As 65% of females having even
spacing indicates their mature mind and behavior, 25 %
of ladies irregular spacing. It shows they are in hurry, have
lack of time and much more oriented to their personal
life and responsibilities. One of the most different and
important feature of this age group is skill only 30 % of
ladies have good skill, 60% of them have medium speed
and 10% of them have poor skill shows that in growing
age deterioration is seen in handwriting.
6. Age Group 50-60 Years
1. Line quality: 25 % of females have smooth and perfect
line quality where as 75 % have medium smooth and
perfect line quality.
2. Movement: 40% of females have forearm cum wrist
movement, 55% of them have wrist movement and
remaining 5% have wrist cum finger movement.
3. Alignment: 40% of individual have straight alignment
45% have descending,15% have ascending alignment.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
5
Estimation of Age through Handwriting Characteristics in Female Writers
Table 3. Coding for the class characteristics for age group 40-50 years
Class
characteristic
Line
quality
Move- Alignment ment
Margin
Hesitation
marks
Connecting line
& stroke
Slant
Speed Skill Spacing
between
words
Tremors
Sample -1
3
2
4
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample -2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -3
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -4
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -5
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -6
2
1
3
2
1
1
3
2
2
4
1
Sample -7
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
Sample -8
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
Sample -9
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
Sample -10
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
Sample -11
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
Sample -12
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
Sample -13
1
1
3
1
2
2
3
2
2
1
1
Sample -14
1
1
3
1
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
Sample -15
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
Sample -16
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sample -17
2
2
3
2
1
2
4
2
2
4
2
Sample -18
3
2
4
2
1
2
4
2
2
4
2
Sample -19
3
2
4
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample 20
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4. Margin: 50 % of individuals have even and other 50% of
ladies have irregular margin.
5. Hesitation Marks: 65% of ladies having hesitation
marks, 35% of ladies handwriting is devoid of hesitation marks.
6. Connecting lines and strokes: 30 % of female population have angular, 40% have garlanded and 30 % have
arched.
7. Slant: 20 % have forward, 30% have backward, 40 %
have vertical and 10% have irregular slant.
8. Speed: 60 % of ladies have medium and 40 % of females
have slow speed of writing.
9. Skill: 65 % of females have medium whereas 35% of
ladies have poor writing skill.
10. Spacing between words: 40% of females have broad
spacing whereas 35 %of ladies have narrow and 25 %
irregular ladies have irregular spacing.
11. Tremors: In 25 % of females handwriting tremors
absent and 75 % of ladies handwriting have tremors.
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Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org
6.1 For Age Group 50 to 60
In this group, individuals are highly experienced, confident though some of them are not much qualified as
shown in Table 4. Handwriting is very much influenced
by growing age because hesitation and tremorlar strokes
were seen. Deterioration in handwriting is visible clearly.
As 40% were have irregular space which shows that they
can work in a limited amount. 40% of ladies slant have vertical slant. Speed is also slow from previous group. Tremors
are seen in handwriting it shows less control over muscular
movement, motor skills are reduced. Hesitation marks are
present which are 65%. Females in this age group are old
and their handwriting is very much affected by their growing age results in tremors and hesitations.
7. Age Group 60 Years and Above
1. Line quality :10 % of females have medium smooth
and perfect line quality whereas remain 90 % have less
smooth and perfect line quality.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Sushma Upadhyay and Jyoti Singh
Table 4. Coding for the class characteristics for age group 50-60 years
Class
characteristic
Line
quality
Move- Alignment ment
Margin
Hesitation
marks
Connecting
line &
stroke
Slant
Speed
Skill
Spacing
between
words
Tremors
Sample -1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
Sample -2
2
3
4
2
2
3
4
3
2
3
2
Sample -3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
Sample -4
2
2
4
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
2
Sample -5
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
Sample -6
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
2
Sample -7
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
Sample -8
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
Sample -9
2
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
Sample -10
2
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
Sample -11
2
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
Sample -12
2
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
Sample -13
2
2
3
2
1
2
2
3
3
3
2
Sample -14
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
Sample -15
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
Sample -16
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
Sample -17
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
2
Sample -18
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
Sample -19
2
2
4
2
2
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample 20
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
1
2. Movement : 50% of females have wrist movement,
50% of them have finger movement along with wrist.
3. Alignment: 40% of individual have arched alignment
15% have straight,30% have descending alignment
and 15 have ascending alignment.
4. Margin: 30% of individuals have even and other 70% of
ladies have irregular margin.
5. Hesitation Marks: 100% of ladies having hesitation
marks.
6. Connecting lines and strokes: 50 % of female population has garland type and other 50% arched.
7. Slant: 10 % of females have forward, 25% have backward, 10 % have vertical and 55% have irregular slant.
8. Speed: 20 % of ladies have medium and 80 % of females
have slow speed of writing.
9. Skill : 20 % of females have medium whereas 80 % of
ladies have poor writing skill.
10. Spacing between words: 20 % of females have broad
spacing whereas 35 %of ladies have narrowed and 45
% ladies have irregular spacing.
Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org
11. Tremors: In 15 % of females handwriting tremors
absent and 85 % of ladies handwriting have tremors.
7.1 For Age Group 60 and Above
Disturbed line quality is seen, speed is reduced, skill is poor
in almost 80% of ladies as shown in Table 5. Maximum
numbers of ladies of this group are not working and have
very less concentration towards writing. Tremors and
hesitations are very frequently visible due to growing age.
Maximum deterioration is seen with this age group.
8. Conclusion
By analyzing above data it is easy to estimate up to some
extent the approximate age of the writer from the handwriting samples. Some characteristics are found to be
really valuable and helpful for age determination like
slant, alignment, spacing, hesitation marks, tremor and
speed .These characteristic of handwriting showed sig-
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
7
Estimation of Age through Handwriting Characteristics in Female Writers
Table 5. Coding for the class characteristics for age group 60 years and above
Class
characteristic
Line
quality
Move- Alignment ment
Margin
Hesitation
marks
Connecting
line &
stroke
Slant
Speed
Skill
Spacing Tremors
between
words
Sample -1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
Sample -2
3
3
4
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample -3
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
Sample -4
3
3
4
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample -5
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
2
Sample -6
3
3
3
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample -7
3
2
1
2
1
2
2
3
3
3
2
Sample -8
3
2
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
2
Sample -9
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
2
Sample -10
3
2
2
2
1
2
4
3
3
3
2
Sample -11
3
3
2
2
1
3
4
3
3
3
2
Sample -12
3
3
3
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample -13
3
3
3
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample -14
3
3
3
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample -15
3
3
3
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample -16
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
2
Sample -17
3
3
3
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample -18
3
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
Sample -19
3
3
4
2
1
3
4
3
3
4
2
Sample 20
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
nificant correlation with the age of the writer; So it can
be considered as a corroborative evidence in questioned
document and helpful for inclusion to identify a person.
9. References
1. Hilton O. Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents.
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 1982.
2. Sharma BR. Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and
Trials Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. IV edition.
2005.
3. Huber RA, Headrick AM. Handwriting Identification: facts
and fundamentals, CRC press ltd. 1999. Crossref
4. Hamid S, Loewenthal K. Inferring Gender from
Handwriting in Urdu and English. Journal of Sociology
Psycology. 1996; 136(6):778–82 Crossref
8
Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org
5. Bradford RR, Bradford RB. Introduction to Handwriting
Examination and Identification. Chicago: Nelson-Hall
Publishers.1992.
6. Harrison D, Burkes T, Seiger D. Handwriting examination:
meeting the challenges of sciences and Law. 2009; 11(4).
7. Feingold A. Gender differences in personality: A metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin. 1994; (116):429–56.
Crossref PMid:7809307
8. Srihari S, Cha NS-H, Arora H, Lee S. Individuality of handwriting. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2002; 47(4): 856–72.
Crossref PMid:12136998
9. Osborn AS. Questioned Documents. 2nd edition. NelsonHall, Chicago. 1929; 205–376.
10. Lester D, McLaughlin S, Cohen R, Dunn L. Sex-deviant
handwriting, femininity, and homosexuality. Perceptual
and Motor Skills. 1977; 45(3):1156. Crossref PMid:604894
Indian Journal of Science and Technology