Unit III – Industrial Revolution Guided Notes
Chapter 7 – The Industrial Revolution Begins
III. Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
A. People Move to New Industrial Cities
1. Urbanization – growth of cities
a. people migrating from country to cities for jobs
2. Cities were filled with pollution from the growing factories
B. New Social Classes Emerge
1. The Industrial Middle Class
a. Those who had some money and lived in nicer homes
i. Merchants, entrepreneurs, skilled artisans
ii. Did not feel sympathetic for the poor
2. The Industrial Working Class
a. Lived in tenements
i. Multistory buildings divided into apartments
ii. No running water, no sanitation
3. Workers Stage Futile Protests
a. Labor unions – worker organizations
i. Wanted increased pay, better working conditions
ii. Machines were costing workers their jobs
4. Workers Find Comfort in Religion
C. Life in Factories in Mines
1. Factory workers face harsh conditions
a. Long working hours 12-16 hour days
b. Six days a week
c. Few breaks
d. Accidents cost lives or cut off fingers(no health insurance)
2. Miners Face Worse Conditions
a. Industrial Revolution increased demand for iron and coal
b. Black lung
3. Children have dangerous jobs
a. Kids were hired b/c small hands fit better in small cramped places
b. Some child labor laws were passed to force kids back into school
D. Results of Industrialization
1. Early Industrialization was very difficult but it brought about new ideas and means for
producing technology
IV. New Ways of Thinking
A. Adam Smith – used enlightenment ideals to explain industrialization
1. Laissez Faire – gov’t should not be involved in the lives of people (economically)
a. Free Market Economics
B.
C.
D.
E.
2. Malthus Hold Bleak View
a. Population would outpace the food supply
3. Ricardo Shares View
Utilitarians for limited government
Socialist Thought Emerges
1. Laissez faire economics causes poverty
a. Why?
2. Socialism – people would own and operate the means of production
Karl Marx Calls for Workers Control
1. Communist Manifesto – a struggle between social classes would lead to communism
2. History was a struggle between the “Haves” and “Have Nots”
a. Rich vs. Poor
b. The poor(proletariat)would rise up and create a classless society in which everyone was
equal
Marxism in the Future
CHAPTER 9 NOTES – LIFE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
I.
The Industrial Revolution Spreads
A. New Industrial Powers Emerge
1. Britain was first European country to industrialize
2. Nations Race to Industrialize
a. Countries copy Britain’s success
b. United States and Germany have more abundant natural resources
3. Uneven Development
a. Eastern European countries failed to industrialize well
4. Effects of Industrialization
a. Rapid Urbanization – moving to cities
b. Long working hours
c. More people had money to buy things
d. Different types of jobs were created
e. Western powers(countries) dominate
B. Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
1. Steel Production and the Bessemer Process
a. Henry Bessemer – process for making steel from iron ore
i. Removing the carbon from iron ore
ii. Steel is stronger and doesn’t rust
2. Innovations in Chemistry
a. Dynamite used for mining
3. Electric Power Replaces Steam
a. Electricity replaces steam as dominate form of energy
i. Michael Faraday electric motor
a) Dynamo
4. New Methods of Production
a. Interchangeable parts – using multiple parts in multiple areas of the process
b. Assembly line – doing the same job over and over creates efficiency (but is boring)
C. Transportation and Communication Advances
1. The Automobile Age Begins
a. Nikolaus Otto invents gasoline powered internal combustion engine
b. 1886 Karl Benze patented first automobile
c. Ford begins making cars that can go 25 mph
2. Airplanes Take Flight
a. 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright designed an airplane
3. Rapid Communication
a. Morse Code developed in 1844
b. Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876
D. Business Takes a New Direction
1. Rise of Big Business
a. Larger corporations to create lots of profit
II. The Rise of Cities
A. Medicine Contributes to the Population Explosion
1. The Fight Against Disease
a. Medicines developed that allowed people to live longer
2. Hospital Care Improves
a. Anesthesia allows doctors to perform surgeries – many were still unsuccessful
i. Patients might survive the surgery but later die due to an infection (sanitation
issues)
B. City Life Changes
1. City Landscapes change
a. Development of rich and poor neighborhoods
2. Sidewalks, Sewers, and Skyscrapers
3. Slum Conditions
a. Urban life was tough on the poor
b. Last to receive any new technology or sanitation
c. Overcrowded neighborhoods called tenements(apartment buildings)
4. The Lure of the City
a. Offered opportunity and things to do
C. The Working Class Advances
1. Labor Unions begin to grow
a. Factory owners paid very low wages to their employees
b. Conditions in factories were very unsafe
c. Unions formed as a way to fight for workers rights
i. Strikes – stoppage of work
ii. Laws were established to prevent child labor and disability insurance
2. Standards of Living Rise
III. Changing Attitudes and Values
A. A New Social Order Arises
1. A New Social Order Arises
a. Nobles and Peasants gave way to the upper, middle, and lower classes
i. Class was not based on birth but on ability to succeed
a) Upper class- rich businessmen
b) Mid
dle Class – doctors, lawyers and small business owners
c) Lower class – teachers and office workers, factory workers
2. Middle-Class Tastes and Values
a. Etiquette and social behavior became a must
b. Rules dictate how to dress and act
c. Children were supervised and be “seen but not heard”
3. The Ideal Home
a. Men tended to be the workers while women took care of the children in the middle
class
b. Lower class women had to work b/c the men’s income was not enough
i. Women were not paid as much as men
B. Women Work for Rights
1. Early Voices
a. Abolition of slavery helped women gain rights as well
i. Both were a struggle against white men
2. The Suffrage Struggle
a. Women’s right to vote and have same rights as men
C. Growth of Public Education
1. Public Education Improves
a. Teachers began to receive training on how to teacher
b. Kids were forced to go to school from ages 5-10
2. Higher Education Expands
a. Those that could afford it went on to college to pursue and degree
D. Science Takes New Directions
E. Religion in an Urban Age
IV. Arts in the Industrial Age