Beispiele: Grosser Belt und Oeresund
Monitoring of large Bridges
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Millau Bridge (France)
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Tejo Brücke
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Shanghai
Monitoring of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
1984-1988
Concepts
Group of Geodetic Metrology
and
Engineering Geodesy
Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry
ETH Zuerich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
1
Design
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (Bosphorus II)
The Fatih Sultan Bridge, also known as the Second Bosporus Bridge (in Turkish: Fatih
Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü or 2. Boğaziçi Köprüsü), spans the Bosporus strait (Turkish:
Boğaziçi) near Istanbul. The bridge is situated between Hisarüstü (European side) and
Kavacık (Asian side). It is a gravity-anchored suspension bridge with steel pylons and
inclined hangers. The aerodynamic deck is hanging on double vertical steel cables.
It is 1,510 m long with a deck width of 39 m. The distance between the towers (main span)
is 1,090 m (World rank 2004: 13th) and their height over road level is 105 m.
The clearance of the bridge from the sea level is 64 m.
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Impressions during Construction
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Manufacturing the Steel Parts
IGP/ETH Zürich
Time Schedule
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Section Assembly
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
2
Staking out and Monitoring of Pillars
Bridge Dimensions
105m
105m
39m
1090m
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
GPS related Informations: Torsions, Oszillations, Expansion,…..
IGP/ETH Zürich
GPS Sensor Deployment
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
14
AP
S
Asian Pylons
Asian Quarter-span deck
Mid-span deck
Mid-span cables
European Quarter-span deck
European Pylons
Monitoring office (reference station)
Other location (reference station)
Total GPS
EPS
EP
N
AP
N
RS
2
M
DS
AQ
S
EQ
S
M
CS
EQ
N
M
CN
M
DN
RS
1
AQ
N
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
GPS Data Processing
Leica GPS Spider
GPS Hardware Setup
Leica GMX902 dual
frequency GPS
receiver
AT504 + Radome
Dorne Margolin Choke Ring
Antenna
Reference Station
Reference
Station 1.
IGP/ETH Zürich
Monitoring Point
Monitoring Point
Monitoring
point
Serial to IP
converter
Direct power supply (220v)
Serial to fiber
converter
Analysis Software
(from ITU/ETHZ)
Direct power supply (220v)
Direct power supply (220v)
Serial to fiber
converter
LAN
Monitoring
point
Leica GPS Spider
Real time, permanent connection
Double check of the positioning results
LAN
The baseline between the reference stations can also be monitored
to check their long term stability.
IGP/ETH Zürich
Fiber-optic
-Analysis
-GPS computation
-Further computation
-NMEA data archiving
-Alarming
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Junction
Box
NMEA
X,Y,Z
Reference
station 2.
-Sensor configuration
-Virtual COM port interface to sensors
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
3
Satellite Summary
4-core armored single mode fiber cable
4-core armored multi mode fiber cable
Proposed Communications
APS
APN
EPN
MCN
AQS AQN
Category 5 Ethernet cable
EPS
MCS
MDN
EQN
EQS
Junction
Box
CA1
CA2
CA3
CA4
CA5
CA6
MDS
4-core armored multi mode fiber cable
Junction
Box
CA7
RS2
RS1
Justification
ƒ Very high reliability
Monitoring
Administration Building
ƒ Built in redundancy (4-core fiber)
ƒ High bandwidth (100Mbps or 1Gbps)
ƒ Non-conductive (protection against lightning)
ƒ Based on modern technology
ƒ Expandable
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Sky Plot
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Satellite Elevation
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Output of GPS based “Health” Monitoring
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Time Series and Spectra of the Bosporus Bridge
ƒ Monitoring of the load response (traffic, wind, earthquakes, Karmaneffects……)
ƒ Determination of linear and torsional (twist) oscillations (10Hz)
ƒ Monitoring of seasonal movements (long term thermal effects)
ƒ Monitoring of permanent deformations (settlements, shifts, tilt…..)
ƒ Daily temperature behaviour (Expansion,…)
ƒ ………………………………
O. Akyılmaz , R. N. Çelik, N. Apaydın , T. Ayan
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
4
Dominant Frequencies
Combination of GPS and Photogrammetric Measurements
GPS
Total Station
Brunner 2006
Brunner
2002
Hide et.al 2005
Referencing of GPS &
Photogrammetric Sensors
Laserdiode
O. Akyılmaz , R. N. Çelik , N. Apaydın , T. Ayan
FOV
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Preliminary Sensor and Evaluation Concept
GPS
Relative
Positions
CCD
Meteo Sensors
Temp. Wind
Accelerometers
High Frequency
Accelerations
Extensometers
Displacements
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Earthquake Signals
drifts, cyclic-effects,
low frequency
oscillations,……
Kalman Filtering
Fourier Analysis
Æ(Frequency, Amplitude,
Phase-shift)
2 Step-IntegrationÆ
VelocityÆTrajectory
Strain, Stress,….
http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/depremmuh/EWRR/EWEngWeb/TurAnaSayfa_eng1.htm
Sensors
Measurands
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Computation
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Networks of Bridges
Staking out and Monitoring of small bridges
Monitoring using Total Stations
“Hardbrücke Zürich”
Handbuch Ingenieurvermessung
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
5
Basic Monitoring Concept
Bridge Monitoring – Overview
Möser,Bauwerksmonitoring
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Bridge Monitoring – Overview
IGP/ETH Zürich
Bridge Monitoring – Targets
2046.0
1002
2044.0
1001
2042.0
2040.0
2038.0
2036.0
G1.1
2034.0
2032.0
60.1
G1.2 G2.1
60.2
G2.2
70.1
70.2
2030.0
2028.0
2026.0
X [m]
2024.0
2022.0
2020.0
2018.0
2016.0
2014.0
1000
2012.0
2010.0
2008.0
2006.0
HP1
2004.0
1003
2002.0
2000.0
1998.0
1000.0
1005.0
1010.0
1015.0
1020.0
1025.0
1030.0
1035.0
1040.0
Y [m]
1045.0
1050.0
1055.0
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
1060.0
1065.0
1070.0
1075.0
1080.0
IGP/ETH Zürich
Bridge Monitoring – TT and Reference Point
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Bridge Monitoring – Time Series
Target G1.2
Displacement [m]
0.002
0.000
-0.002
along
across
vertical
-0.004
-0.006
-0.008
11.02.2006 00:00
18.02.2006 00:00
25.02.2006 00:00
Time
04.03.2006 00:00
Target 60.2
Displacement [m]
0.008
0.006
0.004
along
across
vertical
0.002
0.000
-0.002
11.02.2006 00:00
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
18.02.2006 00:00
25.02.2006 00:00
Time
04.03.2006 00:00
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
6
Bridge Monitoring – Frequency Analysis (Vertical Component)
Relative Deformation [mm]
Relative Deformation [mm]
Bridge Monitoring – Frequency Analysis (Longitudinal Component)
20.0
10.0
0.0
-10.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Time [days]
20.0
25.0
-2.0
0.0
5.0
1.000
5.0
10.0
15.0
T im e [days ]
20.0
25.0
30.0
0.4
Amplitude [mm]
Amplitude [mm]
0.0
-1.0
30.0
10.0
0.0
0.100
1.0
10.000
0.2
longterm (temperature)
0.0
0.100
100.000
1.000
10.000
100.000
P eriod [days ]
Period [days]
weekly (traffic?)
daily (traffic, temperature?)
IGP/ETH Zürich
Bridge Monitoring – Recipe FFT
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
Bridge Monitoring – Crosscorrelation (Temperature Ù Deformation)
Relative Deformation [mm]
%input vectors
%n time tags: t
%n relative deformations: ddx
%data are note equidistant due to data gaps
%generate equidistant time tags
dt = median(diff(t));
t_reg = t(1):dt:t(n);
%fill data gap with spline interpolation
ddx_reg=spline(t,ddx,t_reg);
temp_reg=spline(t_temp_red,temp_red,t_reg);
8
10
6
8
4
6
2
4
0
2
-2
0
-4
19
20
21
22
T im e [days ]
23
-2
25
24
1.0
Correlation []
%remove trend from data
ddx_notrend=ddx_reg-mean(ddx_reg);
%Fast Fourier Transform
N=512
f_sampling=1/3600;
f = (0:256)/(N/f_sampling);
Y=fft(ddx_notrend,N);
%consider amplitudes
Pyy=abs(Y)/(N/2);
IGP/ETH Zürich
Temperature [°C]
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
%1 hour
%FFT frequencies
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
Lag [Hours ]
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
%plot it
stem(1./(f*86400),Pyy(1:257)*1000, '.r');
set(gca,'XScale','log');
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Bridge Monitoring – Recipe Crosscorrelation
%input vectors
%time tags: temp_reg
%relative deformations: ddx_reg
%equidistant vectors of temperature and deformations
END
%evaluate crosscorrelation
[xcf,lags]=crosscorr(temp_reg,ddx_reg,100);
%Plot it
stem(lags,xcf,'.r');
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
7
Analysis of a building‘s behaviour by test signals
Geodetic Metrology and Engineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand
IGP/ETH Zürich
8