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(Piano) Improvisation
Technique
by Musilosophy
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Improvisation means real time composing.....
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“I know of knowing nothing” ( Socrates )
Music is based on harmony
Harmony is based on chords and scales
Melody and improvisation are based on chords and scales
Accompaniment is based on chords and scales
Chords are based on scales
Scales are based on physics,mathematical principles and musical
tradictions
Musical tradictions are based on human
perception,technology,economy,history,religion…
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SUMMARY
1. Keys
Key awareness
Major
Minor
Scale harmonization
2.Chords
Major 7th
Minor 7th
Dominant 7th
Half diminished 7th
Diminished 7th
Inversions
Chord degrees
3.Other scales
Blues
Whole tone
Diminished
Diminished/whole tone
Pentatonic
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4.Melody
Melody building
Chordal notes
Turning note
Passing note
Leaning note
Delaying note
Anticipated note
Chromatic note
Double leaning note
Mixed note
“Wrong” notes
5.Phrasing
Beginning of phrase
Ending of phrase
Imitation
6.Rhythm
Emphasizing offbeats and upbeats
Syncopation
Swing
Polyrhythmics
7.Practice… Practice… Practice…
Generale practice
Progressive drills
Fondamental drills
Greatest piano improvise
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KEY AWARENESS
Scale is a sequence of tones.
It is a base to make music.
The main scales of western music are major and minor scales.
Every scale determines a key,that is an harmonic combunation of tones
based on that scale.
So, F Major key uses the tones of F Major scale.E minor key uses the tones
of E minor scale(s).
I consider the Blues like a key: for example Bb Blues or Bb minor Blues
can be considered two kind of Major and Minor keys
You always have to know in which key you are playing in each moment.
A change of key is called Modulation.
Each scale or key has its own chords.
They are build on each degree of the scale with harmonizations by thirds
You can recognize key by Clef,chords,melody…
Transpose and play in all keys!
The chords of every key are:
Major Key : D Maj Example
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Harmonic Minor Key : D minor example
Natural Minor Key : D minor example
Melodic Minor Key : D minor example
Transpose and play in all keys!
Practice the analysis and recognition of chords, modulations and keys in
classic music,jazz,pop songs…
Recognize the chords and then the key they belong to.
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! Remember:
Each chord has not an its own scale.
The scale of each chord depends by the key in which it is!
This concept is very important but I have realized that not many musicians have
understood its importance.
For example, they play the D dorian scale also on a Dmin7 that belongs to Bb
key!
Ahi,Ahi… in this way they do two terrible mistakes: E instead of Eb and B instead
of Bb!
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When you improvise on this song you have to use basically the C minor scale
(when you are in C minor key) and Eb scale when you are in Eb key.
This is the key concept.But a melody and so an improvisation is based above all
on chord besides on key.
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Chord families
Every melody and accompaniment is based on a chord.
Melody generally uses the notes of a chord or notes that return to it.
In order to improvise you need to know and play every chord very well.
The fondamental drill is playing every chord and every inversion of each
chord.
I suggest to study five families of chords:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Major 7th chord
Dominant 7th
Minor 7th
Half-diminished
Diminished 7th
Play every chord :12 chords X 5 families = 60 chords X 4 inversions =
240 chords
For example:
1. Major 7th chord : F Maj 7
• Maj 3th + perfect 5th + maj 7th
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2. Dominant 7th chord : Bb 7
• Maj 3th + perfect 5th + minor 7th
3. Minor 7th chord : Em7
• Minor 3th + perfect 5th + minor 7th
4. Minor 7th dim 5 (half-diminished) chord : Dm7b5
• Minor 3th + diminished 5th + minor 7th
5. Diminished 7th chord : C# dim7
• Minor 3th + diminished 5th + diminished 7th
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Major 7th chord
This chord is on the :
I and IV (#4)degree of the Major key
III (#5)degree of the harmonic and melodic minor key
III and VI (#4) degree of the natural minor key.
! #4 = This chord has augmented 4th
#5 = This chord has augmented 5th
In the next page there are major chords in all keys and in 4 inversions
PLAY them many,many times!
It is very important.
Play these chords in the whole keyboard (More than an octave)
Play them with both hands
Arpeggiate the chords
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Dominant 7th chord
This chord is on the :
V and degree of the Major and harmonic/melodic minor (b9 and b6) key
VII degree of the natural minor key
IV (#4) degree of the melodic minor key.
! #4 = This chord has augmented 4th
b6 = This chord has minor 6th
b9 = This chord has minor 9th
In the next page there are dominant 7th chords in all keys and in 4 inversions
PLAY them many,many times!
It is very important.
Play these chords in the whole keyboard (More than an octave)
Play them with both hands
Arpeggiate the chords
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Minor 7th chord
This chord is on the :
II,III, and VI degree of the Major key
I,IV and V degree of the natural minor key
II degree of the melodic minor key.
IV degree of the harmonic minor key
In the next page there are minor 7th chords in all keys and in 4 inversions
PLAY them many,many times!
It is very important.
Play these chords in the whole keyboard (More than an octave)
Play them with both hands
Arpeggiate the chords
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Half Diminished chord
! It is also called minor 7th dimished 5 (b5) chord
( C m7/b5 )
This chord is on the :
VII degree of the Major key
II degree of the natural and harmonic minor key
VI and VII degree of the melodic minor key.
In the next page there are half diminished chords in all keys and in 4 inversions
PLAY them many,many times!
It is very important.
Play these chords in the whole keyboard (More than an octave)
Play them with both hands
Arpeggiate the chords
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Diminished 7th chord
This chord is on the :
VII degree of the harmonic minor key
In the next page there are diminished 7th chords in all keys and in 4 inversions
PLAY them many,many times!
It is very important.
Play these chords in the whole keyboard (More than an octave)
Play them with both hands
Arpeggiate the chords
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Blues,Whole tone,Diminished,Diminished/Whole
tone,Pentatonic scales
Ok, do not become confused!
These scales do not determine a key !Just the blues scale can be
considered a basis for a particular key (Blues).
Blues Scale
In general it can be used on every chord but above all on min7 th and
dominant 7th chord.This scale is much used above all in
Blues,Pop,Jazz,Soul,Funk,Rhythm and blues,Rock….
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Blues structure
• It has 12 or , seldom, 16 measures.
• It can be Major or Minor
• There are many chord variations or substitutions in Blues
structures.Here I propose two “classic” blues/jazz structures.
! Traspose and play the blues scales and structures in all keys.
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Whole tone – It is made only by whole tones.I suggest to use it just on the
dominant 7th chord.Whole tone scale is used above all in Jazz music.
We can simplify and summarize all 12 whole tone scales to just 2 scale types : “A”
whole tone scale and “B” whole tone scale.
“A” whole tone scale type
“B” whole tone scale type
• The other 10 whole tone scales have the same notes of these,but, of
course, they begin from different tones.
For example, D whole tone scale begins from D and has the same notes of the
“A” whole tone scale, while F whole tone scale begins from F and has the
same notes of the “B” whole tone scale.
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Diminished Scale – It is made only by a sequence of half step (semitone)
and whole step (tone).I suggest to use it just on the dominant 7th and diminished 7th
chord in a jazz context.Diminished scale is used above all in Jazz music.
• Each tone has two different Diminished scale:
1. Diminished scale beginning with half step
2. Diminished scale beginning with whole step
For example : C dim scale beginning with half step (“A” type),
and C dim scale beginning with whole step (“B” type)
Moreover,
we can simplify and summarize all 12 diminished scales to just 3 scale types : “A”
diminished scale, “B” diminished scale and “C” diminished scale
“A” diminished scale type
“B” diminished scale type
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“C” diminished scale type
• The other 21 diminished scales have the same notes of these,but, of
course, they begin from different tones.
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Diminished/whole tone scale ( also called Super Locrian or Altered
Scale) and whole step (tone).I suggest to use it just on the dominant 7th and
diminished 7th chord in a jazz context.Diminished scale is used above all in Jazz
music.
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Pentatonic scale has just five tones.It is like the Major scale but without
4th and 7th degrees.
This a very catchy scale and it sounds good on many chords
(Maj 7th , min 7th , 7th )
You can use different pentatonic scales on a chord.
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Melody building
Melody is the most powerful and beautiful item of music.It has
symmetric,geometric and harmonic rules:
! Pay Attention: I mean
1th , 3th, 5th and 7th by “CHORDAL NOTE”
When you improvise or compose, you can use to build a melody these notes:
1. Notes of the chord - (Chordal note)
( = chordal note)
You can use the notes of a chord freely
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2. Turning note : does not belong to chord but comes from a note of the
chord and turn on it. ( T = Turning note)
You have to turn on the note of the chord
3. Passing note : it is between two chordal notes. ( P = Passing note)
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4. Leaning note (Appoggiatura) : it leans on a chordal note ( L = Leaning
note)
After a leaning note you have to play the chordal note close to it
5. Delaying note (Ritardo) : it delays a chordal note ( D = Delaying note)
After a delaying note you have to play the straight away below chordal note
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The difference between leaning and delaying note is that the first can go up
or down to a chordal note while the second must go down to the the straight
away below chordal note!
6. Anticipated note (Anticipo) : it belongs to the a next chord ( A =
Anticipated note)
7. Chromatic note : it does not belong to the chord and key ( C = Chromatic
note)
I distinguish these cases:
7.1 Chromatic passing note ( Cp)
7.2 Chromatic turning note ( Ct )
7.3 Chromatic leaning note (Cl )
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8. Mixed notes : they are a mix or a combination of previous cases:
For example:
•
•
•
•
•
Passing note of a passing note (also chromatic ) Pp
Passing note of a turning note (also chromatic ) Ptu
Turning note of a turning note (also chromatic ) Tt
Passing note of a delaying note(also chromatic ) Pd
And so on……
9. Double leaning tone
This is a good melodic ornament
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“Wrong” notes
! Sometimes you can break the rules and play “wrong” notes, if they sound good.But
BE CAREFUL with this dangerous sounds.
The concept is very simple :
1. You can play (or compose) every note you want if it sounds good
2. Absolute “wrong” notes do not exist.A wrong note is when a tension (not
chordal note) is not resolved!
! IMPORTANT NOTE: For many musicians the X marked notes are not
wrong. For my music general conception they are.I have played
classica,jazz,blues,soul,funk,pop,rock,folk,ethnic.
For example I do not like some kind of free modern jazz styles, but I respect
every form of expression.So excuse me if I may have hurt your artistic
sensibility.
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Imitation
Imitation means repetition with variation.
You can repeat a phrase transposing it,varying the rhythm or varying the melody but
mantainig the same rhythmic structure.Let us analyze this pleasure and powerful
technique
Transposing ( Progression )
Rhythmic variation
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Rhythmic repetition
Sometimes you can create some non harmonic effects,that is
playing some notes without considering the chord in which you are.
For example :
1. Repeating the same melodic pattern
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2. Repeating the same rhythmic pattern
However,be careful when you use these 2 techniques.
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Phrase development
1. Remember to vary the beginning of a phrase:
Practise to begin and to end the phrase in every point of the measure
B = Beginning tone
E = Ending tone
AVOID this bad habit : (Same beginning and ending points )
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2. Ending of a phrase:
Practise to end a phrase on different tones:
! This aspect is very important
Tone
Effect
Style
1
Rest - Close the phrasing
Rock,Pop
9 (2)
3
4
5
Tension and unbalancement
Rest and strong determination
Tension, unbalancement and
suspension
Rest and neutral
6
7
A bit of tension and coloured tone
Tension and determination
Action
You have to begin a new phrasing
You have begin the following phrase from that
Jazz
note
Any style
No particular action
Begin from that note and solve it to the tone
Jazz,Blues
below
Any style
No particular action
I suggest to begin the following phrase from that
Jazz,Pop
note
Jazz,Blues,Pop
No particular action
Practise to end the phrase on the different tones of a chord and to make
the action I propose.
Na = no particular action
T = Tension
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Ba = Begin again
S = Solving tone
Another example containing a wrong ending tone ( Tension is not solved or begun
again).
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Rhythm
When you improvise, you have to emphasize offbeats (or upbeats).
There are different kinds of offbeats ( upbeats) :
1)
2)
3)
4)
Quarter notes = emphasize 2th and 4th beat
Eighth notes = emphasize the even notes ( 2,4,6,8 in 4/4) ( 2,4,6 in ¾)
Eighth note triplets = emphasize above all the last note of every triplet
So on….
! This is one of the most important concept in improvisation
and music in general:
emphasizing offbeats (or upbeats)
Exercises:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Improvise all quarter notes continuously
Improvise all quarter note triplets continuously
Improvise all eighth notes continuously
Improvise all eighth note triplets continuously
Improvise all sixtheen notes continuously
Improvise all sixtheen note triplets continuously
…..
But remember to enphasize offbeats always!
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Often, when you improvise on an eighth note basis, because of the time speed, ,
enphasize just one or two notes:
So practise this important drills:
1. Emphasize the fourth eighth-note continuously ( or eighth triplets)
every 2 quarters ( 4th and 8th eighth)
! I think, this is the most important rhythmic accent pattern.
2. Emphasize the second eighth-note continuously ( or eighth triplets)
every 2 quarters ( 2° and 6° eighth)
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3. When the time speed is very fast,emphasize continuously just the last
tone of every measure
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• SWING
When you play Swing music, that is
dixieland,ragtime,Swing,Bebop,Cool Jazz…you have to play these
notes…
This basic pattern must be played in this way:
For example this measures :
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…..must be played in this way:
In other words Swing has offbeat (upbeat) accents and an eighthnote triplets rhythmic base.
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• POLYRHYTHMICS
Polyrhythmic means a contrast between two different rhythmic
patterns.
For example you play three note groups against a background of two or four note
groups.In other words you play an odd rhythm against an even ones.
3:2
or
3:4
or 2 : 3
or
4:3
or
5 : 4 and so on……..
Exercises:
8. Play all 3 : 2 figures - then 6 : 2 continuously
9. Play all 2 : 3 figures - then 4 : 3 continuously
10. Play all 5 : 4 figures - then 10 : 4 continuously
11. So on…….
! Attention : These drills are very difficult, so be patient !
However they will give you great advantages.Be patient…and continue your study.
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! Very important rhythmic drill
It is very useful to practise playing polyrhythmics continuously in order
to acquire a great indipendence between left and right hand.
Moreover the rhythm becomes fresh,various,unforeseen.
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General practice
Ok, now you have to play…
I suggest these progressive exercises:
⇒
Learn all Major,minor and …..blues scales
First play the scales for an octave just with the right hand,then with
both hands;play for 2 and 4 octaves with both hands
⇒
Learn all chords of every key
Play the chords of every key with right hand then with both hands
⇒
Learn to analyze music
Practice to analyze every kind of music with scores or if you want by
ear.Write keys,chord types,degrees of the chords, modulations (key
changing) on the scores.Analyze melody and write the harmonic
function of every note (Chordal note, turning note, passing
note……).
⇒
Arpeggiate all chords
Arpeggiate all 7th chords with right hand (but not only) in their four
inversions.
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⇒
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Begin to improvise just using the chordal notes
Improvise only on a chord and using just the four chordal notes
( Also out of time )
Improvise just using continuous eighth notes, eighth-triplet notes,
sixtheenth notes.
Improvise on a song using just the four chordal notes, moving the
melody up and down the whole keyboard and playing the chord with
the left hand.(You have to play this chord around C4 and moving the
notes less possible when you change the chord )
⇒
Improvise using a melodic item one at time
Practice a melodic item out of time and just on a chord
Improvise on a chord and on a progression out of time and using all
melodic possibilities.
Improvise just using continuous eighth notes, eighth-triplet notes,
sixtheenth notes.
Improvise at time and on a song or on chord progressions
⇒
Improvise using the phrasing indications
Practice a phrasing item out of time and just on a chord
Improvise on a chord and on a progression out of time and using all
phrasing possibilities.
Improvise just using continuous eighth notes, eighth-triplet notes,
sixtheenth notes.
Improvise at time and on a song or on chord progressions
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Some important considerations
Mastering these techniques needs many,many hours of playing but it
is very amusing and you can feel what creating music means.
Moreover,these techniques are the same of composing songs or any
other kind of music.
Composing is easier than improvising because you can correct your
mistakes.
However I will suggest you some easy techniques to “correct” some
melodic “errors”.
Sometimes many new and interesting ideas come from so called
harmonic “errors”.
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Other fondamental drills
⇒
Ear training
Use this free tool – Functional ear trainer
⇒
Transcription – very,very powerful !
Select your best songs or solos and transcribe them on paper
using your piano or keyboard, then transpose them in all keys.I think
this is the MOST IMPORTANT AND POWERFUL drill TO
LEARN IMPROVISATION
⇒
Tranposing
Transpose some phrases in all keys
⇒
Sing
Sing the notes you are improvising
⇒
Listening
Every musical genre but good music,that is great artists
When you listen to music, analyze it!
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⇒
Piano improvisers
Listen to this masters of piano improvisation
Bill Evans
Keith Jarrett
Herbie Hanckock
Chik Corea
Ahmad Jamal
Oscar Peterson
Bud Powell
Mc Coy Turner
Many others….
⇒
Improvisers
Other instruments
Miles Davis ( Trumpet )
Charlie Parker ( Alto Sax)
John Coltrane ( Tenor Sax )
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About improvisation
Intervals
Improvisation with perfect fourths
Analysis of solos
Lydian chromatic concept
Main chordal progressions
Main used forms
Improvisation tips
Inside, outside
“Free” improvisation
What you have to avoid…
Improvisation goals
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About other music subjects
COMPOSING
EAR TRAINING
ARRANGING
ANALYSIS
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