7KH)LUVW +RORFDXVW 7KH6XUSULVLQJ2ULJLQ RIWKH6L[0LOOLRQ)LJXUH 'RQ+HGGHVKHLPHU &DVWOH+LOO3XEOLVKHUV 32%R[8FNILHOG71$:8. UGHGLWLRQ6HSWHPEHU +2/2&$867+$1'%22.6YRO The First Holocaust: The Surprising Origin of the Six-Million Figure !"#$%&'() )(*+,$ !"#$**-.$/ ,$#0 &%(2%&$2&3*456 "&&7&3&'3&&#Jewish Fund Raising Campaigns with Holocaust Claims During and After World War One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y Germar Rudolf 7%##!7$'0#1(##B77!##31%&%# %#&%1'0.#.%$7%&#>0 &%10%##1"&%the Holocaustthe Shoah>)'&7 7!7&%&(##B7#&&#?C"7#0%? 7!7&C .%&&%&&"&D'& %3%731 0%2 % B7&%#&1'0.#.%7$& D'&%&3 &&&%> .&0%&&"&D'&$7#?%# #%&&%! 0%2 ?&0%&&&D'&"B722'#%&# '0.#.%7E&7&D'& "# &0'#&E& 7%&'--5&%&%%F0%2$2'3#%131% %&%2'3#0'%%'&31%0'2"7%' &$%&2&%&'>31G'2$&'#&" &%?0%2 &'1 "7%&?131!7%1 7%15 HThe bottom line indicates a minimum of 5.29 and a maximum of just over 6 million IB7? &"&# %'&J.K ?&'0&(##"0'%3 %##%0#1Hsymbolic figure$K* & % 7 % %#& % % & 22&> & #%&%&&%? %#%#0%#2 '& '&31? 1%17'3&$$"'&&(##"0', %'#&%?3#0'#"&&'12&&&" %&$.#"0%0)@$'0&2&'&+ HOf course the purpose of this project also was not to prove any preset figure (‘six million’).K )'& 0&%&# %'&7&'&%1'3&&30 0&&%3"'&$&%##1%%&&"H" 'KC 5 .>)@:>;$Dimension des Völkermords$' #3'0$5--5$2>5<> %%&%&%%&)@%&"&' &&'&"LM&0 &7#&&"10%%(2&7&"&%!"'&B'1'&$ %1,$5-<-$">B5*8*8N<8-5-> , &$1&'1HDiscovering Absurdistan$KThe Revisionist5:*;:*44,;$22> *4,*5-> + .>)@$op. cit. :&5;$2>*4> * < $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST % 2%%&? %%#1 " )@G &'1 7& % %F ?& %%#1"B722'#%&#'0.#.%7$62& '& &%& )@G 7! % %1 #0 %#$ & $ % 1&%& "#%7&%&&'#&%?&3F &>9 )'&"&&'&%&7&%?%#%3#0%2 &'1&%& 7 7&'& % '3& &%& ( ## B7 #& & #? '0 .#.%7$&71%7 "&7&&(##"0 'C . & "0' 0%&C 7 7% & "0' "& 22'C #%& > B% ""% 7% & "& %&% &% 7%?#?&D'&>5--6&'1Stalin’s War of Extermination 1941-1945$ 2& '& &%& & " ?& %& &1 22%0%&$#1%3'0$%2'3# @&(##"0'& ?&"02%%#1%B%'%1+$5-+6$i.e.$"'##1"'&3 " & 7%G >< & &%& &$ 0%2 "0' '# %? 3 %?%#%3# & >B'&%1%#%&$)&&%%??0 2%@&%&%%#1%B'5-+6$&7%%"& &"&#&'2$M&#% #%&3%3#& 2? & 2 '3 " B7 ? &E(##$" 'E ? &'0 & % 00'2%&&%&& %1 0%2 &'23#>8 ?& #%$&&%$%?#02%3'&& 0 " & ( ## "0'$ & & "%' % &'0 % &0"">>&')'&@2 %#7!The Hoax of the Twentieth Century>-.#%%#1@0%#%0%'&"New York Times %& #&2 '&"B7%%&'2'0 .#.%7$)'&@"'?%#%& #7 #%#1 %&&%& % %#1 % #%& 5-+*N%#1 5-+,$ B7 #3310 0'2 7& & &&%&7%#%1%& 2%&0%&&%##""?&(## B7%&7%G>"&%& #7'##!&3"#1D'& $&%!")'&@G3! 6 9 < 8 - .%#&>%0$The Dissolution of the Eastern European Jewry$72&)% $ %#>&&'&"& %#?7$5-8,> HHolocaust Victims: A Statistical Analysis. W. Benz and W. N. Sanning – A Comparison$K%'#":>;$Dissecting the Holocaust$*>$ %0 O&%&$*44,$22>585*5,> Stalins Vernichtungskrieg 1941-1945$' P#%0"L.7 %"&$ 5--6$22>594">A0#Stalin’s War of Extermination 1941-5-+6$%2%7$#%> O&%&$*445$22>58-"> %??0$Nuremberg. The Last Battle$ %#&$5--9$22>95"> )0&& %#?7$5-<9>##"##70D'&%"&, &$ %0##>O&%&$*44,> 8 $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST NYT, June 30, 1942, p. 7: “1,000,000 Jews Slain By Nazis, Report Says”54 NYT, September 3, 1942, p. 5: “A European observer said the Germans planned to exterminate the Jews not only in Europe, but throughout the world. He declared the Nazis had executed 2,000,000 Jews in the past three years.”55 NYT, December 13, 1942, p. 21: “IQJ ‘Authenticated reports point to 2,000,000 Jews who have already been slain by all manner of satanic barbarism, and plans for the total extermination of all Jews upon whom the Nazis can lay their hands. The slaughter of a third of the Jewish population in Hitler’s domain I,R*$444$444S9$444$444Jand the threatened slaughter of all is a holocaust without parallel.’”5* NYT, 3 20, 1942, p. 23: “What is happening to the 5,000,000 Jews of German-held Europe, all of whom face extermination IQJ. Early in December 1942 the State Department in Washington gave some figures showing that the number of Jewish victims deported and perished since 1939 in Axis-controlled Europe now reached the appalling figure of 2,000,000 and that 5,000,000 were in danger of extermination.”5, NYT$% *$5-+,$22>5$+ “Immediate action by the United Nations to save as many as possible of the five million Jews threatened with extermination IQJ was demanded at a mass demonstration IQJ in Madison Square Garden last night. IQ%33&@%J ‘appalling is the fact that those who proclaim the Four Freedoms have so far done very little to secure even the freedom to live for 6,000,000 of their Jewish fellow men by readiness to rescue those who might still escape Nazi torture and butchery. IQJ’K5+ NYT$% 54$5-+,$2>5* “Forty thousand persons listened and watched IQJ last night to two performances of ‘We Will Never Die,’ a dramatic mass memorial to the 2,000,000 Jews killed in Europe. IQJ The narrator said ‘There will be 54 Ibid>$2>-8> Ibid>$2>--> 5* Ibid>$2>544> 5, Ibid>$2>545"> 5+ Ibid>$2>54,>&%%33&@7%#%1%%#1%5-**"& H1,000,000 human beings IQJbutcheredK'020&!%$New York Times$B%'%1-$5-**$2>5-A2>66%22($2>55<> 55 - $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST no Jews left in Europe for representation when peace comes. The four million left to kill are being killed, according to plan.’”56 NYT, 2# 20, 1943, p. 11: “London, April 19 (Reuter) – Two million Jews have been wiped out since the Nazis began their march through Europe in 1939 and five million more are in immediate danger of execution. These figures were revealed in the sixth report on conditions in occupied territories issued by the Inter-Allied Information Committee.” '$)'&@ #'3!59 “Another point that should be made here IQJis that the six million figure had its origin apparently in the propaganda of 1942-1943.” )'&@ %# 7 &%& & 0 " & %& # 7 B7M& 2'0'2#!&.#B70%& %B7 0> &%##1$ & #% 7 & &%! '#1 .% 0&$'
&%'"&%'12%&&%%0& ' &"#' "&&%&2%&&"" %#>>2#& >5< )'& ? )'&@G "%0& %22% 7% &## % #&&# &> & "& 0 3% ! & ( 1%> ?3 *6$ 5-,9$ % .@%$2&"&.#M& 0%@%&$&&""& "&#$7 7%"%%% &"?#& #% 3&7B7%%3%#&%7 "%##1 & ?%#&&%B7%%%3&%&>2 $.@% %58 “It is no exaggeration to say that six million Jews are sentenced to be imprisoned in this part of the world, where they are unwanted, and for whom the countries are divided into those, where they are unwanted, and those, where they are not admitted.” %& .@%G " & ( ## &%& %N '""0 B7&%( 2&31%1%&%#&" & &"0'$7731>% ## &%?%& %'&"%&%# %&0&%&&22%0%%'#%31M& 0%@%&'0.#.%77%&'2 &>%%&& " "% &$ & % 2&& E '# 7 %1 &'%&C E " 22%0%%$7 &"'0.#.% :T;%% & "& '#%&&5-*4>#%131&$&"0'""?( 56 Ibid>$2>54+> Ibid.$2>546> 5< )'&@G %2&HThe First ‘Extermination’ Claims and Washington$K&%&0 2>85"3!$ibid> 58 &%#%&"&&' &".%#&>)&%%$Sieben Manifeste zur jüdischen Frage$%&%&B>#@P#%0$5-99$2>58>% 0%&"'#&>>'&"300&&1%&&&> 59 54 $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST ##B7&%&31%&77#12'3# @%7' %%%&%%#1&' & %#'22&"B7%M &2#& %#0%#>5-0&2"'&$?"'% ' "5-44 #%0&%&(##'""0B77%0 %0'&"M:2>+5;> &2"% $%?D'&?%#New York Times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i.e.$ %## #&7'3F && %&%?%' 0 " 2 '& 7& & && & U ? G & & 0%& :D'&#%&7%&%#&%1%#&%0%&B7;> B7#%7&(2&"&&%&&>%%&&" "% &$ # "" %# % 7## % '"" %# %&B'% 7% %? &%& %1 # B7 2" #?0 %1 ? '0 & '&##%&5-,8%&&%&%10&%&? '&1> 5- %2'3#%%#$&%& #&&2 H# %'& '3 E'%0%2%0%%$KThe Barnes Review$,:*;:5--<;$22> 5-*+> 55 $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST $& 7%'0F'&" %& &%?#1%&&% !#% "&%3%&B7%&&&'%&7%&%&&% !% 1%"&#"&#&27&%&231&22#&% 2# 1 %0#1 2%%3#&&%&%#%1"" &#%> #&'0& %37&%&The New York Times% '#% " %&B7 2 '& %1 %& # E 7% & 72%2 7% 3% %##1 #& %3'& #% 2 '& '"" 31 %$ &'%%$'&%$!%%$%#?%!0#%E & " ' & %2 &$ 3 %' 3! & %3'&&'""0%2 '&"B7%&'2$3'&%3'& 22%0%%%"'%07V!>&"7%&&%7& %G%&&&&%"7(%2#"%& #The New York Times %0%&B72 '&#%> #%1315-5-$%2&%3'&%##0%&B720 #% %22% & New York Times$ 3'& 7& % ?1 &% &$ &?% &1"&2&7%'3&*4 “It has been pointed out that some of these reports may have originated with German propagandists or may have been exaggerated by them with the obvious purpose of discrediting Poland with the Allies, in the hope that Germany might be the gainer thereby. Germany might have assisted in spreading these stories, may have invented them, although it would be a cruel deception to wring the hearts of great multitudes of people in order to gain such an end IQJ” %# #%"B7'""07'#3 '#$$%&' & % & " & G '&> & &'3#0$ 7?$ 7 ' #% % "%##1 %&&3'& % & % 7 & New York Times %22% '#&'22&2F' &2&&%##1& U?#%G3?1&0> %& #'0&5-*4%0&'""0"# B71$&%27&&0#12 &%%'#&"0%# %2#%%"&.#.% %&&%%% '#& " %1 2 " %&B7 2# >*5 &$ 2%& '#% '0 &5-,47#2# 3 %2?$2&%& B7 2 '&$ 7 &00 & 2'3# 2&& " > B2 3%'$& %%"& %B70>**7%$ 7?$%#% 2%7&%%& %##1(%00%& #% %3'&&'""0"&B7*, *4 H0#%$KNew York Times$%1*,$5-5-$2>5*> >0>$HB7"#%0%% ".%&K$New York Times Sunday Magazine$%1*8$5-*9$2>8> ** H3%'W'&#'2>%0&& # 13% 00%%".##&&$KNew York Times$?>*4$5-,5$2>*9> *, H% %#)%P7%%&&% $KNew York Times$3>**$5-,*$2>*4> *5 5* $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST “The Jewish people all over the world face a war of extinction, Dr. Tenenbaum declared in an address IQJ.” 7% '0#1 1% 3" &# 7% # & % ## " %1T ? &'0 #%G %&&1 2# 0%# % %& B72# 2%& '#%$7 &%&0&%&& '&1G&%3 #&5-58N5-$%&%2" &&%0&" & $&%2 &" #&1&%1"0&&$#%0#1'2&%&7%> 7!7&%1$&#%0&'""0"%!3&7&&7 7# 7% 7% %220 & ?& $ 7'# (2 & &%&&M&0%@%&7'#%&%% %"& #%'""0"B7>)'&&G&%22'&# #%&>%"&%& %3' "(%2#$0% 30�&&7&New York Times ?7&&'%&"B7 & ?& > #%& 5-**$ &%& 72%2 2& &%& & 7 &#& &7% B7 & !%$ 3'& &%& & 7% &%2 '& ?# 7& & #2 " % B7 %1 " %##0#1 644$444#E%%1&%& '#%?3"%2%& #1 7& & & " & 7 ?& %'&&>*+ & 7 0 & & "# & '2 & ?# 22'#%& " & %#1 ?&0%#%&!%2%& '#%31%%' %'&"&?&%'&&$&'&3%'&%&&B7 %17%2&%&"% &causing&%&&%"0 %0%& &> & New York Times 2 & & &%# 2%& " % $F'&"B7#"">%&&&' %3' &"!2&%&%1M&B7#!%&&7 ?& % % B7%& % &## (2& " % B7# '&1""%&B'%> & %2 & " & &1 & &% & 1 % 31 & "'%0 %2%0> %2& 6$ % & D'&>#&%&'D'&7&%&B70%@%&7 '0 " & 1 & %& & B7 22'#% #%>)'&&'0#1$%&""& %2&$& %#?%%"'%0?&'22&?%'%2 &"&B7 %& '& ?#'& '%$ & 7 & 7&&0#1 '7&&0#1 "% & B7?& # %'& %0%& &%'%$&!%$%%##&&&%&7&& ?&> &%&&&%&$& #%0 %#M&"'%'22& %0 %2%0 '0.#.%7 7% % %& & %& " *+ H'&'%B7%&0 1$KNew York Times$ 3*4$5-**>& 23#&%&& #%%(%00%&&#"$&'0&D'&#!#1&%&B7 F&%" "&%#1?&%0#1&%B7> 5, $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST %#$%&22%0%%%? % >&"%##3 %' %#%% &'%#"%?'22&$7%&?& & 0& %1 ' '22& %"& & 3 % 3% %##1 B'%@'&%#$% #13 %'%1 ##%2&&%##1 %"&&7%%%?3%##7&"&#"%0%&& M&22%0%% #%AD'&&& &%1&2'%3#31#%7 %1 % %1 & '2% '& & %##0 & #%> #%& %2&$3"#1?&0%&7&& & #%"(&%%1B7'""0%31M&2' 0'2 '0 & #%& 5-54 % & 5-*4 7 3% "% &> B7&%#%%&'2'""&%&%?%022' #% & '&$7 % ##%2%"&.#.% C.% &%# %'�&1%3&75-56 % 5-*<C 0 &2%1 B7 22'#%& &%&& $ 3"#1 2& '& &%& & 7#7 B7 22'#%& 7% 070' "%&'0%%"&.#.% &%& & #0' %N & 0'2 7 #? & % '&> %&'#'"" &%7&%3?D'&> 0& %# %#1 #' &%& " & "& # %'& #% 7&'$&7'#%&'&13!%&&# %'&> )'& & %&3"'&$7 %0%'&%&&22 %0%%7%'&'> #12"% $7'##!&3"#1&& %'"%# #0 B7 '""0 3& # %'& 22%0%% #%> .% 2# 2?&1 %#1 #% & %? 3 & % " & : ?&;&# %'&$%'310% %3%( '& %'22&%?3&%'0& $&U%#G# %'&> ? &'0 0% %3 #% 7 & 2%& " & 22%0%% 2%&& " & 5-54 % 5-*4$ & !7 ( 2&$ 7 7%2'3#31&Daily Telegraph% **$5-59$2>< ³ATROCITIES IN SERBIA 700,000 VICTIMS FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT ROME, Monday (6:45 p. m.). The Governments of the Allies have secured evidence and documents, which will shortly be published, proving that Austria and Bulgaria have been guilty of horrible crimes in Serbia, where the massacres committed were worse than those perpetrated by Turkey in Armenia. 5+ $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST IQJ Women, children, and old men were shut up in the churches by the Austrians and either stabbed with the bayonet or suffocated by means of asphyxiating gas. In one church in Belgrade 3,000 women, children, and old men were thus suffocated. IQJ” " '$ &%1 &% #% &%& &'&% %1 " & %## ? && % ' 7& 2 0% 3% '0 .#.% >7%&03'&3#% !22%0%%'31& )&0?&%%0#1%&31&)&%> )'&F'(&%2&7&%%& #&%&%22%&% Daily Telegraph B' *6$ 5-+*$ 2> 6$ &%& $ "? %1 3" & B77 % &## New York Times 2& & %##0 %'"B7% &##'2"&"&& ³GERMANS MURDER 700,000 JEWS IN POLAND TRAVELLING GAS CHAMBERS '$,/<7(/(*5$3+5(3257(5 More than 700,000 Polish Jews have been slaughtered by the Germans in the greatest massacre in world history. IQJ” &$7?$7%##!7&%&& #%7&'$G&7C &%#&'&%&%&&"&*4& &'1317'# '#1 % ' %1 '&1 & 7# " 3'#0 0% %3 % & !0M1!#)&'%##B7$ $&%&&B77'# "% % # %'&$ % (& & " ##> "& %##$ &%& 7% &0'D'#1%%U%@$G7 &%22%0%$ 0&C "1'&!&%&&3?'&%&317'#%!' '&% 0' #%$%?&&% 1'%&D'&%&'0#& 30 '2 #1 &7 (%2# " % 7% &%& &! 2#% %#& 64 1%%"&& # %'&22%0%%&%&$5--5>&%3'& %G"&7%%0%&%D&?%D '2'&"/'7%&> 7V!3%Jewish Press$& %##0&#"HThe largest independent Anglo-Jewish weekly newspaper$K %# & "& 2%0 3'%1*5$5--5 “IRAQIS HAVE GAS CHAMBERS FOR ALL JEWS” &%!&"& ?%' &"?#'5*$'35:20 5--5;$ " Response$ % 2 %# 2'3# 31 & B7 . &%#&0#%&3'&,85$496 2 “GERMANS PRODUCE ZYKLON B IN IRAQ (Iraq’s German-made gas chamber)” 56 $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST "1'&3#?&$&'&&22($22>5,6">$"2' &"&%& #&%3?> 2 &%& 1' 0& & % " & 3! 5-44$ 5-59$ 5-*9$ 5-,9$ 5-+*$5--5Q 5--5$&7%%##?&$"'$%7&#%& #%2& %G 7% %0%& %D *44, &%& %D 2 7% %3'& & 2 7%2 " % &' & E M1!# ) & 30 & $ &'0> )'& % %#G 7 72%2 Ha’aretz 2'#12 #%*6 “The war in Iraq was conceived by 25 neoconservative intellectuals, most of them Jewish, who are pushing President Bush to change the course of history.”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a’aretz$2#<$*44,A777>%%&@%#1> N %N2%0N&>F&#C&S*84*<-A%#&2B>0!$H.% %D ?%#$KThe Revisionist$5:,;:*44,;$22>*86*-8 59 $ THE FIRST HOLOCAUST %3'&&2%& '#%7%&%%3'&%##&&7%$77%## know &%& ' 0?& # .# .% $ /%$ P&%$ % &7%%0%&%DC .&'&"'& &*9 “Nothing illustrated the Jews’ new status more clearly than the Senate response to the Romanian pogroms in 1870. The first news reports to reach the United States indicated that ‘thousands’ had been killed in riots in late May. Protest rallies were held in Indianapolis, Louisville, and a half-dozen other cities. After some furious lobbying by Simon Wolf, the matter was brought to the Senate floor by Senator Oliver Morton of Indiana. Morton read a statement from the Indianapolis Jewish rally and asked for action by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The committee chairman, Massachusetts GOP leader Charles Sumner, delicately told the chamber he was ‘disposed to believe that there is at least some gross exaggeration in the report’ of mass murder. In reply, Senator Morton assured his colleagues that his statement had come from ‘gentlemen of the highest respectability and position, and they represent a very large and numerous class of people in Indianapolis and in Indiana.’ That was enough it seems; the Senate ordered the Foreign Relations Committee to take up the matter with the State Department. (Sumner turned out to be correct. The riots’ death toll had been zero.)” *9 B%&%B1#30$Jewish Power$%0$%>.#15--9$ 22>-8"> 5<
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