introduction 1 samurai in videogames 2 the cinematic factor 16

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Other media include: Jidai Geki film, Period novel, Manga comics and animated productions.
This game was published in Japan as: “Kengo 2”
3
Authors Translation, original text: Een echte Samurai vreest geen gevecht, alleen de reflectie van de maan in
kalm water. Om een echte Samurai te worden moet je het bloederige pad van de Samurai betreden en de
geheimen van de geschiedenis van de Samurai ontdekken”
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Yamamoto, T. (1979) Hagakure. Tokyo, Kodansha International.
Musashi, M. (1994). The book of five rings. New York, Bantam Books.
6
Daideoji, Y. (2000). The Code of the Samurai: A Contemporary Translation of the
Bushido Shoshinshu of Taira Shigesuke. Boston, Tuttle publishing.
7
Soho, T. (1988). The unfettered mind, Kodansha Europe.
8
Munenori, Y. (1996). The sword and the mind. New York, The Overlook press.
9
A gaijin is a term used in Japan to indicate a person who is not from Japanese origin.
10
Authors Translation, original text was Dutch.
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It was published in a serialized form between 1935 and 1939 in the Asashi Shimbun newspaper.
On page 25 of this thesis there is a more in-depth description if Yagyu Jubei.
13
Numerous legendary Samurai are incorporated into the game, the player can choose to duel against them, if he
or she wins the fame (indicated as a statistic) of the main character increases.
14
There is a historical backing for the incorporation of female Samurai in this game. Although rare there is a
legendary female Samurai in Japanese history; Tomoe Gozen. Tomoe Gozen fought beside her husband in the
battle of Awazu in 1184 and fought just as valiant as any other warrior. (source: Turnbull, S. (2004). The
Samurai sourcebook. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military. Page 204)
15
The atrributes are: strength (strenth of the character), agillity (speed of the character) , insight (the character’s
abillity to learn new skills), spirit (the amount of health regeneration of the character) , resolve (the toughness of
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the character) and recover (this statistic determines how much health is recovered by the character when resting
for one day), “good” fame and “bad” fame.
16
These is the actual terms used to determine the amount of the character’s fame in the videogame itself.
17
For more informtion about the Tokugawa era (also known as the Edo period) see: Reischauer, E.O. (1989).
Japan, Sydney, Allen & Unwin Australia.
For more specific information about the Samurai in that era see: Turnbull, S. (2004). The Samurai sourcebook.
London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military.
For an in-depth look into the workings of a Shogun gouvernment see: Mass, J.P. (1974). Warrior government in
early medieval Japan: a study of the Kamakura Bakufu, Shugo and Jitto, new haven, Yale University press.
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For more information about the Edo era, see: Reischauer, E.O. (1989). Japan, Sydney, Allen & Unwin
Australia.
19
Bakufu literally means “Tent Government”, this term was used to indicate a central government lead by the
military rule of a “Shogun”. Source: Turnbull, S. (2004). The Samurai sourcebook. London, Weidenfeld &
Nicholson military.
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A branching storyline is a story in which the player, when choosing certain options, can change the direction
the story takes. Thus a branching storyline always has a variety of possible endings that are available for the
player. Source: Crawford, C. (2002). The Art of Interactive Design: A Euphonious and Illuminating Guide to
Building Successful Software, San Francisco, No starch press.
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21
For more information about the Meiji restoration see: Reischauer, E.O. (1989). Japan, Sydney, Allen & Unwin
Australia.
22
A nice example of this artistic freedom is that the game creators have utilised is found in the the character
“Dona Dona”, an African American “Samurai” who somehow ended up in 19th century Japan looking like a
1970’s film star. In fact “Dona Dona” has a physical appearance that imitates, or at least has a resemblance to the
actor Jim Kelly who co-starred as “Williams” in the 1973 Martial arts film “Enter the Dragon”.
The final example of popular culture can be found in the way the leader of the Akadama clan is depicted and
how the swordsmen of this clan are dressed.22 Their outfits are most definitely not “historically” correct, which I
find strange as they fight for the traditional hierarchy which was in place in the Tokugawa era.
Later in the game, the player can “unlock” a outfit for his or her main character that has similar colour and style
as the outfift Bruce Lee wore in his last film “Game of Death” (1978).
23
Samanosuke Akechi’s name (Akechi) remsembles that of the eventual murderer of the historical commander
Oda Nobunaga, Akechi Mitsuhide. In the sequal “Onimusha 3: demon siege” (2004, Capcom) it is made clear
that Samanosuke is iin fact the cousin of Akechi Mitsuhide.
24
Shinobi were the highly traines assasins know nowadays as “Ninja”.
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The weaponry (although the “magical” ones look different) is consistent with the historical period (Sengoku
Jidai 1530-1600). Source: Turnbull, S. (2004). The Samurai sourcebook. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson
military.
26
Masterless Samurai. Ronin were Samurai without a lord and thus without a stable source of income, therefore
many endevoured to impress lords with their fighting skills. Other Ronin took to banditry.
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“Onimusha warlords” uses the exact same interface, camera positions and controls as the “Resident Evil”
games.
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Yamato is an existing area of plains around the city of Osaka. In the game Yamato is represented as an entire
empire and as such does not hold a resemblence to the existing Yamato.
29
The speciality of the characters is indicated by the weapons they can use and the way their statistics are raised
throughout the game.
30
The total amount of Samurai which can be controlled is thus seven. I will discuss the in-depth on page 22 of
this thesis.
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During the latter period of his reign, Tsunayoshi came obsessed with the well being of animals and dogs in
particular. Because of this behaviour he became infamous as the “dog Shogun”. Source: Reischauer, E.O.
(1989). Japan, Sydney, Allen & Unwin Australia.
32
Source: Turnbull, S. (2004). The Samurai sourcebook. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military.
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Source: Tweet T., Cook M. & Williams S (2003). Dungeons and Dragons: Player’s handbook, Atlanta,
Wizards of the Coast
34
In the vast majority of “fantasy” productions (novels, film, role playing games, videogames), magic is often
present as a dominant factor as are unnatural creatures.
35
This is realted to the profession of the character, this is known in RPG terms as “class”. Hence a character
which is of the “mage” class can wield magic more effectively then a “warrior” class character.
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Jidai Geki or Period film uses Japan’s fuedal era as a setting for the main plot. For more information about the
Jidai geki film genre see: Richie, D. (2001). A hundred year of Japanese film. Tokyo, Kodansha International.
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This mentallity does have a historical basis, as sword masters like Yagyu Munenori, Mijamoto Musashi and
Ono Tadaaki strived for enlightement during their lives. (Source: Turnbull, S. (2004). The Samurai sourcebook.
London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military)
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For a insightfull overview of Animé and Manga in general (although very little is written about Historical
manga and Animé), see: Napier, S. J. (2000) Animé, from Akira to Princess Mononoke, New York, Palgrave.
40
I use this genre name as it is used widely on the Internet by Animé enthusiasts, for an in-depth explanation
see: http://www.umich.edu/~anime/genres_Samurai.html (last visited 29-3-2005) a site which gives a good
overview on the different sub-genres of Animé and Manga.
41
Ninja scroll is the translated version of “Jubei Ninpucho”
42
The Toyotomi clan was defeated in 1600 in the battle of Sekigahara, this battle was decisive in the history of
Japan as its outcome unified Japan under the rule of the Tokugawa bakufu for 268 years. Source: Turnbull, S.
(2004). The Samurai sourcebook. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military
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The film starts with an action sequence where Yubei defeats several (human) opponents without breaking a
sweat.
44
To name a few: “Rurouni Kenshin”, a popular Animé television series which ran in the late 1990’s. (source:
http://www.localcolorart.com/encyclopedia/Rurouni_Kenshin/#The_Series, last visited 23-03-2005) and
“Samurai Deeper Kyo” another Animé televisions series that ran in 2002.(source:
http://www.animenfo.com/animetitle,933,mplzhx,Samurai_deeper_.html, last visited 22-03-2005 )
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For more information about the relation between Animé and Manga, see: Napier, S. J. (2000) Animé, from
Akira to Princess Mononoke, New York, Palgrave
46
A site that provides the visitor with a good overview of the history of Manga. During my research I have to
revert to this site as academic sources on the history of manga are largely published in Japanese.
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The films that made up the Musashi trilogy were: “Miyamoto Musashi” (1954), “Zoku Miyamoto Musashi:
Ichijôji no kettô”(1955) and “Miyamoto Musashi kanketsuhen: kettô Ganryûjima” (1955), directed by Hiroshi
Inagaki.
48
The miniseries was aptly named “Musashi” (2003) and was directed by Mitsunobu Ozaki.
49
Nitoryu Kaigen (1963) by Tomu Uchida
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This school was the Yoshioka fencing school that had aqcuired fame by being the court fencing instructors at
the Ashikaga bakufu.
51
This site provides the reader with a short yet highly informative overview of the life of Mijamoto Musashi.
52
There is a Manga version of Yoshikawa’s “Musashi”: Takehiko Inou. (2002) Vagabond. San Francisco, VIZ
LLC
53
The “Gorin No Sho” is translated as “The Book of five Rings”. (Musashi, M. (1994). The book of five rings.
New York, Bantam Books.)
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54
For information about Yagyu Jubei and the Yagyu family altogther see:
Turnbull, S. (2004). The Samurai sourcebook. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military. page 90-91
Munenori Y. (1996). The sword and the mind. New York, The Overlook press.
55
The Shogun at this time, dismissed Yagyu Munenori from his service and because of this he became a Ronin.
From that day on there are no records on Yagyu Munenori until 12 years later. Source: Turnbull, S. (2004). The
Samurai sourcebook. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military. page 90-91
56
“One of the earliest examples of developing the story around Yagyu Jubei was from Japanese author Fuutarou
Yamada's 1967 book, Makai Tenshou (Resurrection from Hell), which featured Yagyu Jubei involved in the
Shimabara Rebellion of 1637 and 1638. This story was eventually adapted into a live-action picture in 1981,
directed by Kinji Fukasaku. The story of Makai Tenshou was also turned into a manga by manga-ka Shouko
Toba as Makai Tenshou: Yume no Ato (Resurrection from Hell: Sign of Dreams). This was then adapted into two
anime OVAs (although originally planned for four) as Makai Tenshou Jigokuhen, later released in the U.S under
the name Ninja Resurrection.
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Yagyu Jubei is also featured in other manga and anime, ranging from the epic work, Lone Wolf and Cub to the
modern parody Jubei-chan (where a young girl from modern times becomes the successor to the 300-year-old
Yagyu clan). Several other movies were also created about him, including Darkside Reborn, which featured
Sonny Chiba as the part of Jubei.”
(Source: http://www.teachtime.com/en/wikipedia/y/ya/yagyu_jubei_mitsuyoshi.html, last visited : 4-4-2005)
57
Wayne Muromoto presents a good overview on the life of Yagyu Jubei and also presents a detailed description
about the legends that are associated with this sword master.
There are indeed better sources to be found about Yagyu Jubei, but the vast majority (if not all) of these are
Japanese and unfortunately I cannot read Japanese. Wayne Muromote himself refers to three of such sources in
the quoted article.
58
This story can also be found in: Shirane, M. (1989). Folk tales of old Japan, Tokyo, Japan Times
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Oda Nobunaga and his actions are described in-depth in: Turnbull, S. (2004). The Samurai sourcebook.
London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military
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The siege of Mt Hiei took place in 1571 where Oda Nobunaga massacred thousands of civilians and (warrior)
monks alike.
61
Turnbull, S. (2004). The Samurai sourcebook. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military
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Oda Nobunaga is also (briefly) represented in the 1962 Jidai Geki film “Shinobi No Mono” by Satsuo
Yamamoto.
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This site gives the reader a complete and in-depth biography of Oda Nobunaga, even more in depth then what
is provided by: Turnbull, S. (2004). The Samurai sourcebook. London, Weidenfeld & Nicholson military
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I refer specifically to the Chinese “Wuxia Pien” film genre which, like the Japanese “Jidai Geki” genre
portrays a certain historical period in which heroes set out against huge odds in accomplishing a task. These
films are frequently more graphic in the portrayal of the superhuman talents the heroes and antagonists possess,
for example; magic bolts and flying through the air is rather the norm than an exception. The films “Crouching
Tiger Hidden Dragon” (2000) by Ang Lee and “Swordswoman of Huangjiang” (1930) by Chen Kengran, Zheng
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See: Desser, D. (1983). The Samurai films of Akira Kurosawa. Ann Ambor, Michigan, UMI research press.
Another good example of a film that is part of the Jidai geki genre but has no resemblance to neo mythology is:
“The Twilight Samurai”, 2002, Yoji Yamada. This film can be more accurately described as an historical drama.
66
The fantastical content ranges from warrior with superhuman prowess (also seen in the “Kensai” unit of
Shogun: total war) and the incorporation of magic and magical/supernatural powers.
67
Much like the “Sword film” and “Zen fighter” sub genres found in Jidai Geki films.
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Copier, M & Reassens, J (ed) (2003). Level up, digital games research conference, Utrecht, University of
Utrecht faculty of Arts. Page 100-107
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In both games the player can customize the appearance of the main character, yet all customization options fit
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and “Zen fighter” sub genres.
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