THE ADAPTABILITY OF EVAPORATIVE VENTILATION AND
AIR-CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA AND THE
COUNTRIES ALONG THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE
——PAKISTAN
Pakistan is located in the northwest of South Asia. It is bordering
with the Arabian Sea in the south, India in the eastern, China in the
Northeast, Afghanistan in the northwest and Iran in the western. Its
coastline is 980 kilometers, the climate of south is tropical and the rest are
subtropical climate. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. The former
capital, Karachi, is the largest city in Pakistan. The land area of Pakistan
is 491200 km2 (including Pakistani and Kashmir). Three fifths of the
whole territory is mountainous and hilly, southern coastal area is desert,
stretching to the north is the rolling plateau pasture and fertile field.
Chogori is the highest sea-level city of the country (8611 m above
sea-level) and it’s a fancy landscape. Three famous mountains, the
Himalaya Range, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountains are located in
the northwest of Pakistan. The India River is about 2300 kilometers long
inside Pakistan.
Pakistan belongs to tropical climate, and the temperature is
generally high, and poor in precipitation, the area where annual
precipitation less than 250 mm covers three quarters of the country. The
India river flows through Pakistan, and the India river’s runoff seasonal
change is large. In order to regulate water and meet irrigation needs,
paving the way to the development of agriculture production, a large
number of water projects have been built. The south climate of Pakistan
is sticky and the rainy season is long affect by monsoon. In the northern
region the weather is dry and cold, some places are covered with snow all
the year round and the annual average temperature is 27 degrees
centigrade. The weather of Pakistan is volatile and most areas in summer
are hot and dry. Evaporative cooling ventilation and air conditioning
technology has better application conditions, and we can achieve the
purpose of cooling by combining it with mechanical refrigeration and
dehumidification technology.
The above is a brief introduction to the applicability of
evaporative cooling air conditioning technology in Pakistan. The
following section will analyze the application of evaporative cooling
technology in Pakistan (see Figure 3).
Figure 1 The difference between dry bulb temperature and wet bulb
temperature in a typical city of Pakistan
Figure 2 Design of evaporative cooling ventilation and air conditioning in
psychrometric chart
It can be seen from figure 1 that the difference between wet and dry
bulb temperature is large in Pakistan and the value is about 14~18℃.
Therefore, these areas have rich dry air energy and the driving potential
of evaporative cooling ventilation and air conditioning technology is
large. At the same time, the wet bulb temperature value of Pakistan’s
typical city is between 22~23℃, so Pakistan belongs to a high applicable
area of evaporative cooling ventilation and air conditioning technology.
From the above analysis we can see clearly that evaporative cooling
ventilation and air conditioning technology has a better application
prospect in Pakistan. The following sections present the specific
operation modes and outlet air temperature of evaporative cooling
ventilation and air conditioning technology in Pakistan. According to the
Civil Building Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Design
Specification (GB50736−2012), the provisions of indoor state point N
(26℃, 60%) is the same as the zone of Shaanxi Province, selecting the
ventilation state of O (18℃, 95%) as shown in Figure 2. We can
distributte the actual operating mode in these typical cities of Pakistan
based on the psychrometric chart which is confirmed by indoor state
point N and ventilation state of O. The specific operation modes are listed
in table 1.
Table 1 The specific operation modes and the outlet temperature of
evaporative ventilation and air-conditioning technology in Pakistan
City
Dry bulb
Outdoor State Point of
Standard outlet point of
Indoor state point of
W（Cooling1%）
O (18℃,95%)
N（26℃,60%）
Wet bulb
temperature ℃ temperature ℃
enthalpy enthalpy humidity
Wet bulb
enthalpy humidity
Indirect
Operation
Wet bulb
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
g/kg
temperature ℃
kJ/kg
g/kg
temperature ℃
mode
Direct outlet
+Direct
temperature
outlet
℃
temperature
℃
Lahore
41.8
23.5
71.1
50.2
12.6
17.5
59.5
13
20.3
Evaporative cooling
27.2
22.5
Karachi
37.1
23.1
68.5
49.4
12.3
17.5
58.6
12.7
20.3
+ mechanical
25.9
22.3
Islamabad
39.2
22.7
69.7
51.4
13.1
17.5
60.7
13.5
20.2
refrigeration
25.2
20.9
We can also find that evaporative cooling ventilation and air
conditioning technology has good application prospects in Pakistan. In
Lahore and Islamabad, the outlet air temperature can reach 27.2、25.2℃
with only direct evaporative cooling technology. The difference between
room temperature and outdoor temperature drop is up to 21.5℃. The
outlet temperature can reach 21℃ if we use direct and indirect
evaporative cooling system. In order to meet the needs of the indoor
comfort, mechanical refrigeration can be employed for further cooling.
In many of the evaporative cooling ventilation and air conditioning
technology applications, integrating evaporative cooling technology into
building effectively is economical, environmental protection method. In
Pakistan, there are many landmark buildings can represent the trend of
local culture and development, and knowing them can help us to combine
the two effectively.
1. Feisal Mosque
Mosque of Islam is the largest mosque in Pakistan, which is located
in the capital city of Western Islamabad near Pakistan International
Islamic University. It was designed by the famous Turkey architect Daro
Kay with a cost of $15 million from King Feisal of Saudi Arabia
foundation (built between 1982~1986). Pakistan Islam mosque covers an
area of 189,705 m2, the hall and courtyard can accommodate 100
thousand pilgrims, a site on the adjacent can accommodate 200 thousand
pilgrims. The whole building has an unique architectural design and
strong Islamic culture. The main building of the Great Hall of worship is
a long span tent structure without column, made of reinforced concrete.
The top and walls have ventilation channel like the hive. The dome is
40m high, the center suspends a series of crane lights with 3-ton which is
assembled by nearly a hundred root gold-plated tube and with hundreds
of bulbs and its glorious. The hall is made on all sides of the triangles.
There is a clear sense of three-dimensional geometry. The four corners of
the house have a 200m high minaret spire, the top light carrying a hook of
Silver Crescent. The whole temple is a rectangular and a square fountain
is located in the central, covering with white marble floor. South, north
and east are wide corridors and office rooms. The worship hall, square
and corridors can accommodate more than 20 people worship at the same
time.
Figure 3 The night of the Feisal Mosque
Figure 4 Feisal mosque interior maps
2. Lahore Fort of Pakistan
Lahore castle’s predecessor is a mud fort which was built in 1021,
located in Lahore, a famous eastern part cultural city of Pakistan. Lahore
Fort is known as the "Pakistan spirit" because of the gorgeous bright
Mughal architecture art, it is the architectural treasure of the Mughal
Dynasty. The whole city wall was build by huge red brown rock. The fort
has built a fountain pond and garden pavilions, terraces and open halls,
castle garden. Most prestigious attractions scenery spot is the "palace of
mirrors" located in the northeast corner. This is built for the queen by
king Shah Jahan. The inner wall was built with soft white jade, numerous
precious stones and glass beads covered the arch dome.
In 1566, akbars, the king of Mo Mughal Dynasty during the
powerful period, in order to resist foreign invasion, built the new high
walls with masonry construction after the demolition of old city. With
Lahore gradually became a commercial center on the South Asian, the
Mughal emperor continuous upgrading in the castle, expand the gardens,
fountains and palaces, making the castle became a beautiful decoration of
the royal garden while the castle original only have the military functions.
After hundred years erosion by wind and rain, many buildings have all
gone but remains brilliant fundamental. 1981, Lahore Castle was included
in the world cultural and natural heritage by UNESCO.
Figure 5 The Lahore Fort location map
Figure 6 Raschel Castle interiors
With the promoting of "The Belt and Road" strategy in China, Haier
starts in global arrangement and is now welcoming the wide development
opportunities. It is reported that in Pakistan, the most successful
development overseas area of Haier has 10 consecutive years ranked first
sales of air conditioning with healthy, intelligent, friendly advantages.
The Pakistan electric power is poor, voltage stability is bad, and
summer is long and hot. The temperatures in most areas at noon are even
more than 50℃, the harsh environment put forward special requirements
for air conditioning. Nebula, a series of air conditioning which Haier
launched solves these problems. The air conditioning has innovative
technology, realizing the normal start in the condition of high temperature
and low pressure at the same time with 20m long blowing-in distance,
cooling 47% faster than ordinary air-conditioning can achieve rapid
cooling, instant cooling, and can meet the needs of local users in short
time.
In addition, with the popularity of smart mobile phone in Pakistan,
the enthusiasm of people to intelligent life is gradually warming, the
series intelligent air-conditioning like Dawn, Nebula of Haier series is
popular in Pakistan. In some areas, the local difference of diurnal
temperature above 25℃ and it asserts a claim to the intelligent air
conditioning’s
temperature
control.
The
series
of
intelligent
air-conditioning Dawn have intelligent sense of people and light, the
probe, the wind can move as people, and perceived during the day, night,
cloudy, differentiate human body heat, intelligent analysis, intelligent
temperature control, the easy plug WiFi module gives a more convenient
experience to user. Intelligent air conditioning Haier adjust measures to
local conditions and meet the needs of users in Pakistan, it is acclaimed in
the local.
Figure 7 Haier days bottles air conditioner intelligent frequency picture
Figure 8 Haier intelligent frequency picture type air conditioner
In recent years, relying on Haier’s local "three-in-one" sales
strategy: design, manufacturing and marketing, Haier’s localization
degree increased year by year. In 2010, according to local frequent power
outages and hot climate design characteristics of Pakistan, Haier designed
the first DC inverter air conditioning, can save energy by 50%, won the
user’s recognitions in Pakistan. After years of development, Haier in
Pakistan, the brand awareness has reached the first with 99% users in
Pakistan.
According to custom statistics, in 2015, China's air-conditioning
exports fell 4.9%. In this context, Haier intelligent air conditioning export
volume grew 4 times in 2015, for the first time since the implementation
of the export in 2013, exponential growth for 3 consecutive years, has
become the excellent model of Chinese brand going out with "The Belt
and Road" strategy.
Every country has its own unique architectural style and local
customs, and the application of each kind of technology cannot do
without the local customs, the evaporative cooling technology is the
same.
Pakistan flower is jasmine, in China, jasmine named yeximing, it
was introduced by Lu Jia whose was in Han daynasty. The Five Dynasties,
the last emperor’s maid in an imperial palace of the Southern Han Palace
named jasmine.
Eid is one of the most important festivals in Pakistan. Eid and
AdhA are two major festivals in Islam.
A lot of Pakistan people wearing a called "Jinnah cap" in winter
with white trousers and a coat. Women's dress are trousers and blouse
with robes, covering the whole body. Most of the women in Pakistan is
different to Arabia women as they are not with a scarf to ears and hair
wrap, and just use a gauze towel loosely draped over the head, then
hanging part draped over the shoulder or chest. But only a part from the
poor mountains and very conservative women will wear that "mask"
leaving only a few holes in the eyes or like knitting "mesh".
Pakistan people love spicy food, the food they use pepper,
turmeric and curry made is known over the world. Pakistan cuisine, most
of meat, fish, beans, or vegetables is spicy, pickled cabbage is spicy. They
don’t have cooking habits, whether it is beef, mutton, fish and beans,
vegetables were overcooked. Staple food is wheat pancake named
"Chabati", they usual have chewing areca-nut habits. They use right hand
clinging to eat instead of chopsticks, knives and forks (left hand is
unclean, they think). Their hand technology is very skilled, and not afraid
of hot. Whether in the city or the countryside, foods are filled with
shallow dish, is probably the reason for fitting holding cakes. Absolute
prohibition against alcoholic drinks, including beer, wine and alcohol free,
but smoking is allowed.
Pakistan people love milky tea, whether in schools, factories and
enterprises or institutions and streets, tea houses and lanes can be found
everywhere, when people feel thirsty, hungry, tired, they must go to the
teahouse to drink a cup of tea. The breakfast drink is tea, lunch drink is
tea, drinking tea at 3 to 4 pm. The drink milk tea with two kinds of sweet
and salty, also have add mashed nuts and nuts made of Kashmir Bada
wood tea, generally pale pink. Drinking tea is the generation hobby of
Pakistan, tea is indispensable in their daily life. Therefore, calling "tea
kingdom" is worthy for Pakistan.
Figure 9 Pakistan Chapati