Ocean Chemistry and
Natural Resources
● Ocean ________and
___________agitate
(stir up) the surface,
stimulating the
_____________of
gases
● Marine plants depend
on
_____________CO2 to
perform
photosynthesis
Ocean Water Chemistry
● The 3 most important dissolved gases in the
ocean are __________, _____________and
______________.
○ Over half of Earth’s oxygen comes from the
____________
○ There is about 60x more carbon dioxide
(CO2) than __________(O2) in the ocean.
● Photosynthesis releases
O2 into ocean water which
is used by organisms
for_____________.
● Respiration releases
energy from stored
______________and
produces CO2 and water
as byproducts.
This is a gas exchange cycle.
● Some properties of seawater affect how much
gas can be dissolved in it:
○ __________water holds more gas than
warm water
○ Saltier seawater holds _______gas
○ Deep water, which as a ________pressure,
holds ____________ ________than
shallow water
● The most abundant salt in the ocean is sodium
chloride (NaCl). This is_________ _______!
● Ocean water is about _________ dissolved
salts and 96.5%________.
● The ___________of ocean water is
___________than freshwater due to the
amount of salt in the ocean
● But the density of the Dead Sea is even
higher...
The ocean is one of Earth's most valuable
natural resources.
Marine resources include
● Biotic – resources from
________things
● Minerals - __________
● Energy –_________, wind and tidal
energy
The oceans provide us food.
The ocean provides__________.
It is used for travel and__________.
It provides a source of recreation.
It is __________for minerals and drilled for
oil.
Fisheries
The word ____________refers to all of the
fishing activities in the ocean, whether they
are to obtain fish for the commercial fishing
industry, for recreation or to obtain
ornamental fish or fish oil.
Fishing activities resulting in fish not used
for consumption are called
____________fisheries.
The oceans have been ___________for
thousands of years and are an integral part
of human society.
Fish have been important to the world
____________throughout human history.
Fisheries today provide about 16% of the
total world's ___________supply with even
higher percentages occurring in
developing nations.
Fisheries
Fisheries are usually designated to certain
eco-regions like
__________fishery in Alaska
Eastern Pacific _________fishery
Lofoten island (Norway) ________ fishery.
Due to the relative abundance of fish on
the continental shelf, fisheries are usually
_____________and not freshwater.
Overfishing
With such a high human demand for fish
and the importance of fishing in the
economy of many countries, the potential
for ______________is great.
A continual decline in fish population
numbers due to overfishing can leave
future generations ___________this
valuable natural resource
Overfishing, as the name implies, occurs
when more fish are ______________from
the environment than can be replaced by
natural fish reproduction.
Human Recreation in the Ocean
____________is the fastest growing division
of the world economy and is responsible for
more than 200 million jobs all over the world.
The tourism industry is based on natural
resources present in each country and
tourism often has a ______________impact
on coastal and ocean ecosystems.
However, ____________tourism can actually
promote conservation of the environment.
Potential negative impacts of tourism on
the Ocean
Over development of coastal habitats and
the ______________of entire
ecosystems.
____________and sewage generated by
natives and visitors can add to an already
existing solid waste and garbage disposal
issue.
Eco and Cultural Tourism
Waste management issues associated with
tourism
Large influx of ____________produce more
waste than many local areas can handle, and
sometimes it ends up as untreated sewage
which gets dumped in the___________.
It can also lead to disease____________.
______________and ___________tourism
are a new trend that favors low impact
tourism and fosters a respect for local
cultures and ecosystems.
Ecotourism deals with living parts of the
natural environments and focuses on
socially ___________travel, personal
growth, and environmental_____________.
Eco and Cultural Tourism
Eco and Cultural Tourism
Ecotourism typically involves travel to
destinations where flora, fauna, and
cultural heritage are the primary
attractions.
Rafting, Zip-lines,
Backpacking,
Very popular in western
North Carolina
Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists
insight into the _________of human
beings on the environment, and to foster a
greater ____________of our
natural_____________.
Eco and Cultural Tourism
Earth University, Guacimo, Costa Rica
Offering seminars in sustainability and tropical
agriculture
Mining for minerals and drilling for crude
oil in the Ocean
Humans began to ___________the ocean
floor for diamonds, gold, silver, metal ores
like manganese nodules and gravel in the
1950's.
____________and gravels are often
mined for in the United States and are
used to protect beaches and reduce the
effects of_____________.
Mining the ocean can be devastating to
natural ecosystems.
_______________of any kind pulls up the
ocean floor and a cloud of sediment rises
up in the water, _______________with
photosynthetic processes of
phytoplankton and other marine life.
Dredging also introduces previously
benign heavy metal into the ocean
_________ ________(toxic).
Ocean Dredging
Some areas of the ocean are rich in
naturally occurring oil resources
Off Shore (Ocean) Oil Drilling
Off-shore ________ _______ can extract
these resources even in relatively deep
water.
Off-shore oil exploration and extraction
can pose a _________to marine
environments.
Getting oil out of the ocean
Before an offshore oil well can be drilled, the
oil reserves must first be____________.
In order to drill exploratory wells,
government permission must first be
obtained.
Geologists locate potential oil wells beneath
the ocean floor through the use of magnetic
and seismic surveys.
After an environmental
_________assessment is made,
geologists drill temporary, exploratory
wells to find out if there's a source of oil.
This surveying can’t be sure whether a site
has extractable oil or not until
______________ ____________takes
place.
If they think they've found a good source
of oil, then __________drilling takes place
to be sure
Once oil or gas is discovered, then a
______________well is drilled and a
production oil rig is built to replace the
exploratory drilling rig.
An average well will last from ten to twenty
years, and even after it has run dry an oil
rig may still be used for processing or
storage of petroleum from other wells, so
production oil rigs are built to________.
Off-Shore Oil Drilling Rigs
The platforms are normally made of steel
and are secured to the
____________using concrete or metal
foundations. Some platforms are designed
to _________in the ocean.
Initially the _____________from the oil
reservoir is enough to pump the oil or gas,
but as the pressure decreases, various
techniques are used to increase the
pressure in the reservoir.
The crude oil obtained from the well is
then refined at oil
refineries____________.
Potential risks associated with Off-Shore Oil
Drilling Rigs
The Drilling for oil under the ocean has many
different __________________impacts.
The rigs themselves impact living creatures
The actions and processes of drilling affect the
oceans and ocean life
The danger of _______________release of
petroleum into the oceans is constant.
Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill
In 2010, the Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill
occurred where millions of barrels of crude
oil leaked into the Gulf of Mexico
_________________of ocean resources
and thoughtful long term cost /benefit
analyses with regard to the use of the
ocean’s many natural resources are an
integral part of ______________our oceans
well into the future.