Means Testing for Targeting the People in Health Programs:
A Systematic Review
(Draft)
Review report submitted to
The Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research
By
Meng Qingyue, Yuan Beibei, Jia Liying
Center for Health Management and Policy, Shandong University
April 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Background...................................................................................................................................1
2. Objectives and definitions.............................................................................................................3
3. Criteria for inclusion of studies.....................................................................................................4
4. Methods ........................................................................................................................................4
4.1Searched databases and websites .........................................................................................4
4.2 Search strategy ....................................................................................................................5
4.3 Review method ...................................................................................................................8
5. Results...........................................................................................................................................9
5.1 Classification and description of means testing methods..................................................11
3.2 Eligibility Criteria, source of information, and health programs ......................................15
5.3 Target populations in different health programs................................................................23
5.4 Means testing method assessed by authors of the studies .................................................23
6. Discussions .................................................................................................................................28
Acknowledgement ..........................................................................................................................30
References.......................................................................................................................................31
Annex 1: Search strategies..............................................................................................................34
Annex 2: Data extraction form in this review.................................................................................76
Means Testing for Targeting the People in Health Programs:
A Systematic Review
(Draft)
1. Background
Targeting is a policy option of concentrating the benefits of an intervention on a
pre-identified specific group (Meessen and Criel 2008), which has been widely
applied in programs for reducing poverty, including programs of food subsides,
housing, health care, employment, and education (Imai; Bitrán and Muñoz 2000;
Conning and Kevane 2000; Tekleselassie and Johnstone. 2004; Soares and al. 2006;
Children's Institute in University of Cape Town December 2005). There is evidence
that targeting of public spending in the social sectors can yield better results in terms
of enhancing equity than universal provision of services (Bitrán and Muñoz 2000).
Targeting of public subsidies for health is one of the central policies available for
improving equity in health sector.
A variety of methods are available for targeting. Marchione (2005) summarizes four
types of targeting methods, including self-targeting, means testing, categorical, and
community-base selection. Self-targeting is to use people’s own judgments and
decisions to distribute targeted benefits; means testing is an administrative mechanism
for assessing a person's or a family’s eligibility to receive benefits, based on income
or other income-related characteristics of an individual or family; categorical targeting
usually uses indicators including location of the residence, age, etc; and
community-based selection involve community people including community officials
and members in decisions of allocating the targeted subsides. Even though
descriptions of the targeting methods are different from authors (Hanson, Worrall et al.
2006; Gwatkin 2000), the key elements of the targeting methods are almost the same.
Means testing has been widely used to identify eligible individuals or families in
health programs (Levine, Griffin et al. 1992; Willis 1993; Gwatkin 2004). Compared
with other targeting methods, means testing was thought of being the most effective
and expensive targeting method (Malik and Chanthy 2003).
When means testing is used to identify the poor population and improve their use of
health services, several steps are involved (Figure 1):
1) Identifying the poor people who have no means to access health services;
2) Enrolling people without their own means to access services into health program;
and
3) Providing health services for people enrolled in health programs.
1
Figure 1 Process of means testing
Aspects of eligibility criteria, targeting mechanisms, implementation process, and
administrative costs, are the core elements in a design and implementation of means
testing (Levine, Griffin et al. 1992; Willis and Leighton 1995).
Criteria for eligibility are often designed according to characteristics of a person or a
family in relation to ability to pay for health services. Means tests include three types
(Bitran 2000): simple means test (based on reported household income, size, and
composition); sophisticated means test (adjusted family income according to family
size, seasonality, costs of major items such as housing, university tuition, major
medical expenses); and proxy means test (objectively calculates synthetic needs score
or index based on a series of variables that may include housing characteristics and
location, family structure, occupation, education, gender of head of household,
ownership of durable goods Calculation of index may be done by interviewers or
computer).
According to Hanson (2006), a range of different types of resource are targeted
towards specific groups such as products, services, vouchers, and cash which are
subsidized by a government or other public body. Hanson summarizes six different
targeting mechanisms that have been applied in the health sector, including resource
allocation formulae, contracting NGOs, user fee exemptions, cash transfers, vouchers,
and market segmentation strategies.
Means tests can be conducted by local authorities, health provider facilities, health
program managers, and community members. Capacity and accountability of the
organizers would determine quality of identification of the targets (Jacobs and Price
2005; Rai 2009). In LMICs, availability of information related to the criteria is
usually limited, which requires great efforts of people responsible for verifying the
eligibilities. In places where means tests are frequently organized, implementation
of the means tests may be easier than where means testing is initiated for the first time,
because of better administrative capacity and more basic information.
2
Performance of means testing can be evaluated from two dimensions: two type errors
and cost-benefit of the targeting. Type I error refers to leakage of the true poor. Type
II error refers to coverage of the non-poor. An ideal means testing is to keep the two
types errors minimal. However, there is a tradeoff between the two type errors. When
type II error is to be reduced, it may increase type I error because some of the true
poor could be excluded from a very stringent means test (Willis 1993). As found in
Thailand and Chile, high income-eligibility level resulted in high level leakage (Bitran
and Giedion 2006). Means testing is usually expensive if information for assessing the
criteria is not available from existing records. More accurate information means more
costs. Health program organizers need to consider the tradeoff between accuracy of
information and cost for gathering the information (Gwatkin 2004). Proportion of
administrative costs of means testing accounting for benefits delivered to the target
population can to some extent reflect cost-effectiveness of the means testing.
In LMICs, conduct of means testing is more difficult than in developed countries
(Levine, Griffin et al. 1992), mainly because in LMICs the population may be
sparsely located, infrastructure and information are not available, and much of the
population is outside the formal economy.
One review on means testing is a published technical note from US Abt Associates
Inc. in 1992 (Levine, Griffin et al. 1992). This review aims to synthesize experiences
of targeting and means testing in US and developing countries by analyzing 48 cases
of projects. Coverage, leakage, and administrative cost of different targeting methods
were listed by the authors. The review concludes that although targeting has been
done in the health sector, it is more common in food and nutrition programs; because
of the data constraints, ability to make comparisons across types of targeting was
limited; and there are no standard criteria for “success” of targeting mechanism.
Another review conducted by Hanson et al reviewed the evidence regarding different
approaches to targeting resources towards the poor. As observed by Hanson, most
studies included in the literature just focused on measuring targeting outcomes. In
addition, the two reviews focus on general targeting issues rather than means testing.
This review will systematically describe approaches and mechanisms of means testing
in health programs that would facilitate practice in pro-poor health programs and
generate new knowledge on this topic.
2. Objectives and definitions
The objectives of this review are:
1) To describe the mechanisms of means testing used in health programs for
targeting poor populations; and
2) To describe how the authors have assessed effects of means testing approaches
where applicable.
Means testing is defined, for the purposes of this review, as mechanisms for
identifying people, either individuals or households, as poor. These mechanisms may
include: processes for defining criteria for identifying poor people; criteria used to
identify poor people; and processes used for assessing which people meet the criteria.
3
For this review, health programs refer to any types of programs aiming to provide
financial or non-financial assistance including case transfer, voucher, and exemption,
health insurance, and health services in order to improve accessibility of health
services for poor populations.
3. Criteria for inclusion of studies
This review focus on all studies about mechanisms and approaches of means testing
to target population applied in health programs. Health programs refer to any types of
programs aiming to provide financial or non-financial assistance including case
transfer, vouch, exemption, health insurance, and services in order to improve
accessibility of health services for targeted populations.
Studied populations were those who were target population identified using means
testing in health programs.
Means testing in this review was all investigations into status of individual persons
(household) in order to judge if they should be included in the health programs. All
approaches used in means testing in health programs will be included. Design of
eligibility criteria and implementation of the means testing constitute major aspects of
a means testing approach.
In this review, all types of study design (methods) except opinion paper, letter, news,
comment, editorial, bibliography, methodological papers, and resource guides were
included.
Three types of outcome measures were used in this review, including coverage of the
eligible population, leakage of the eligible population, and administrative costs of the
means testing.
4. Methods
4.1Searched databases and websites
We have searched the published and unpublished literatures about means testing
approaches in health programs. We have searched the Database of Abstracts of
Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) for related reviews.
We searched the following electronic databases:
The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the
Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness
The Cochrane EPOC Specialized Register(and the database of studies awaiting
assessment)
Cochrane library(CDSR: Cochrane database of systematic reviews; HTA: health
technology Assessment Database; NHS Economic Evaluation Database NHS
EED)
Scopus
PubMed
EMBASE
Global health
，
4
IBSS (International Bibliography in Social Science)
PAIS International (Public Affairs Information Service)
Global health
Popline (Population Information Online)
Jstor
EconLit
Encopapers
IDEAS (Research Papers in Economics)
ELDIS (ID21 )
BLDS (British Library of Development Studies)
ProQuest Dissertation & Theses Database
ISI Proceedings
SSRN
Citeseerx
Social Care Online
China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CHKD-CNKI)
Chinese Medicine Premier (Wanfang Data)
We searched the websites of international social and health organizations:
（
）
UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
USAID (United States Agency for International Development)
World Bank -- Documents & Reports
World Health Organization -- Publications
OECD
ILO
ESCAP (the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific )
We searched the database which indexed the grey literatures such as:
OpenSIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe)
NTIS (National Technical Information Service)
We also searched Google for finding more unpublished studies and the omission in
database.
4.2 Search strategy
The search was conducted in two phases. The first phase was from 26 October 2009
to 24 November 2009. Main search strategies in this phases include:
：
#1 "means testing" [TIAB] OR "means-testing" [TIAB] OR "means tested" [TIAB]
OR "means-tested" [TIAB] OR "means test" [TIAB] OR "means tests" [TIAB]
：
#2 "Eligibility Determination"[MAJR] OR "eligibility determination" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility measurement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirement" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility requirements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility criteria" [TIAB] OR "eligibility
threshold" [TIAB] OR target [TIAB] OR targeting [TIAB] OR targeted [TIAB] OR
targets [TIAB]
：
#3 "health program" [TIAB] OR "health programs" [TIAB] OR "public program"
5
[TIAB] OR "public programs" [TIAB] OR "health insurance" [TIAB] OR "health
financing" [TIAB] OR "health plan" [TIAB] OR "health plans" [TIAB] OR "health
planning" [TIAB] OR "medical scheme" [TIAB] OR "medical schemes" [TIAB] OR
Medicare [TIAB] OR Medicaid [TIAB] OR "community health finance organization"
[TIAB] OR "community health finance organizations" [TIAB] OR "community
financing" [TIAB] OR "community self-financing" [TIAB] OR "micro-insurance"
[TIAB] OR "mutual health organization" [TIAB] OR "mutual health organizations"
[TIAB] OR "mutual health care" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical system" [TIAB]
OR "cooperative medical systems" [TIAB] OR "mutual health association" [TIAB]
OR "mutual health associations" [TIAB] OR "prepayment insurance organization"
[TIAB] OR "prepayment insurance organizations" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical
scheme" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical schemes" [TIAB] OR "prepayment plan"
[TIAB] OR "prepayment plans" [TIAB] OR "prepayment scheme" [TIAB] OR
"prepayment schemes" [TIAB] OR Mutuelles [TIAB] OR "long term care" [TIAB]
OR pro-poor[TIAB] OR "pro poor" [TIAB] OR propoor[TIAB] OR exemption [TIAB]
OR "exemption program" [TIAB] OR "exemption programs" [TIAB] OR "exemption
mechanism" [TIAB] OR "exempted service" [TIAB] OR "exempted services" [TIAB]
OR waiver[TIAB] OR waivers[TIAB] OR voucher [TIAB] OR vouchers [TIAB] OR
"cash transfer" [TIAB] OR "cash transfers" [TIAB] OR "health card" [TIAB] OR
"health cards" [TIAB] OR "ration card" [TIAB] OR "ration cards" [TIAB] OR "social
assistance" [TIAB] OR "social safety net" [TIAB] OR "social safety nets" [TIAB] OR
"social security net" [TIAB] OR "social security nets" [TIAB] OR "drug policy"
[TIAB] OR "drugs policy" [TIAB] OR "medicine policy" [TIAB] OR "medicines
policy" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy policy" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical policy" [TIAB]
OR "drug program" [TIAB] OR "drugs program" [TIAB] OR "drug programs" [TIAB]
OR "drugs programs" [TIAB] OR "medicine program" [TIAB] OR "medicines
program" [TIAB] OR "medicine programs" [TIAB] OR "medicines programs" [TIAB]
OR "pharmacy program" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy programs" [TIAB] OR
"pharmaceutical program" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical programs" [TIAB] OR "drug
project" [TIAB] OR "drugs project" [TIAB] OR "drug projects" [TIAB] OR "drugs
projects" [TIAB] OR "medicine project" [TIAB] OR "medicines project" [TIAB] OR
"medicine projects" [TIAB] OR "medicines projects" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy project"
[TIAB] OR "pharmacy projects" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical project" [TIAB] OR
"pharmaceutical projects" [TIAB] OR "drug plan" [TIAB] OR "drugs plan" [TIAB]
OR "drug plans" [TIAB] OR "drugs plans" [TIAB] OR "medicine plan" [TIAB] OR
"medicines plan" [TIAB] OR "medicine plans" [TIAB] OR "medicines plans" [TIAB]
OR "pharmacy plan" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy plans" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical
plan" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical plans" [TIAB] OR "drug planning" [TIAB] OR
"drugs planning" [TIAB] OR "medicine planning" [TIAB] OR "medicines planning"
[TIAB] OR "pharmacy planning" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical planning" [TIAB] OR
"drug scheme" [TIAB] OR "drugs scheme" [TIAB] OR "drug schemes" [TIAB] OR
"drugs schemes" [TIAB] OR "medicine scheme" [TIAB] OR "medicines scheme"
[TIAB] OR "medicine schemes" [TIAB] OR "medicines schemes" [TIAB] OR
"pharmacy scheme" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy schemes" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical
scheme" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical schemes" [TIAB] OR "prescription drug"
[TIAB] OR "prescription drugs" [TIAB] OR "prescription medicine" [TIAB] OR
"prescription medicines" [TIAB] OR "prescription medication" [TIAB] OR
"prescription medications" [TIAB] OR "family planning " [TIAB])
#4
：(poverty[MH] OR poor*[TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR low-income[TIAB] OR
6
indigent[TIAB] OR indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB]
OR "disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged populations"[TIAB]
#5
：(#2 AND #3 AND #3)
#6: (#1 OR #5)
Supplementary searching strategies
In the second phase, we searched all resources from 31 December 2009 to 14 January
2010, based on comments from international experts, the searching strategy in
PubMed as following.
：
#1 "eligibility determination"[MAJR] OR "eligibility determination" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility measurement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility requirement" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility requirements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility criteria" [TIAB] OR "eligibility
threshold" [TIAB]) AND (beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB]
：
#2 target [TIAB] OR targeting [TIAB] OR targeted [TIAB] OR targets [TIAB]) AND
(beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB]
：
#3
"eligibility determinations" [TIAB] OR "eligibility measurements" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility thresholds" [TIAB] OR "eligibility selection" [TIAB] OR "eligibility
assessment" [TIAB] OR "eligibility assessments" [TIAB] OR "selection criteria"
[TIAB]) AND (poverty[MH] OR poor [TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR
low-income[TIAB] OR indigent[TIAB] OR indigence[TIAB] OR
impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable
population"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged population"[TIAB]
OR "disadvantaged populations"[TIAB] OR beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries
[TIAB]
：
#4 identify [TIAB] OR identifying [TIAB] OR identification [TIAB]) AND
(poverty[MH] OR poor [TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR low-income[TIAB] OR
indigent[TIAB] OR indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB]
OR "disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged populations"[TIAB] OR
beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB]
：
#5 "financial assessment" [TIAB] OR "financial assessments" [TIAB] OR "financial
measurement" [TIAB] OR "financial measurements" [TIAB] OR "income
assessment" [TIAB] OR "income assessments" [TIAB] OR "income measurement"
[TIAB] OR "income measurements" [TIAB]
：
#6 ("individual assessment" [TIAB] OR "household assessment" [TIAB] OR
"individual assessments" [TIAB] OR "household assessments" [TIAB]) AND (income
[TIAB] OR expense [TIAB] OR expenses [TIAB] OR goods [TIAB] OR means
[TIAB] OR wealth [TIAB] OR property [TIAB])
：#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6
#8：(exemption[TIAB] OR exemptions[TIAB] OR "exempted service" [TIAB] OR
#7
7
"exempted services" [TIAB] OR waiver[TIAB] OR waivers[TIAB] OR voucher
[TIAB] OR vouchers [TIAB] OR "cash transfer" [TIAB] OR "cash transfers" [TIAB]
OR subsidy[TIAB] OR subsidies[TIAB] OR subsidize[TIAB] OR subsidise[TIAB]
OR subsidized[TIAB] OR subsidised[TIAB] OR subsidizing[TIAB] OR
subsidising[TIAB]) AND health [TIAB])
#9 : "health equity funds" [TIAB] OR "health equity fund" [TIAB] OR Financing,
Government [MH] OR health services accessibility [MH] OR "health care access"
[TIAB] OR "health care utilization" [TIAB] OR "health services access" [TIAB] OR
"health services utilization" [TIAB] OR "health service access" [TIAB] OR "health
service utilization" [TIAB] OR "health services accessibility" [TIAB] OR "health
service accessibility" [TIAB] OR "health care accessibility" [TIAB]
：#8 OR #9
#11：#7 AND #10
#10
We made transferred strategies in other databases or websites. The specific searching
strategies are attached in annex 1.
4.3 Review method
Screening
In an initial pilot programme, we randomly selected 3% of searched results which
were independently assessed by two of the authors, and then each discussed to ensure
the same approach was being used. Subsequently each paper identified was screened
by the reading titles and abstracts and then the full texts of all the literatures included
in titles and abstracts were searched. The retrieved full texts were screened and the
final included items were identified. The process of screen was done and recorded in
the Endnote.
Data extraction
Data extraction was done by 3 authors independently. Initially, we took screening 3%
of the results from the screening process. All these were double extracted making use
of coding form designed in protocol. The differences in data extraction, problems in
coding form were identified and discussed by all reviewers and subject experts. Then
the coding form was adjusted and improved. Relevant information was extracted from
included documents. The data extraction form used in this review was attached in
Annex 2.
Data analysis
We firstly listed all the approaches and mechanisms of means testing used in health
programs and how the authors have assessed its effectiveness on outcome indicators if
it is available.
We described all the included studies based on the information we gained via data
extraction, which include study location, health programs, target population, the
approaches and process of means testing, outcomes of means testing such as coverage
and leakage of the means testing, administrative costs for conducting the means
testing.
We presented the means testing approaches by subgroups such as different types of
targeting populations, different health programs types, different economic levels of
8
country, and different aspects of means testing.
5. Results
A total of 15,855 articles were searched, and 10,244 were left for screening after
checking duplications. Out of the 10,244 articles screened, 125 articles were excluded
as they were opinion papers, letters, news, commentary, editorial, or bibliography;
3096 articles were excluded as they were not the studies related to health programs;
6846 studies excluded because they are documents without descriptions on contents
of targeting methods; 21 articles excluded because they were theoretical,
methodological studies or work plans, and means testing methods in articles have not
been implemented; and 61 studies were excluded as the targeting methods in articles
were not means testing methods. In addition, 42 documents cannot be judged whether
they need to be included or not because full texts of those documents were not
retrieved. Nine articles are duplicates of others which were not found in duplicate
checking of titles and abstracts, and one paper is not English. Plus 15 relevant articles
found in references searching, finally 58 documents met the inclusion criteria and
were used in this review. Figure 2 demonstrates the screen process.
After screening titles and abstracts, 356 were labelled for retrieval of the full text, of
which we were able to obtain 314 full-text documents. Of the 42 we did not obtain, 13
documents were published articles in Journals, and 11 documents were book or book
chapters we could not access to. The remaining 18 articles were unpublished reports
or thesis and their sources are not clear.
9
10244
Screening abstracts and titles:
108 are excluded because they are opinion paper, letter, news,
comment or editorial;
3053 are excluded because they are not about health program;
6674 are excluded because of no targeting methods
5 are excluded because targeting methods haven’t been
implemented;
48 are excluded because targeting method is no means testing
356
Screening full texts:
17 are excluded because they are opinion paper, letter, news,
comment or editorial;
43 are excluded because they are not about health program;
172 are excluded because of no targeting methods
16 are excluded because targeting methods haven’t been
implemented;
13 are excluded because targeting method is no means testing;
9 are duplicates of other articles;
1 cannot be judged because it’s not English or Chinese article;
42 cannot be judged because full texts cannot be found
43
15 relevant references
are found during data
extraction
58
Figure 2: Screening process
10
5.1 Classification and description of means testing methods
Based on classifications of targeting methods from Coady (2003) and Bitran (2000),
we categorize means testing methods into four types: verified means test, simple
means test, proxy means tests, and mixed approaches. Below we provide an
explanation to each of the methods, with some examples from the literature. Table 1
summarizes distribution of those methods.
Table 1 Distribution of different means test methods*
Means test
method
Verified
means test
(VMT)
Simple means
test (SMT)
North
America
USA (13)
Europe
South
America
Ireland (1)
Romania(1)
Turkey (1)
UK (1)
Costa Rica
(1)
Dominican
Republic (1)
Spain (1)
Colombia (2)
Ecuador(1)
Nicaragua(1)
Proxy means
test (PMT)
Chile (2)
Honduras(1)
Mexico (3)
Nicaragua(1)
Peru (2)
Asia/Pacific
Africa
Bangladesh
(2)
India (1)
South
Korea(2)
Thailand(1)
Fiji(1)
Cambodia(6)
Indonesia(1)
Thailand (1)
Vietnam (2)
Burkina
Faso(1)
Belize(2)
South
Africa(1)
Zimbabwe(2)
Congo(2)
Kenya(3)
Malawi (3)
Swaziland (1)
Zambia (1)
Zimbabwe
(1)
Thailand (1)
Central
African
Republic(1)
Ethiopia (4)
Mixed
Ghana (3)
approaches
Mali (1)
(MA)
Niger (1)
Senegal (2)
Zaire (1)
Zimbabwe
(1)
* Figures in the table indicate the number of documents covering the strategies. In one article,
more than one strategy could be found.
Verified means test (VMT): is the gold standard of targeting that collects nearly
complete information on a household’s income and/or wealth and verifies the
information collected against independent sources such as pay stubs, or income and
property tax records. We identified 13 articles of describing how verified means test
methods were used in different health programs such as Medicaid, Long term care,
State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), Medicare Savings Programs,
and Veterans Administration (VA) health care system, in the United States.
Case 1: Verified means testing used in USA
(Verifying Income and Asset Information)
Documentation
11
For income(earned and unearned), such documentation generally covers the past two months
and include documents such as: pay stubs, employer wage statements, benefit letters from other
programs (social security, unemployment compensation, pensions, etc.), employer letters, etc.
For assets (cash or non-cash), such documentation must include the applicant’s most recent
banking statements (savings and checking), value of stocks or bonds, life insurance policies,
vehicle documentation, etc.
For expenses, applicants must provide documents on: shelter costs, most recent utility bills (gas,
electricity, water), written statement of child care costs, real estate tax bills, recent medical bills,
and child support payments made by the applicant.
Computer Matches
The Department of Labor’s New Hires Registry , which provides information about individuals
who are newly employed; Income Eligibility Verification System (EIVS), which conducts
matches to verify household income using several databases; Department of Motor Vehicles
databases, to help verify identity, address information, vehicle asset information; Within State
Automated Benefits Systems; SSA’s Death Match, which matches against national death records
to detect the possible collection of benefits for deceased individuals (a federally mandated
match); Prisoner Verification System, which matches against the databases of the Federal Bureau
of Prisons to check for prisoners receiving benefits (not eligible) (a federally mandated match);
Child Support database, to identify information on applicants not reporting child support income;
Bank match, to match with bank records maintained by the Treasury Department for asset and
eligibility information; State Lottery Winners database for asset information; Systematic Alien
Verification Eligibility (SAVE) system operated by the Immigration and Naturalization Service
to track immigration status of applicants.
Author’s conclusion
With respect to the implementation and outcomes of means-tested systems, some key messages
include:
Means-tested systems can have impressive targeting outcomes. In general, US safety net
programs are quite well targeted, with a high share (48-80% depending on the program) of
benefits accruing to the lowest quintile, and very low leakage to the non-poor.
Some key ingredients for implementing means-tested programs include: 1) identification of
individuals. A clear and unique identification system is a crucial ingredient for the proper
targeting of individuals; 2) Rigorous verification. Another key ingredients for the US’s
impressive targeting outcomes is rigorous verification of incomes, assets, and identity; and 3)
Random-sample audits.
Source: Lindert 2005
Simple means tests (SMT), a visit to households by implementers of the means
testing to verify in a qualitative way to judge the consistence with the figures reported
by the applicants or communities. This is a method widely used in both developed and
developing countries. We found this method was used in 16 countries from the
included articles.
Case 2: Simple means testing used in Thailand
The Free Medical Care Project was introduced as part of the Government’s proposals for helping
the poorer sections of the population. It formed part of the Fourth Five Year Plan, 1977-81, though
the first budget allocation was made in 1976. The objectives of the Project include to create equity
in receiving medical care among the people; improve the health status of the poor especially in
rural areas; pave the way for National Health Insurance for the poor; and create positive attitudes
in the poor regarding health services.
The project has three components, free medical care, mobile health units, and radio
12
communications, the first being by far the largest as indicated by the budget allocations for F.Y.
1979.
Eligibility criteria used in means testing
The regulations current in 1980 stated that the following were eligible for free care: 1) single
people with an income of less than 1,500 a month;2) married couples whose total income was less
than 2,000 a month; and 3) their children under 20, and over 20 if they were mentally or
physically disabled.
It varied in different provinces. Where the hospital directors do not have time or capacity to do a
detailed assessment of the income indicators such as physical appearance and dress are used for
subjective judgment.
Process of means testing
When the project was introduced at beginning, eligibility cards were to be issued in Bangkok to
those who were classified as poor. Then this was changed. Hospital director or person in charge of
the health centre, was given the responsibility of deciding who would be qualified for free care on.
Author’s conclusion
While the Free Medical Care Project was making free care available to considerable numbers of
people, the budget allocations favored the better-off Regions, not being concentrated in those
Regions which had the greatest number of the very poor, and that eligibility for free care varied
over the Kingdom.
Source: Mills 1991
Proxy means testing (PMT), is based on predictions of welfare from demographic,
education, and asset variables. This is a system in which a score for applicant
households based on observed characteristics of the household can be made.
Characteristics of the households can include location and quality of the dwelling,
ownership of durable goods, demographic structure of the household, and the
education and, possibly, occupations of adult members. About 26 articles covering 14
countries were identified to relate to this means test method. This method is more
often used in LMICs.
Case 3: Proxy means testing used in Cambodia
The Cambodian government was concerned about the barriers created by user fees in health care
access. A Health Equity Fund (HEF) was designed a complementary measure to a
performance-based funding scheme and had become part of the National Poverty Reduction
Strategy 2003–2005. With the political support of the Ministry of Health, different agencies
adapted the strategy. In late 2006, there were 26 hospital-based HEFs in operation.
Eligible criteria in Kirivong’s HEF
The eligible people need to meet all three major criteria: poor composition of house (roof and wall
from thatch/palm/bark/aluminum sheets); owning less than 0.5ha of land; having a daily
household income of R4000 (1US$) or less; and to meet at least one of additional criteria of no
‘luxury goods’ assets (such as TV, motorcycle) or no farm animals or having at least seven
economically inactive household members.
Process of means testing
District Chief Monks and Deputy Governors formulated the criteria for eligibility to benefit from
equity funds. Local monks and community representatives (pagoda volunteers) residing in or close
to the villages listed those who are eligible within their community based on eligibility criteria. It
takes few weeks to reach consensus about the identified households’ eligibility that is to be finally
approved by the pagodas’ chief monks. All pagoda volunteers and Village Chiefs recorded the
13
names of all members of eligible households, identity card number or election card number. These
completed lists were photocopied and provided to authorities of village, commune and district
authorities, pagoda chief monks, and health facilities. The eligible households were informed
about their eligibility and benefits by community representatives. When they are sick, HEF
beneficiaries visit healthcare providers with their identity card or election card. They get
certification from the health care provider upon receipt of the health care services delivery. After
getting services, they need to hand certification over to their local representatives for
administration purposes. Non-eligible households may also ask pagoda chief monk for inclusion
after the beneficiaries’ selection process is completed. Surveys are conducted every six months to
verify the socio-economic status of a sample of beneficiaries.
Outcome of means testing
In 2003, a total of 6,829 households with 32,220 members were identified, 35% of the eligible are
below poverty line. Based on data from September 2003 to August 2004, the cost of selecting
beneficiaries is 0.07US$ per capita of total eligible beneficiaries.
Source: Noirhomme 2007
Mix approaches (MA), is a method combining the simple means test or proxy means
test methods with other targeting methods. This system was used in 14 countries with
majority in LMICs Combinations can be simple means test or proxy means test
together with geographic locations, health characters or conditions, and other
characters of the target population (table 2).
Table2 Mixed approaches and their distribution
Combination
Indicators
Countries
-Income; and
-Location of districts.
Central African
Republic;
Honduras;
Nicaragua;
Zaire;
Zimbabwe.
Senegal
SMT and
Geographic
SMT and health
conditions
SMT and
Geographic and
health condition
SMT and
Geographic, health
condition, and others
(education and
demographic
-Income;
-Physically or mentally handicapped and chronic
illness (tuberculosis and leprosy); and
-Accidents or other emergencies.
-Income;
-Landless or owns only very distant and cheap
land;
-Agricultural labourer;
-Workers in construction and outside of village;
-No possession or assets;
-Have to borrow money if wish to invest/farm;
-Food has to be earned daily;
-Chronic sickness;
-The elderly;
-Without family support; and
-Mentally or physically disabled.
-Household living conditions and income;
-The poorest districts in the country;
-Level of chronic infant malnutrition;
-History of political violence;
-Social demographic; and
Thailand
Ghana;
Mali;
Niger;
Peru.
14
characteristics)
PMT and
Geographic
PMT and health
condition
-Amenities.
-Marginalization Index;
-Household structure, occupation, income;
-Benefits from social program;
-Migration;
-Access to services;
-Social security coverage;
-Dwelling characteristics;
-Land and animals; and
-Health conditions.
-Income;
-Cattle for farming;
-Education level of the household head.
Mexico
Ethiopia
Case 4: Mixed approaches used in Mexico
In 1997, the government of Mexico initiated a new program aimed at alleviating extreme poverty
in the country. The Education, Health and Nutrition Program, adopts an integrated approach to
combating different causes of poverty. A characteristic of the program is that the benefits are
targeted directly to households in extreme poverty in rural areas.
Two steps which include community selection and household selection are implemented.
Community selection:
1. The marginality index was developed using the method of principal components, based on
seven variables from the two databases.
2. 2 Once this index was created, localities could be ranked by marginality.
3. The other elements considered included geographical location, distance between localities,
and the existence of health and school infrastructure.
4. Localities having a high or very high degree of marginality were considered priorities to be
included in the program
Household selection method consists of three steps:
1. Carry out a census of all the households residing in the marginal localities selected.
2. Construct total household income based on the individual income data contained in a survey.
3. Construct per capita income by dividing the value of income by the number of household
members.
4. Compare the measure of income obtained from step 3 above with the Standard Food Basket.
5. Use discriminate analysis, separately for each region, in order classify poor or non-poor
households
Source: Skoufias 1999
3.2 Eligibility Criteria, source of information, and health programs
Four types of health programs were identified in this review which used means testing
method to realize their target beneficiaries.
Health insurance: In USA, means testing method was widely used to identify target
populations in different health insurance programs, individual or household
assessment was conducted by states’ health information system and databases, family
income and assets were adjudged as the eligibility of the programs by State, the
15
eligibilities were different because of different health insurance programs. For
example, family income is the primary criterion for determining eligibility for S-CHIP,
with most states having the option to cover children from families with income of up
to 200 percent of the poverty level(Congressional Budget Office 1998); At or below
75 percent of the federal poverty level, for asserts, $2,000 for an individual and
$3,000 for a couple can be included Medicare Savings Programs and Medicaid
(Summer and Thompson 2004); Medicare beneficiaries whose incomes do not exceed
100 percent of the Federal poverty level (FPL) and whose resources do not exceed
twice the amount established for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) eligibility
(Neumann, Bernardin et al. 1994); UK, Ireland and Spain also used simple means
tests or proxy means tests in their long term care, their criteria include income or
value of the household, for example, in UK, income and capital were used for
measurement of the criteria for the elderly. The value of an older person’s home is
excluded from capital for the first twelve weeks after entry to a care home. After that,
it is taken into account unless the older person has a partner or other qualifying
relative who continues to live in the home (Hancock, Juarez-Garcia et al. 2006);
Colombia, Peru, Costa Rica and South Korea implemented Subsidy for Enrolling into
Health Insurance to , for example, in Colombia, to achieve universal coverage for a
package of basic health benefits, government-subsidized health services was an
innovation of health care system, insurance entities financed mainly by the State
through direct subsidies for the poor which satisfied the criteria that households
scoring under 48 points (Bitrán and Muñoz 2000).
Cash transfer: 8 countries implemented their cash transfer programs via mean testing,
which include 3 low income countries, 3 low middle income countries and 2 upper
middle income counties. Indicators such as income, food, education, socioeconomic
character and location were the eligibilities for their criteria in these counties. For
example, in Peru, five criteria are used to identify the poorest districts in the country
in terms of lacking basic necessities, level of chronic infant malnutrition and a history
of political violence. Then the household targeting is based on a social demographic
questionnaire designed and implemented by INEI (population census), combined with
an algorithm to establish the cut-off point between the poor and non-poor (poverty
line).( Jones 2006)
Provision of free health service: which include exemption, waiver, free health
service or education provision. 26 countries used means test method in their
exemption and waiver programs. Most of them (19) are low income and low middle
income countries, which used different means test method. For example, in Africa, 14
means-tested health programs were applied in Central African Republic, Ethiopia,
Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Swaziland, Zaire and Zimbabwe. They usually
used income proxies and characters (demographic) as the criteria of waiver fee (Willis
and Leighton 1995). Romania, Turkey, Korea and Costa Rica used means-testing
identifies those who were eligible to receive free contraceptives. For example, early in
their family planning programs, Korea and Costa Rica distributed vouchers to the
poor on the basis of means-testing. These vouchers entitled the holder to family
planning services at his or her choice of source. The government reimbursed
providers for vouchers submitted (Kim, Taek-Il et al. 1972; Lemkin and Richard
1972).
Fee structure: in South Africa, Belize and Chile, they used annual family income,
patient-declared household income and wage as the eligibility of fee structure
16
programs. For example, in Belize, the government supplied Sliding scale of fee plus
full exemption for indigent, which depend on patient-declared household income, or
occupation as its eligibility (Gilson, Russell et al. 1995).
Table 3 summarize health programs, major indicators for measuring eligibility, and
data source, by country and health programs. Table 4 demonstrates distribution of
countries by health programs and methods of means testing.
17
Table 3 Location and eligibility criteria of the health programs
Health
programs
Medicaid
State Children
Health
Insurance
Program
Country
USA
USA
USA
Medicare
USA
USA
Ireland
Long Term
Care
Spain
UK
Subsidy for
Enrolling into
Health
Insurance
Colombia
Costa Rica
Peru
Contents of health programs
Criteria or eligibility
Combination of federal and state funds to
financing health services for eligible population
Recipients of some welfare programs, and
medically needy population judged by income
and assets
Combination of federal and state funds to
financing health services for eligible children
Children in poor family judged mainly by
family income
Medicare Saving programs: To pay Medicare
premium or cost-sharing for poor Medicare
beneficiaries
Medicare’s Transactional Assistance Program:
Provide credit for prescription drugs for
Medicare beneficiaries
Medicare Part D: To reduces out-of-pocket
expenditures for Medicare enrollees
Government buy long term care the eligible
elderly.
Co-payment rate of home care services, nursing
home services and day care centres varies
according to elderly’s income
Government subsidize residential and home
long term care to the eligible elderly.
To subsidize the eligible people to enrol into
health insurance
Free affiliation to the national health insurance
program
Poor Medicare beneficiaries judged by income
and asset
To subsidize the premium for eligible
population
Low income Medicare beneficiaries
Data source for measuring the
indicators
Employers’ records and tax
reports, other government’s
databases, occasional home
visits
Documents submitted by
applicants, government’s
databases
Documents submitted by
applicants, government’s
databases
Documents submitted by
applicants
The Medicare patients with low income and
assets
Income and assets
Information reported by
applicants
-
Income, assets and other proxy indicators
Documents submitted by
applicants
Income and capital
-
Proxy indictors like housing, utilities, education
etc
Proxy indicators like composition, earning,
housing condition, etc.
Home survey data
Household living condition and income
Documents provided by
applicants; judgement by social
workers
Survey by social workers or
designated facility member
18
South
Korean
Exemption and
waiver
programs
Bangladesh
Burkina
Faso
Fully or partially subsidized insurance
payments
BRAC’s CEF/TUP programme: Providing
health and hygiene education, reproductive
health and disease control services; free
hospital health services etc.
Maternal health services voucher for free
Different exemption level for different hospital
and health center services
Cambodia
Central
African
Republic
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
Dominican
Republic
Ethiopia
Fiji
-
Free health centers’ services
Free diagnostic services and inpatients and
outpatients services in several hospitals and in
the national laboratory; maternal and children
health services
-
Ghana
Income
-
Household possession of land, number of
working men, women and children in family,
etc.
Household survey
Income, ownership of land and other property
Definition of poor without pre-determined
criteria
Proxy indicators include occupation of
household head; family composition; type of
housing; transport means; size of land; other
property which are different in different areas.
Some places used community leaders’
judgement.
Demographic characteristics
Judgement of village committee;
field survey of household
Interview in health facilities;
household survey; community
leaders’ judgement
Some programs used proxy indictors including
material possession, nutrition situation, etc; and
some programs used health committee’s
judgement
Income; nutrition status
Judgement of health committee
or nurses
Income and living conditions
Low income and unemployment
Some used expenditure of household; some
used income, demorgrahic and condition; some
used subjective determination of local health
facility head
-
Social workers interviewing
applicants
Judgement of medical officer at
health facility
-
19
India
Indonesia
Kenya
Malawi
Mali
Niger
Romania
Senegal
Swaziland
Thailand
Turkey
US
(Georgia
State)
US
Vietnam
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Free delivery in private hospital
Free services in public health facilities,
community health centers, contraceptives for
women, pre-natal care and assistance at birth,
and inpatients and outpatients at public
hospitals.
Free services in public health facilites
Family’ s income
Proxy indicators including food, clothing,
condition of house, etc.
Non income criteria like appearance of living,
property, education, etc.
Proxy indicators like land ownership
Demographic and living conditions
Demographic characteristic
Free contraceptives services
Poverty and unemployment certificated by
mayor’s office
Demographic and health conditions; income
Demographic characteristic and income proxies
Free health center and hospital services
Some used perceived income level by
committee members; some used land, assets,
food, chronic sickness etc; some used both
income and other proxy characteristics
Free contraceptives services
Self-declared poverty
Medical Assistance Program: Government
80 variables like individuals’ education level,
provide acute out-patient, planned in-patient
employment status etc. to estimate household’s
service, out-patient examinations, baby delivery welfare status
costs etc. without any copayment and
deductibles
Free health services for eligible veterans
Low income
Some places provide free community health
Some places used reported income, some
care, and hospital health care
places used proxy indicators like composition
of household, condition of house, etc.
Demographic and condition characteristics
Income and non-income indicators like debt,
land, and other assets
Free hospital and clinics services
Income level, demographic and condition
National registration data;
village health workers’
identification
Interview in health facilities and
home visits by social workers
Application forms submitted by
applicants, and interview by
village head and village health
volunteer
-
Tax and income documents in
commune; and family interview
-
-
20
Chile
Ecuador
Honduras
Malawi
Cash transfer
Mexico
Nicaragua
Peru
Belize
Fee structure
Chile
South
Africa
South
Unified Family Subsidy: no information on
contents of healht serives
BDH (Bono de Desarrollo Humano) : Children
health and education
Children’s health and education
Education, Health, and Nutrition Program
(PROGRESA): Basic health care for family,
health and nutrition education, children’s
school education
Safety Net Program: no information on
contents of health services
RPS (Red de Protección Social): Preventive
health care, health education, reproductive
health care, maternal health etc.
JUNTOS: Preventive and curative health
services; health education on maternal and
child health; promotion of registration of
children
Sliding scale of fee plus full exemption for
indigent, like hospital examination, lab test,
drugs costs etc.
Blue collar workers and people not covered by
social security can use public hospitals with no
fee; white collar workers must buy vouchers for
three levels of services with different level
subsidies;
Different fee for people of different income
level for public health facilities’ services
Different beneficiaries got different level of
characteristics
14 variables of location and characteristics of
housing and educational attainment etc.
First two quintiles of poverty index
Vehicle or land of household
Indictors like food, assets, number of people fit
to work, characteristics of family head, etc.
Proxy indicators including household structure,
individual characteristics, occupation, income
of household members
Home survey by health workers
Survey
Household interview
Existing census databases, and
household survey
Proxy indicators like number of people; number
of rooms in the house; house condition;
property etc.
Per capita expenditure of households calculated
for proxies indicators
Information provided by
applicants, and home visits for
verification
Living standards measurement
survey
Composition and socioeconomic status of
households
Census of households; and
validation of community
meetings
Patient-declared household income and
occupation
Information declared by
patients; billing records of
patients
Information of social security
agency, and household visit by
social workers
Wage income and job type
Annual family income level
Interview with patients
Monthly income, disease, living in city or rural
-
21
Korean
subsidy for inpatient or outpatient costs;
areas
Table 4 Health programs and means testing
Health Programs
Health insurance
Simple MT
Costa Rica (1)
South Korea (1)
Proxy MT
Colombia (2)
Long term care
Ireland (1)
UK (1)
Bangladesh (2)
Burkina Faso (1)
Dominican Republic (1)
Fiji (1)
India (1)
Romania (1)
Thailand (1)
Turkey (1)
Zaire (1)
Zimbabwe (2)
Spain (1)
Provision of free services
Cash transfer
Fee structure
Belize (2)
South Africa (1)
South Korea (1)
Cambodia (6)
Congo (2)
Indonesia (2)
Kenya (3)
Malawi (1)
Swaziland (1)
Thailand (1)
Vietnam (2)
Zambia (1)
Zimbabwe (1)
Ecuador (1)
Malawi (2)
VMT
US (13)
Mixed
Peru (1)
Central African Republic
(1)
Ethiopia (4)
Ghana (3)
Mali (1)
Niger (1)
Senegal (2)
Thailand (1)
Zimbabwe (1)
Nicaragua (2)
Chile (1)
Honduras (1)
Mexico (3)
Peru (1)
Chile (2)
22
5.3 Target populations in different health programs
Mean testing is a widely used tool to identify poor population in social or other
programs, health sectors also applied it to seek their target groups in different health
programs. In this review, most of the target populations were the poor, the indigent,
the ultra poor, the poorest, low income families. And some health programs identified
their objectives by some other characters such as the physically or mentally
handicapped, also exempted are people with particular types of chronic illness
(Levine, Griffin et al. 1992), Ultra poor households and labour-constrained household
(UNICEF 2007), poorest households that include pregnant women and/or children
younger than age 14 (Menotti, Sharma et al. 2008), poor who are neither students nor
rural residents (Sine 2003), poor Medicare elderly beneficiaries (Summer and
Thompson 2004), poor in urban area (Coady and Parker 2009), Low income veterans
(Romeis, Gillespie et al. 1988), Low income single mothers and children, and the
aged, blind, and disabled, pregnant women (Moffitt 2002), impoverished households
who have children under 14 years (including widows/widowers, grandparents and
guardians) (Jones, Vargas et al. 2006), Children in low income families
(Congressional Budget Office 1998; Fossett and Thompson 2005), poor and
unemployed (Camacho, nbsp et al. 2008); some programs also covered other
vulnerable population such as the elderly (O'Shea 1991; Costa-Font, Mascarilla-Miro
et al. 2006; Hancock, Juarez-Garcia et al. 2006), Medicare beneficiaries without
outpatient prescription drug insurance(Education 2004), most vulnerable population
segments, including children, adolescents, pregnant women (Menotti, Sharma et al.
2008), Veterans (Rupper, Bair et al. 2007); some government also considered medical
needy population such as emergency care users and Specific diseases’ treatment such
as tuberculosis, leprosy patients, Committed psychiatric patients (Gilson, Russell et al.
1995). In South Africa, fee structure implemented different fee in public health
facilities for people of different income level(Castro-Leal 1999).
5.4 Means testing method assessed by authors of the studies
We will describe the actors who implemented means testing in different health
programs, the accuracy of means testing evaluated by the authors and administrative
costs in this part.
In this review, we found only 13 articles described the outcome of means testing in
programs (table 5).
5. 4.1 Implementers
There are some actors in the process of means testing, such as the institution who took
charge of the subsidy, the social workers or providers or officers from the government
who took the role of identifying the targeted groups via interviews, documents or
databases.
For example, in Thailand, India, Indonesian, Niger, and Ethiopia, local authorities
such as local communities, local health officials and district committees, local leaders,
local officials of the Ministry of Home Affairs took charge of whether the families or
individual should be included in the target beneficiaries; in Nicaraguan and India,
Emergency Social Investment Fund (ESIF) and The District Project Management Unit
(DPMU) were as the funding institution who determined the criteria or handles all
documentations; in USA, state government took charge of the programs.
5.4.2 Coverage of means testing
23
The rationale for targeting is to ensure that the limited program resources primarily
reach the poor and that the poor (or subgroups of the poor) are not excluded.
Coverage is the key indicator of accuracy; Under-coverage and leakage are the main
indicators to adjudge whether means testing method is inaccuracy.
Coverage Coverage as an indicator of accuracy means the percentage of the targeted
population receiving benefits. In this review, 25 authors described the outcome of
means testing via this indicator.
As for simple means testing, most of the coverage was nearly half of the target
population, even more than 75%, for example, Low income card scheme in Thailand,
the 1990 allocation of cards reached 75-80% of the target group (Goudge, Khumalo et
al. 2003). The Chiranjeevi Scheme in Gujara (India), 94% of the CB were having
annual income below Rs 12,000 (US$ 300) (Bhat, Mavalankar et al. 2009).
Verified means testing also has higher coverage in programs. In USA, Medicaid,
participation rates among eligible children were close to 100 percent prior to 1989; by
1996 they had fallen to 73 percent (Moffitt 2002).
The coverage of health programs used mixed approaches is from 15% to 50%, most of
them were around 25%, several of target beneficiaries reached half of the target
groups, for example, Waiver fee in Niger, more than half of poor patients received no
fee waiver under cost recovery (Willis and Leighton 1995). Cash transfer in
Nicaragua, 32.6% of benefits captured by the lowest deciles. Cumulatively, nearly
90% of benefits were captured by the poorest 50% of the population (Hanson, Worrall
et al. 2006). Integrated Health Insurance in Peru, in December 2006, SIS was serving
10,389,607 beneficiaries. About 94 percent of SIS beneficiaries are poor or extremely
poor. About 50 percent of beneficiaries reside in rural areas and 28 percent reside in
marginalized urban areas(Menotti, Sharma et al. 2008).
The coverage of health programs via proxy means testing, is also around 20%, several
of them reached 50%, for example, Government-subsidized health services in
Colombia, as of late 1996, 5.6 million poor Colombians had affiliated with an ARS,
which amounts to 50% of the indigent population in the country and represents a
considerable achievement in terms of reform (Bitrán and Muñoz 2000).
5.4.3 Under-coverage and leakage
Under-coverage as one of the inaccuracy indicators, is also called errors of exclusion,
Type error or false negative, means the percentage of poor patient or population
who do not receive benefits; Leakage is another indicator of inaccuracy, which is
called errors of inclusion, Type error or false positive, means the percentage of the
non-poor who received benefits.
In this review, 3 authors mentioned under-coverage and 11 authors considered
leakage. Only Skoufias (1999) and Men (2008) described both the indicators.
Skoufias (1999) analyzed both under-coverage and leakage based on different poverty
criteria, under-coverage and leakage rate changed from 19.15% to 26%, 61.12% to
26% if the criteria based on different poverty line as the criteria.
Men (2008) showed in his study that more false negative families were reported than
false positives in each HEF(health Equity Fund) program. This study also shows some
degrees of difference in each HEF scheme in terms of the number of false negatives
reported by respondents. CFDS (Cambodian Family Development Service) in Pursat
shows a higher percentage of false negatives, about 9.4%, but few false positives, at
24
1%. The UNICEF HEF method shows a lower proportion of false negatives (2.3%)
and false positives (0%) than other pre-identification methods.
Goudge (2003) estimated that about 20% of cardholders were not officially eligible
for the benefit, but were able to obtain it either because they exerted influence over
the process or because it was seen as culturally appropriate to offer it to them.
Leakage was a little high in mixed means testing which reported in the included
studies, for example, Education, Health, and Nutrition Program (PROGRESA) in
Mexico, leakage rates is approximately equal to 26 percent (Skoufias, Davis et al.
1999); Waiver fee in Niger, the percentages of waivers granted to non poor patients
were from 69% to 83% in different areas (Willis and Leighton 1995).
In addition, some authors used incidence as one of the outcome of means testing.
Incidence means the distribution of benefits. Progressive and regressive are the
indicators. Progressive means a relatively large proportion of benefits goes to the
target groups; regressive means a relatively low proportion of benefits goes to the
target groups. For example, Sparrrow (2008) showed that incidence of health card
receipt drops as per capita expenditure increases, from 13.7% in the second quintile to
3.7% in the richest quintile. The poorest 20% of the population own 33.7% of the
health cards.
5.4.4 Cost for managing the means testing
Little information was found in unit costs for implementing the means testing. One
study in Cambodia found that in Svay Rieng, 0.3 US$ per enrolled member; in
Pearang, 2.4 US$ per enrolled member; and in Kirivong, 0.1 US$ per enrolled
member.
25
Table 5 Evaluation of the means testing in health programs
Means testing
PMT and health
condition
Main author
Engida 2002
Location
Ethiopia
PMT and
Geographic
Skoufias 1999
Mexico
PMT and
Geographic
Willis 1995
Niger
SMT+
Geographic
Bitran 2000
PMT
Morestin 2009
PMT
Meessen 2006
Chile
Mozambique
Cambodia
PMT
Men 2008
Cambodia
PMT
Regalia 2009
Nicaragua
Implementer
Health program
Local committees
determines eligibility
The waiver and
exemption system
--
Education, Health, and
Nutrition Program
(PROGRESA)
Local authorities,
prospective certification
Administered by social
workers employed by the
27 national public health
services or by
municipalities
Waiver fee
--
cash transfer
--
Health equity
funds(2001)
Health equity fund
CFDS (Cambodian
Family Development
Service); AFH (Action for
Health); UNICEF, Health
Net and a local NGO;
USG(the Urban Sector
Group )
Nicaraguan Emergency
Social Investment Fund
(ESIF)
The National Health
Fund
RPS (Red de Protección
Social)
Inaccuracy
Under-coverage rate
Leakage rate
-It was 8% for urban
and 6.7% for rural
health institutions.
changed from
Changed from
19.15% to 26 %
61.26%l to 26 percent
based on different
based on different
poverty line
poverty line
-From 69% to 83% in
different areas
There are a great
-many citizens
working in the
informal sector who
are not enrolled in
FONASA
-35% of the
beneficiaries were not
really poor
-About 20% of the 11
million people
A higher percentage A few false positives
of false negatives
at 1%
about 9.4%
--
In total, some 5.28
percent of all
households in the
26
PMT
SMT
Sparrow 2008
Bhat 2009
Indonesian
India/Gujarat
SMT
Goudge 2003
Thailand
SMT
Gwatkin 2000
Thailand
VMT
Neumann 1994
US
richest 80 percent
received the Health
Cards.
The wealthiest 60% of
the population own
40.6% of the health
cards.
Local health officials and
district committees
designed the criteria;
Health centres and
midwife distributed
health card.
The District Project
Management Unit
(DPMU) for the
Reproductive and Child
Health (RCH) programme
handles all
documentations for the
scheme.
Local leaders
Social safety net, JPS
health card program
--
The Chiranjeevi
Scheme
--
6% of the
beneficiaries are
non-poor.
Low income card
scheme
--
Local officials of the
Ministry of Home Affairs
State government
Low Income Support
Program(since 1975)
QMB program
--
Estimated that about
20% of cardholders
were not officially
eligible for the benefit
An inclusion error on
the order of 20%
A study by Families
USA (1992) reported
that approximately 2
million of the 4.2
million eligible
seniors were not
enrolled.
--
27
6. Discussions
Means testing are widely used in various health programs for targeting the eligible
population in distributing benefits, especially in developing countries. Targeting as a
means for allocating health resources is particularly important in LMICs for their
constraints in budgets available for health. Meanwhile a universal coverage strategy is
appealed in the world, how current health resources can be used equitably and
efficiently is a concern from the policy practice. Means testing, as one of the tools in
targeting eligible, would help in this process. A range of means test methods,
including simple means test, proxy means test, verified means test and mixed
approaches which combined simple or proxy means tests with other targeting methods
are applied in different settings. The criteria of means testing, income index or value
of family were the biggest proportion, the characters of individuals such as health
status also was considered by health programs. Those methods were used for health
programs including health insurance, cash transfer, exemption programs, health card
programs, and other programs. Most of the target groups were poor population who
were general poor, indigent, ultra poor and poorest individuals and households. Other
vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, pregnant, disabled and veterans
also were covered by target beneficiaries in health programs.
The nature of this review is a descriptive scoping review that aimed to systematically
identify the implemented strategies for expanding health insurance coverage, with an
additional summary of evaluation studies. With methods for including eligible
documents in this review, documents available on description or evaluation of the
actually implemented strategies were included. However, we will only detect an
approach if it has been reported on in the grey or published literature.
Using the working steps we did in the first project year, we conducted this review by
aiming to have a descriptive scoping review, from which means testing methods that
were implemented in health programs can be systematically identified and
summarized. From this purpose, all relevant articles in relation to actually
implemented means testing in health programs were included in this review. Therefore,
we didn’t limit the study designs according to the character of health policy research.
While this allows us to include all relevant studies, we are not able to summarize
categories of the study types because descriptions of the study designs in the reviewed
literature are usually absent. Based on this scoping review, we will continue to work
on in next step to see if an effect review can be organized according to availability of
suitable studies.
One of the weaknesses of this review is that we didn’t evaluate quality of the included
studies, because most of articles did not provide detailed design and evaluation
methods in use of means testing in the health programs. Most of the studies examined
the impact of pro-poor health programs on health service utilization or described the
contents of health programs.
Another problem is that we cannot generate generic conclusions from this review
because of context-specific applications of means testing methods. Design and
implementation of means testing would be closely linked with policy aims, health
systems, organizational structure of health providers, and operation of other related
pro-poor programs. Those factors would lead to outcomes of means testing in terms of
their accuracy and cost-benefit. However, as observed and done in the review in the
first project year, effect reviews are usually difficult for health systems research.
28
Three values this review may have even though this is not a review synthesizing
evidence showing cost-effective methods of means testing. Firstly, this review
provides options of means testing used in health programs. Those means testing
methods were implemented in health programs in different settings that could provide
policy makers with a range of considerations that could be adopted. In addition, the
review presented distribution of means testing methods by type of countries and by
type of health programs which could to some extent help policy making in different
settings. Universal coverage is the strategy for advancing access of all people,
especially for the poor, to basic health care. In process of achieving this strategy,
targeting mechanism is still crucial when policies and strategies for universal
coverage are implemented. For example, a targeting mechanism could be useful in
expending social health insurance, as did in US, to help enrolment of low-income
people. Descriptions of operations of means testing would be helpful for this
mechanism.
Secondly, means testing needs good information system if accuracy of the targeting is
to be improved and cost for means testing is to be reduced. This is particularly crucial
for developing countries where information system from which income and related
information is not available or incomplete. This implies that design of means testing
methods should be based on information system. Cost-effective methods of means
testing in a setting may not be applicable in another setting if information systems are
different. Collaboration of organizations in conducting investigations of economic
conditions of individuals or families for various programs can be paid attentions, for
example, programs for targeting people in distributing housing, food, and education.
This can to some extent overcome problems in information system.
Finally, this review did not find robust studies that examining cost-effectiveness of
means testing methods and mechanisms. Even though we provide a range of options
for conducting means testing, we cannot tell what kind of means testing methods is
cost effective for what situations. This would reduce the usefulness of this review in
guiding practice of means testing.
29
Acknowledgement
This review work was financially supported by the Alliance for Health Policy and
Systems Research (AHPSR), the World Health Organization. The team would thank
Dr Sara Bennett, the former Director of the AHPSR, and Dr Kent Ranson from the
AHPSR, for providing both coordination and technical supports; thanks Dr Sandy
Oliver from University of London for the contributions to development of the
protocol. We are grateful to Ms Yuan Shasha, Mr Ma Dongping, Mr Zhang Guojie,
Mr Li Cheng, Ms Zhao Miaomiao and Ms Zhong shuang from Center for Health
Management and Policy of Shandong University for their help in collection of the
literature.
30
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33
Annex 1: Search strategies
Database
BLDS
Searching date
15/11/2009
Citeseerx
02/11/2009
Cochrane
Library
16/11/2009
Searching strategy
"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR
"means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests “OR
“target” OR “targeting” OR “targeted” OR “targets” OR
“eligibility”
title:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR
keyword:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means
tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means
tests") OR abstract:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR
"means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR
"means tests") OR title:("eligibility determination" OR
"eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR
"eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR
"eligibility threshold") OR keyword:("eligibility
determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility
requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility
criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR abstract:("eligibility
determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility
requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility
criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR title:(target OR
targeting OR targeted OR targets) OR keyword:(target OR
targeting OR targeted OR targets) OR abstract:(target OR
targeting OR targeted OR targets)
#1: "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means
tests":ti,ab,kw
#2: MeSH descriptor Eligibility Determination explode all
trees
#3: "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold":ti,ab,kw
#4: (target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets):ti,ab,kw
#5: #2 OR #3 OR #4
#6: "health program" OR "health programs" OR "public
program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR
"health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR
"health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical
schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid OR "community health
finance organization" OR "community health finance
organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community
self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health
organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual
health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR
"cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health
association" OR "mutual health associations" OR
"prepayment insurance organization" OR "prepayment
insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme"
OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan"
OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR
"prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care"
OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR
"exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR
Result
3
112
39
34
Econlit
16/11/2009
"exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR
"exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR
vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health
card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards"
OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social
safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security
nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine
policy" OR "medicines policy" OR "pharmacy policy" OR
"pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug program" OR "drugs
program" OR "drug programs" OR "drugs programs" OR
"medicine program" OR "medicines program" OR "medicine
programs" OR "medicines programs" OR "pharmacy
program" OR "pharmacy programs" OR "pharmaceutical
program" OR "pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project"
OR "drugs project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects"
OR "medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR
"medicine projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy
project" OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical
project" OR "pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR
"drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR
"medicine plan" OR "medicines plan" OR "medicine plans"
OR "medicines plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy
plans" OR "pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans"
OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine
planning" OR "medicines planning" OR "pharmacy
planning" OR "pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme"
OR "drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs
schemes" OR "medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme"
OR "medicine schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR
"pharmacy scheme" OR "pharmacy schemes" OR
"pharmaceutical scheme" OR "pharmaceutical schemes" OR
"prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR
"prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR
"prescription medication" OR "prescription medications" OR
"family planning":ti,ab,kw
#7: MeSH descriptor Poverty explode all trees
#8: MeSH descriptor Vulnerable Populations explode all
trees
#9: (poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR
"vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations"):ti,ab,kw
#10: #7 OR #8 OR #9
#11: #5 AND #6 AND #10
#12: #1 OR #11
(KW=("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means
tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means
tests")) OR ((KW=( "eligibility determination" OR
"eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR
"eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR
"eligibility threshold" OR target OR targeting OR targeted
OR targets)) and(KW=("health program" OR "health
programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR
"health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan"
OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical
scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid
691
35
ecopaper
s
10/29/2009
OR "community health finance organization" OR
"community health finance organizations" OR "community
financing" OR "community self-financing" OR
"micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR
"mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR
"cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical
systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health
associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR
"prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative
medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR
"prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment
scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long
term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR
exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption
programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted
service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR
voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration
card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social
safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net"
OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs
policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR
"pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug
program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR
"drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines
program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines
programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy
programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR
"pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs
project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR
"medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine
projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project"
OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR
"pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan"
OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR
"medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines
plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR
"pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug
planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR
"medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR
"pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs
scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR
"medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine
schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme"
OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR
"pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR
"prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR
"prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR
"prescription medications" OR "family planning"))
and(KW=(poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent
OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population"
OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations")))
(means testing or means-testing or means tested or
means-tested or means test or means tests ) OR
( eligibility determination or eligibility measurement or
33
36
Eldis
10/11/2009
EMBAS
E
18/11/2009
eligibility requirement or eligibility requirements or
eligibility criteria or eligibility threshold ) OR ( target or
targeted or targeting or targets)
("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR
"means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR
("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR
(target low-income OR targeting low-income OR targeted
low-income OR targets low-income OR target indigent OR
targeting indigent OR targeted indigent OR targets indigent
OR target indigence OR targeting indigence OR targeted
indigence OR targets indigence OR target impoverished OR
targeting impoverished OR targeted impoverished OR targets
impoverished OR target vulnerable population OR targeting
vulnerable population OR targeted vulnerable population OR
targets vulnerable population OR target vulnerable
populations OR targeting vulnerable populations OR
targeted vulnerable populations OR targets vulnerable
populations OR target vulnerable group OR targeting
vulnerable group OR targeted vulnerable group OR
targets vulnerable group OR target vulnerable groups OR
targeting vulnerable groups OR targeted vulnerable groups
OR targets vulnerable groups OR target disadvantaged
population OR targeting disadvantaged population OR
targeted disadvantaged population OR targets disadvantaged
population OR target disadvantaged populations OR
targeting disadvantaged populations OR targeted
disadvantaged populations OR targets disadvantaged
populations OR target poverty OR targeting poverty OR
targeted poverty OR targets poverty OR target poor OR
targeting poor
OR targeted poor OR targets poor )
(‘means testing’:ti,ab OR ‘means-testing’:ti,ab OR ‘means
tested’:ti,ab OR ‘means-tested’:ti,ab OR ‘means test’:ti,ab
OR ‘means tests’:ti,ab)OR((('organization and
management'/exp/mj OR ‘eligibility determination’:ti,ab OR
‘eligibility measurement’:ti,ab OR ‘eligibility
requirement’:ti,ab OR ‘eligibility requirements’:ti,ab OR
‘eligibility criteria’:ti,ab OR ‘eligibility
threshold’:ti,ab)OR(target:ti,ab OR targeting:ti,ab OR
targeted:ti,ab OR targets:ti,ab))AND((‘health program’:ti,ab
OR ‘health programs’:ti,ab)OR(‘public program’:ti,ab OR
‘public programs’:ti,ab)OR(‘health insurance’:ti,ab OR
‘health financing’:ti,ab OR ‘health plan’:ti,ab OR ‘health
plans’:ti,ab OR ‘health planning’:ti,ab OR ‘medical
scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘medical schemes’:ti,ab OR Medicare:ti,ab
OR Medicaid:ti,ab OR ‘community health finance
organization’:ti,ab OR ‘community health finance
organizations’:ti,ab OR ‘community financing’:ti,ab OR
‘community self-financing’:ti,ab OR ‘micro-insurance’:ti,ab
OR ‘mutual health organization’:ti,ab OR ‘mutual health
organizations’:ti,ab OR ‘mutual health care’:ti,ab OR
‘cooperative medical system’:ti,ab OR ‘cooperative medical
systems’:ti,ab OR ‘mutual health association’:ti,ab OR
‘mutual health associations’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment insurance
organization’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment insurance
organizations’:ti,ab OR ‘cooperative medical scheme’:ti,ab
31
687
37
OR ‘cooperative medical schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment
plan’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment plans’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment
scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘prepayment schemes’:ti,ab OR
Mutuelles:ti,ab OR ‘long term care’:ti,ab)OR(pro-poor:ti,ab
OR ‘pro poor’:ti,ab OR propoor:ti,ab)OR(exemption:ti,ab
OR ‘exemption program’:ti,ab OR ‘exemption
programs’:ti,ab OR ‘exemption mechanism’:ti,ab OR
‘exempted service’:ti,ab OR ‘exempted services’:ti,ab OR
waiver:ti,ab OR waivers:ti,ab)OR(voucher:ti,ab OR
vouchers:ti,ab)OR(‘cash transfer’:ti,ab OR ‘cash
transfers’:ti,ab)OR(‘health card’:ti,ab OR ‘health
cards’:ti,ab)OR(‘ration card’:ti,ab OR ‘ration
cards’:ti,ab)OR(‘social assistance’:ti,ab)OR(‘social safety
net’:ti,ab OR ‘social safety nets’:ti,ab OR ‘social security
net’:ti,ab OR ‘social security nets’:ti,ab)OR(‘drug
policy’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs policy’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine
policy’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines policy’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy
policy’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical policy’:ti,ab OR ‘drug
program’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs program’:ti,ab OR ‘drug
programs’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs programs’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine
program’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines program’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine
programs’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines programs’:ti,ab OR
‘pharmacy program’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy programs’:ti,ab OR
‘pharmaceutical program’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical
programs’:ti,ab OR ‘drug project’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs
project’:ti,ab OR ‘drug projects’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs
projects’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine project’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines
project’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine projects’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines
projects’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy project’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy
projects’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical project’:ti,ab OR
‘pharmaceutical projects’:ti,ab OR ‘drug plan’:ti,ab OR
‘drugs plan’:ti,ab OR ‘drug plans’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs
plans’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine plan’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines
plan’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine plans’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines
plans’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy plan’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy
plans’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical plan’:ti,ab OR
‘pharmaceutical plans’:ti,ab OR ‘drug planning’:ti,ab OR
‘drugs planning’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine planning’:ti,ab OR
‘medicines planning’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy planning’:ti,ab OR
‘pharmaceutical planning’:ti,ab OR ‘drug scheme’:ti,ab OR
‘drugs scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘drug schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘drugs
schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines
scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘medicine schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘medicines
schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy scheme’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmacy
schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘pharmaceutical scheme’:ti,ab OR
‘pharmaceutical schemes’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription drug’:ti,ab
OR ‘prescription drugs’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription
medicine’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription medicines’:ti,ab OR
‘prescription medication’:ti,ab OR ‘prescription
medications’:ti,ab)OR(‘family planning
‘:ti,ab))AND('poverty'/exp OR poor*:ti,ab OR poverty:ti,ab
OR low-income:ti,ab OR indigent:ti,ab OR indigence:ti,ab
OR impoverished:ti,ab OR 'vulnerable population'/exp OR
‘vulnerable population’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable
populations’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable group’:ti,ab OR
‘vulnerable groups’:ti,ab OR ‘disadvantaged
population’:ti,ab OR ‘disadvantaged populations’:ti,ab))
38
Global
Health
15/11/2009
((means testing or means-testing or means tested or
means-tested or means test or means tests).ab,ti.) OR
(((eligibility determination or eligibility measurement or
eligibility requirement or eligibility requirements or
eligibility criteria or eligibility threshold or target or
targeting or targeted or targets).ab,ti.) AND ((health program
or health programs or public program or public programs or
health insurance or health financing or health plan or health
plans or health planning or medical scheme or medical
schemes or medicare or medicaid or community health
finance organization or community health finance
organizations or community financing or community
self-financing or micro-insurance or mutual health
organization or mutual health organizations or mutual health
care or cooperative medical system or cooperative medical
systems or mutual health association or mutual health
associations or prepayment insurance organization or
prepayment insurance organizations or cooperative medical
scheme or cooperative medical schemes or prepayment plan
or prepayment plans or prepayment scheme or prepayment
schemes or mutuelles or long term care or pro-poor or pro
poor or propoor or exemption or exemption program or
exemption programs or exemption mechanism or exempted
service or exempted services or waiver or waivers or voucher
or vouchers or cash transfer or cash transfers or health card
or health cards or ration card or ration cards or social
assistance or social safety net or social safety nets or social
security net or social security nets or drug policy or drugs
policy or medicine policy or medicines policy or pharmacy
policy or pharmaceutical policy or drug program or drugs
program or drug programs or drugs programs or medicine
program or medicines program or medicine programs or
medicines programs or pharmacy program or pharmacy
programs or pharmaceutical program or pharmaceutical
programs or drug project or drugs project or drug projects or
drugs projects or medicine project or medicines project or
medicine projects or medicines projects or pharmacy project
or pharmacy projects or pharmaceutical project or
pharmaceutical projects or drug plan or drugs plan or drug
plans or drugs plans or medicine plan or medicines plan or
medicine plans or medicines plans or pharmacy plan or
pharmacy plans or pharmaceutical plan or pharmaceutical
plans or drug planning or drugs planning or medicine
planning or medicines planning or pharmacy planning or
pharmaceutical planning or drug scheme or drugs scheme or
drug schemes or drugs schemes or medicine scheme or
medicines scheme or medicine schemes or medicines
schemes or pharmacy scheme or pharmacy schemes or
pharmaceutical scheme or pharmaceutical schemes or
prescription drug or prescription drugs or prescription
medicine or prescription medicines or prescription
medication or prescription medications or family
planning).ab,ti.) AND ((poor* or poverty or low-income or
indigent or indigence or impoverished or vulnerable
population or vulnerable populations or vulnerable group or
vulnerable groups or disadvantaged population or
disadvantaged populations).ab,ti.))
186
39
Google
20/11/2009
IBSS
15/11/2009
（
"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests" AND
("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public
program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR
"health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR
"health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical
schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR "community
health finance organization" OR "community health finance
organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community
self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health
organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual
health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR
"cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health
association" OR "mutual health associations" OR
"prepayment insurance OR organization" OR "prepayment
insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme"
OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan"
OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR
"prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care"
OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR waiver OR
waivers OR exemption OR "exemption program" OR
"exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR
"exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR voucher OR
vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health
card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards"
"social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety
nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets"
"prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR
"prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR
"prescription medication")
(TX "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR
(("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target
OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND (TX "health
program" OR "health programs" OR "public program" OR
"public programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health
financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health
planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR
medicare OR medicaid OR "community health finance
organization" OR "community health finance organizations"
OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing"
OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR
"mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR
"cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical
systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health
associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR
"prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative
medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR
"prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment
scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long
term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR
exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption
programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted
service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR
voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
）
149
344
40
IDEAS
28/10/2009
transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration
card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social
safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net"
OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs
policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR
"pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug
program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR
"drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines
program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines
programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy
programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR
"pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs
project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR
"medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine
projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project"
OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR
"pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan"
OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR
"medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines
plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR
"pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug
planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR
"medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR
"pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs
scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR
"medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine
schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme"
OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR
"pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR
"prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR
"prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR
"prescription medications" OR "family planning") AND (TX
poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR
"vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations"))
#1 "means testing" | "means-testing" | "means tested" |
"means-tested" | "means test" | "means tests"
#2 "eligibility determination" | "eligibility measurement" |
"eligibility requirement" | "eligibility requirements" |
"eligibility criteria" | "eligibility threshold"
#3 (target | targeting | targeted | targets) + (poverty | poor |
low-income | indigent | indigence | impoverished |
"vulnerable population" | "vulnerable populations" |
"vulnerable group" | "vulnerable groups" | "disadvantaged
population" | "disadvantaged populations")
#4 #1 OR #2 OR #3
"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR
"means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests “OR
“target and health” OR “targeting and health” OR “targeted
and health” OR “targets and health” OR "eligibility and
health”
#1:TS=("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means
tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means
tests")
#2:TS=(("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility
：
：
122
：
ILO
13/11/2009
ISI
Proceedi
ngs
09/01/2010
：
3
271
41
measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility
requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility
threshold" OR target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets)
AND ("health program" OR "health programs" OR "public
program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR
"health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR
"health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical
schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid OR "community health
finance organization" OR "community health finance
organizations" OR "community financing" OR "community
self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health
organization" OR "mutual health organizations" OR "mutual
health care" OR "cooperative medical system" OR
"cooperative medical systems" OR "mutual health
association" OR "mutual health associations" OR
"prepayment insurance organization" OR "prepayment
insurance organizations" OR "cooperative medical scheme"
OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan"
OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment scheme" OR
"prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long term care"
OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR
"exemption program" OR "exemption programs" OR
"exemption mechanism" OR "exempted service" OR
"exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR
vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health
card" OR "health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards"
OR "social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social
safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security
nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine
policy" OR "medicines policy" OR "pharmacy policy" OR
"pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug program" OR "drugs
program" OR "drug programs" OR "drugs programs" OR
"medicine program" OR "medicines program" OR "medicine
programs" OR "medicines programs" OR "pharmacy
program" OR "pharmacy programs" OR "pharmaceutical
program" OR "pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project"
OR "drugs project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects"
OR "medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR
"medicine projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy
project" OR "pharmacy projects" OR"pharmaceutical
project" OR "pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR
"drugs plan" OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR
"medicine plan" OR "medicines plan" OR "medicine plans"
OR "medicines plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy
plans" OR "pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans"
OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine
planning" OR "medicines planning" OR "pharmacy
planning" OR "pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme"
OR "drugs scheme"OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes"
OR "medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR
"medicine schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR
"pharmacy scheme" OR "pharmacy schemes" OR
"pharmaceutical scheme" OR "pharmaceutical schemes" OR
"prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR
"prescription medicine" OR "prescription medicines" OR
"prescription medication" OR "prescription medications" OR
"family planning")AND (poor* OR poverty OR low-income
42
JSTOR
16/11/2009
NTIS
16/11/2009
OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable
population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable
group" OR"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged
population" OR "disadvantaged populations"))
#3:#1OR#2
((ti:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR
ab:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) OR
ca:("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) OR
((ti:("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR
ab:("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold")) OR
ca:("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold")) OR
((ti:(target# AND (poverty OR poor OR "low-income" OR
indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable
population#" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups"
OR "disadvantaged population#")) OR ab:(target# AND
(poverty OR poor OR "low-income" OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population#"
OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR
"disadvantaged population#"))) OR ca:(target# AND
(poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population#"
OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR
"disadvantaged population#")))
(KW=("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means
tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means
tests")) OR ((KW=( "eligibility determination" OR
"eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR
"eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR
"eligibility threshold" OR target OR targeting OR targeted
OR targets)) and(KW=("health program" OR "health
programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR
"health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan"
OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical
scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR medicaid
OR "community health finance organization" OR
"community health finance organizations" OR "community
financing" OR "community self-financing" OR
"micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR
"mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR
"cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical
systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health
associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR
"prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative
medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR
"prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment
scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long
term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR
exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption
735
171
43
OECD
16/ 11/2009
OpenSIG
LE
17 /11 /2009
programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted
service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR
voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration
card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social
safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net"
OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs
policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR
"pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug
program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR
"drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines
program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines
programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy
programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR
"pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs
project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR
"medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine
projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project"
OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR
"pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan"
OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR
"medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines
plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR
"pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug
planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR
"medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR
"pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs
scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR
"medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine
schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme"
OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR
"pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR
"prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR
"prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR
"prescription medications" OR "family planning"))
and(KW=(poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent
OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population"
OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations")))
(“means test” OR “means tests” OR “Means tested”OR
“Means testing”OR means-testing OR means-tested ) OR
( target OR targets OR targeted OR targeting) OR
(“eligibility determination” OR “eligibility measurement”OR
“eligibility requirement” OR “eligibility requirements” OR
“eligibility criteria” OR “eligibility threshold”)
((title:"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means
tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means
tests") OR (abstract:"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR
"means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR
"means tests") OR ("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR
"means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR
"means tests")) OR ((title:"eligibility determination" OR
"eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR
"eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR
"eligibility threshold") OR (abstract:"eligibility
determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility
11
105
44
PAIS
17/11/2009
requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility
criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR ("eligibility
determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility
requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility
criteria" OR "eligibility threshold")) OR ((title:target* AND
(poverty OR poor OR "low-income" OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population*"
OR "vulnerable group*" OR "disadvantaged population*"))
OR (abstract:target* AND (poverty OR poor OR
"low-income" OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished
OR "vulnerable population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR
"disadvantaged population*")) OR (target* AND (poverty
OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR
impoverished OR "vulnerable population*" OR "vulnerable
group*" OR "disadvantaged population*")))
(KW=("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means
tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means
tests")) or(((KW=( "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility
measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility
requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility
threshold")) or(KW=(target OR targeting OR targeted OR
targets))) and((KW=("health program" OR "health
programs")) or(KW=("public program" OR "public
programs")) or(KW=("health insurance" OR "health
financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health
planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR
medicare OR medicaid OR "community health finance
organization" OR "community health finance organizations"
OR "community financing" OR "community self-financing"
OR "micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR
"mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR
"cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical
systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health
associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR
"prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative
medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR
"prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment
scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long
term care")) or(KW=(pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor))
or(KW=(exemption OR "exemption program" OR
"exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR
"exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR
waivers)) or(KW=(voucher OR vouchers)) or(KW=("cash
transfer" OR "cash transfers")) or(KW=("health card" OR
"health cards")) or(KW=("ration card" OR "ration cards"))
or(KW=("social assistance")) or(KW=("social safety net"
OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net" OR "social
security nets")) or(KW=("drug policy" OR "drugs policy"
OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR
"pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug
program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR
"drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines
program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines
programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy
programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR
"pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs
project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR
206
45
POPLIN
E
23/11/2009
"medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine
projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project"
OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR
"pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan"
OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR
"medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines
plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR
"pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug
planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR
"medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR
"pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs
scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR
"medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine
schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme"
OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR
"pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR
"prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR
"prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR
"prescription medications")) or(KW=("family planning")))
and(KW=(poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent
OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population"
OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations")))
#1: "means testing" / "means-testing" / "means tested" /
"means-tested" / "means test" / "means tests"
#2:("eligibility determination" / "eligibility measurement" /
"eligibility requirement" / "eligibility requirements" /
"eligibility criteria" / "eligibility threshold" / target / targeting
/ targeted / targets) & ("health program" / "health programs" /
"public program" / "public programs" / "health insurance" /
"health financing" / "health plan" / "health plans" / "health
planning" / "medical scheme" / "medical schemes" /
medicare / medicaid / "community health finance
organization" / "community health finance organizations" /
"community financing" / "community self-financing" /
"micro-insurance" / "mutual health organization" / "mutual
health organizations" / "mutual health care" / "cooperative
medical system" / "cooperative medical systems" / "mutual
health association" / "mutual health associations" /
"prepayment insurance organization" / "prepayment
insurance organizations" / "cooperative medical scheme" /
"cooperative medical schemes" / "prepayment plan" /
"prepayment plans" / "prepayment scheme" / "prepayment
schemes" / mutuelles / "long term care" / pro-poor / "pro
poor" / propoor / exemption / "exemption program" /
"exemption programs" / "exemption mechanism" /
"exempted service" / "exempted services" / waiver / waivers
/ voucher / vouchers / "cash transfer" / "cash transfers" /
"health card" / "health cards" / "ration card" / "ration cards" /
"social assistance" / "social safety net" / "social safety nets" /
"social security net" / "social security nets" / "drug policy" /
"drugs policy" / "medicine policy" / "medicines policy" /
"pharmacy policy" / "pharmaceutical policy" / "drug
program" / "drugs program" / "drug programs" / "drugs
programs" / "medicine program" / "medicines program" /
"medicine programs" / "medicines programs" / "pharmacy
1116
46
ProQuest
18 /11 /2009
program" / "pharmacy programs" / "pharmaceutical
program" / "pharmaceutical programs" / "drug project" /
"drugs project" / "drug projects" / "drugs projects" /
"medicine project" / "medicines project" / "medicine
projects" / "medicines projects" / "pharmacy project" /
"pharmacy projects" /"pharmaceutical project" /
"pharmaceutical projects" / "drug plan" / "drugs plan" / "drug
plans" / "drugs plans" / "medicine plan" / "medicines plan" /
"medicine plans" / "medicines plans" / "pharmacy plan" /
"pharmacy plans" / "pharmaceutical plan" / "pharmaceutical
plans" / "drug planning" / "drugs planning" / "medicine
planning" / "medicines planning" / "pharmacy planning" /
"pharmaceutical planning" / "drug scheme" / "drugs
scheme"/ "drug schemes" / "drugs schemes" / "medicine
scheme" / "medicines scheme" / "medicine schemes" /
"medicines schemes" / "pharmacy scheme" / "pharmacy
schemes" / "pharmaceutical scheme" / "pharmaceutical
schemes" / "prescription drug" / "prescription drugs" /
"prescription medicine" / "prescription medicines" /
"prescription medication" / "prescription medications" /
"family planning")& (poor* / poverty / low-income /
indigent / indigence / impoverished / "vulnerable population"
/ "vulnerable populations" / "vulnerable group" /"vulnerable
groups" / "disadvantaged population" / "disadvantaged
populations")
(TI("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR
AB("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests")) OR
(TI("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR
AB("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold")) OR
(TI((target OR target*) AND (poverty OR poor OR
low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished
OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations"
OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR
"disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged
populations") AND ("health program" OR "health programs"
OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR "health
insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan" OR
"health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical scheme"
OR "medical schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR
"community health finance, organizatio*" OR "community
financing" OR "community self-financing" OR
"micro-insurance" OR "mutual health, organizatio*" OR
"mutual health care" OR "mutual health association*" OR
"cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical
systems" OR "prepayment insurance, organizatio*" OR
"cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical
schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans"
OR "long term care" OR "prepayment scheme" OR
"prepayment schemes" OR Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro
poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program"
OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR
987
47
"exempted servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR
"cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR
"health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR
"social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety
nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR
"drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicin* policy" OR
"pharmac* policy" OR "drug progra*" OR "drugs progra*"
OR "medicin* progra*" OR "pharmac* progra*" OR "drug
projec*" OR "drugs projec*" OR "medicin* projec*" OR
"pharmac* projec*" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR
"drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicin* plan" OR
"medicin* plans" OR "pharmac* plan" OR "pharmac* plans"
OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicin*
planning" OR "pharmac* planning" OR "drug scheme" OR
"drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes"
OR "medicin* scheme" OR "medicin* schemes" OR
"pharmac* scheme" OR "pharmac* schemes" OR
"prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR
"prescription medicin*" OR "prescription medicatio*" OR
"family planning")) OR AB((target OR target*) AND
(poverty OR poor OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR
"vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations") AND ("health program" OR
"health programs" OR "public program" OR "public
programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR
"health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR
"medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR Medicare OR
Medicaid OR "community health finance, organizatio*" OR
"community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR
"micro-insurance" OR "mutual health, organizatio*" OR
"mutual health care" OR "mutual health association*" OR
"cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical
systems" OR "prepayment insurance, organizatio*" OR
"cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical
schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans"
OR "long term care" OR "prepayment scheme" OR
"prepayment schemes" OR Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro
poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program"
OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR
"exempted servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR
"cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR
"health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR
"social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety
nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR
"drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicin* policy" OR
"pharmac* policy" OR "drug progra*" OR "drugs progra*"
OR "medicin* progra*" OR "pharmac* progra*" OR "drug
projec*" OR "drugs projec*" OR "medicin* projec*" OR
"pharmac* projec*" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan" OR
"drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicin* plan" OR
"medicin* plans" OR "pharmac* plan" OR "pharmac* plans"
OR "drug planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicin*
planning" OR "pharmac* planning" OR "drug scheme" OR
"drugs scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes"
OR "medicin* scheme" OR "medicin* schemes" OR
48
PubMed
26 /10 /2009
"pharmac* scheme" OR "pharmac* schemes" OR
"prescription drug" OR "prescription drugs" OR
"prescription medicin*" OR "prescription medicatio*" OR
"family planning")))
#1 "means testing" [TIAB] OR "means-testing" [TIAB] OR
"means tested" [TIAB] OR "means-tested" [TIAB] OR
"means test" [TIAB] OR "means tests" [TIAB]
#2 ("Eligibility Determination"[MAJR] OR "eligibility
determination" [TIAB] OR "eligibility measurement"
[TIAB] OR "eligibility requirement" [TIAB] OR "eligibility
requirements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility criteria" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility threshold" [TIAB] OR target [TIAB] OR
targeting [TIAB] OR targeted [TIAB] OR targets [TIAB])
AND ("health program" [TIAB] OR "health programs"
[TIAB] OR "public program" [TIAB] OR "public programs"
[TIAB] OR "health insurance" [TIAB] OR "health
financing" [TIAB] OR "health plan" [TIAB] OR "health
plans" [TIAB] OR "health planning" [TIAB] OR "medical
scheme" [TIAB] OR "medical schemes" [TIAB] OR
Medicare [TIAB] OR Medicaid [TIAB] OR "community
health finance organization" [TIAB] OR "community health
finance organizations" [TIAB] OR "community financing"
[TIAB] OR "community self-financing" [TIAB] OR
"micro-insurance" [TIAB] OR "mutual health organization"
[TIAB] OR "mutual health organizations" [TIAB] OR
"mutual health care" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical
system" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical systems" [TIAB]
OR "mutual health association" [TIAB] OR "mutual health
associations" [TIAB] OR "prepayment insurance
organization" [TIAB] OR "prepayment insurance
organizations" [TIAB] OR "cooperative medical scheme"
[TIAB] OR "cooperative medical schemes" [TIAB] OR
"prepayment plan" [TIAB] OR "prepayment plans" [TIAB]
OR "prepayment scheme" [TIAB] OR "prepayment
schemes" [TIAB] OR Mutuelles [TIAB] OR "long term
care" [TIAB] OR pro-poor[TIAB] OR "pro poor" [TIAB]
OR propoor[TIAB] OR exemption [TIAB] OR "exemption
program" [TIAB] OR "exemption programs" [TIAB] OR
"exemption mechanism" [TIAB] OR "exempted service"
[TIAB] OR "exempted services" [TIAB] OR waiver[TIAB]
OR waivers[TIAB] OR voucher [TIAB] OR vouchers
[TIAB] OR "cash transfer" [TIAB] OR "cash transfers"
[TIAB] OR "health card" [TIAB] OR "health cards" [TIAB]
OR "ration card" [TIAB] OR "ration cards" [TIAB] OR
"social assistance" [TIAB] OR "social safety net" [TIAB]
OR "social safety nets" [TIAB] OR "social security net"
[TIAB] OR "social security nets" [TIAB] OR "drug policy"
[TIAB] OR "drugs policy" [TIAB] OR "medicine policy"
[TIAB] OR "medicines policy" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy
policy" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical policy" [TIAB] OR
"drug program" [TIAB] OR "drugs program" [TIAB] OR
"drug programs" [TIAB] OR "drugs programs" [TIAB] OR
"medicine program" [TIAB] OR "medicines program"
[TIAB] OR "medicine programs" [TIAB] OR "medicines
programs" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy program" [TIAB] OR
"pharmacy programs" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical program"
[TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical programs" [TIAB] OR "drug
：
927
：
49
SagePub
24 /11 /2009
project" [TIAB] OR "drugs project" [TIAB] OR "drug
projects" [TIAB] OR "drugs projects" [TIAB] OR "medicine
project" [TIAB] OR "medicines project" [TIAB] OR
"medicine projects" [TIAB] OR "medicines projects" [TIAB]
OR "pharmacy project" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy projects"
[TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical project" [TIAB] OR
"pharmaceutical projects" [TIAB] OR "drug plan" [TIAB]
OR "drugs plan" [TIAB] OR "drug plans" [TIAB] OR "drugs
plans" [TIAB] OR "medicine plan" [TIAB] OR "medicines
plan" [TIAB] OR "medicine plans" [TIAB] OR "medicines
plans" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy plan" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy
plans" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical plan" [TIAB] OR
"pharmaceutical plans" [TIAB] OR "drug planning" [TIAB]
OR "drugs planning" [TIAB] OR "medicine planning"
[TIAB] OR "medicines planning" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy
planning" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical planning" [TIAB] OR
"drug scheme" [TIAB] OR "drugs scheme" [TIAB] OR
"drug schemes" [TIAB] OR "drugs schemes" [TIAB] OR
"medicine scheme" [TIAB] OR "medicines scheme" [TIAB]
OR "medicine schemes" [TIAB] OR "medicines schemes"
[TIAB] OR "pharmacy scheme" [TIAB] OR "pharmacy
schemes" [TIAB] OR "pharmaceutical scheme" [TIAB] OR
"pharmaceutical schemes" [TIAB] OR "prescription drug"
[TIAB] OR "prescription drugs" [TIAB] OR "prescription
medicine" [TIAB] OR "prescription medicines" [TIAB] OR
"prescription medication" [TIAB] OR "prescription
medications" [TIAB] OR "family planning " [TIAB]) AND
(poverty[MH] OR poor*[TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR
low-income[TIAB] OR indigent[TIAB] OR
indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR
"vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR
"disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged
populations"[TIAB])
#3 #1 OR #2
("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR
"means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests" in Title
OR "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests" in
Abstract OR "means testing" OR "means-testing" OR
"means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR
"means tests" in keywords, published Jan 1879 to May 2010
in all SAGE content) OR ( ("health program" OR "health
programs" OR "public program" OR "public programs" OR
"health insurance" OR "health financing" OR "health plan"
OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR "medical
scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid
OR "community health finance, organization*" OR
"community financing" OR "community self-financing" OR
"micro-insurance" OR "mutual health, organization*" OR
"mutual health care" OR "mutual health association*" OR
"cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical
systems" OR "prepayment insurance, organization*" OR
"cooperative medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical
schemes" OR "prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans"
OR "long term care" OR "prepayment scheme" OR
：
24
50
"prepayment schemes" OR Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro
poor" OR propoor OR exemption OR "exemption program"
OR "exemption programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR
"exempted service*" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher*
OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR
"health cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR
"social assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety
nets" OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR
"drug policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine* policy" OR
"pharmacy* policy" OR "drug program*" OR "drugs
program*" OR "medicine* program*" OR "pharmacy*
program*" OR "drug project*" OR "drugs project*" OR
"medicine* project*" OR "pharmacy* project*" OR "drug
plan*" OR "drugs plan*" OR "medicine* plan*" OR
"pharmacy* plan*" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme"
OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine*
scheme" OR "medicine* schemes" OR "pharmacy* scheme"
OR "pharmacy* schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR
"prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine*" OR
"prescription medication*" OR "family planning" in Title OR
"health program" OR "health programs" OR "public
program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR
"health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR
"health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical
schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR "community
health finance, organization*" OR "community financing"
OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR
"mutual health, organization*" OR "mutual health care" OR
"mutual health association*" OR "cooperative medical
system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "prepayment
insurance, organization*" OR "cooperative medical scheme"
OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan"
OR "prepayment plans" OR "long term care" OR
"prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR
Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR
exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption
programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted
service*" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher* OR "cash
transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health
cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social
assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets"
OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug
policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine* policy" OR
"pharmacy* policy" OR "drug program*" OR "drugs
program*" OR "medicine* program*" OR "pharmacy*
program*" OR "drug project*" OR "drugs project*" OR
"medicine* project*" OR "pharmacy* project*" OR "drug
plan*" OR "drugs plan*" OR "medicine* plan*" OR
"pharmacy* plan*" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme"
OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine*
scheme" OR "medicine* schemes" OR "pharmacy* scheme"
OR "pharmacy* schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR
"prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine*" OR
"prescription medication*" OR "family planning" in Abstract
OR "health program" OR "health programs" OR "public
program" OR "public programs" OR "health insurance" OR
"health financing" OR "health plan" OR "health plans" OR
51
SCOPUS
13/11/2009
"health planning" OR "medical scheme" OR "medical
schemes" OR Medicare OR Medicaid OR "community
health finance, organization*" OR "community financing"
OR "community self-financing" OR "micro-insurance" OR
"mutual health, organization*" OR "mutual health care" OR
"mutual health association*" OR "cooperative medical
system" OR "cooperative medical systems" OR "prepayment
insurance, organization*" OR "cooperative medical scheme"
OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR "prepayment plan"
OR "prepayment plans" OR "long term care" OR
"prepayment scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR
Mutuelles OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR
exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption
programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted
service*" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher* OR "cash
transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR "health card" OR "health
cards" OR "ration card" OR "ration cards" OR "social
assistance" OR "social safety net" OR "social safety nets"
OR "social security net" OR "social security nets" OR "drug
policy" OR "drugs policy" OR "medicine* policy" OR
"pharmacy* policy" OR "drug program*" OR "drugs
program*" OR "medicine* program*" OR "pharmacy*
program*" OR "drug project*" OR "drugs project*" OR
"medicine* project*" OR "pharmacy* project*" OR "drug
plan*" OR "drugs plan*" OR "medicine* plan*" OR
"pharmacy* plan*" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs scheme"
OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR "medicine*
scheme" OR "medicine* schemes" OR "pharmacy* scheme"
OR "pharmacy* schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR
"prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine*" OR
"prescription medication*" OR "family planning" in
keywords, published Jan 1879 to May 2010 in all SAGE
content) AND (poverty OR poor OR low-income OR
indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable
population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR "disadvantaged
population*" in Title OR poverty OR poor OR low-income
OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable
population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR "disadvantaged
population*" in Abstract OR poverty OR poor OR
low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished
OR "vulnerable population*" OR "vulnerable group*" OR
"disadvantaged population*" in keywords, published Jan
1879 to May 2010 in all SAGE content) AND ("eligibility
determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility
requirement*" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility
threshold" OR target* in Title OR "eligibility determination"
OR "eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement*"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR
target* in Abstract OR "eligibility determination" OR
"eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement*" OR
"eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target* in
keywords, published Jan 1879 to May 2010 in all SAGE
content))
#1: TITLE-ABS-KEY("means testing" OR "means-testing"
OR "means tested" OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR
"means tests")
#2: (TITLE-ABS-KEY("eligibility determination" OR
3028
52
"eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR
"eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR
"eligibility threshold" OR target OR targeting OR targeted
OR targets)) AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY("health program" OR
"health programs" OR "public program" OR "public
programs" OR "health insurance" OR "health financing" OR
"health plan" OR "health plans" OR "health planning" OR
"medical scheme" OR "medical schemes" OR medicare OR
medicaid OR "community health finance organization" OR
"community health finance organizations" OR "community
financing" OR "community self-financing" OR
"micro-insurance" OR "mutual health organization" OR
"mutual health organizations" OR "mutual health care" OR
"cooperative medical system" OR "cooperative medical
systems" OR "mutual health association" OR "mutual health
associations" OR "prepayment insurance organization" OR
"prepayment insurance organizations" OR "cooperative
medical scheme" OR "cooperative medical schemes" OR
"prepayment plan" OR "prepayment plans" OR "prepayment
scheme" OR "prepayment schemes" OR mutuelles OR "long
term care" OR pro-poor OR "pro poor" OR propoor OR
exemption OR "exemption program" OR "exemption
programs" OR "exemption mechanism" OR "exempted
service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR
voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR "health card" OR "health cards" OR "ration
card" OR "ration cards" OR "social assistance" OR "social
safety net" OR "social safety nets" OR "social security net"
OR "social security nets" OR "drug policy" OR "drugs
policy" OR "medicine policy" OR "medicines policy" OR
"pharmacy policy" OR "pharmaceutical policy" OR "drug
program" OR "drugs program" OR "drug programs" OR
"drugs programs" OR "medicine program" OR "medicines
program" OR "medicine programs" OR "medicines
programs" OR "pharmacy program" OR "pharmacy
programs" OR "pharmaceutical program" OR
"pharmaceutical programs" OR "drug project" OR "drugs
project" OR "drug projects" OR "drugs projects" OR
"medicine project" OR "medicines project" OR "medicine
projects" OR "medicines projects" OR "pharmacy project"
OR "pharmacy projects" OR "pharmaceutical project" OR
"pharmaceutical projects" OR "drug plan" OR "drugs plan"
OR "drug plans" OR "drugs plans" OR "medicine plan" OR
"medicines plan" OR "medicine plans" OR "medicines
plans" OR "pharmacy plan" OR "pharmacy plans" OR
"pharmaceutical plan" OR "pharmaceutical plans" OR "drug
planning" OR "drugs planning" OR "medicine planning" OR
"medicines planning" OR "pharmacy planning" OR
"pharmaceutical planning" OR "drug scheme" OR "drugs
scheme" OR "drug schemes" OR "drugs schemes" OR
"medicine scheme" OR "medicines scheme" OR "medicine
schemes" OR "medicines schemes" OR "pharmacy scheme"
OR "pharmacy schemes" OR "pharmaceutical scheme" OR
"pharmaceutical schemes" OR "prescription drug" OR
"prescription drugs" OR "prescription medicine" OR
"prescription medicines" OR "prescription medication" OR
"prescription medications" OR "family planning")) AND
53
SocialCar
eOnline
22/ 10/2009
SSRN
11 /23 /2009
(TITLE-ABS-KEY(poor* OR poverty OR low-income OR
indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable
population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable
group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged
population" OR "disadvantaged populations"))
(“means test” OR “means tests” OR “Means tested” OR
“Means testing” OR means-testing OR means-tested) OR
(target OR targets OR targeted OR targeting) OR
(“eligibility determination” OR “eligibility measurement”
OR “eligibility requirement” OR “eligibility requirements”
OR “eligibility criteria” OR “eligibility threshold”)
means testing or means-testing or means tested or
eligibility
means-tested or means test or means tests
determination or eligibility measurement or eligibility
requirement or eligibility requirements or eligibility criteria
or eligibility threshold or( (target or targeted or targeting or
targets) AND (poverty or poor or low-income or indigent
or indigence or impoverished or vulnerable population or
vulnerable populations or vulnerable group or vulnerable
groups or disadvantaged population or disadvantaged
populations))
"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested"
OR "means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests" OR
"eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR
target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets
("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR
"means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR
("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR
(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets)
("means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR
"means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests") OR
("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility measurement"
OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements"
OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") OR
(target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets)
(“means test” OR “means tests” OR “Means tested”OR
“Means testing”OR means-testing OR means-tested) OR
(target OR targets OR targeted OR targeting)
OR(“eligibility determination” OR “eligibility
measurement”OR “eligibility requirement”OR “eligibility
requirements”OR“eligibility criteria” OR “eligibility
threshold”)
"means testing" OR "means-testing" OR "means tested" OR
"means-tested" OR "means test" OR "means tests “OR
“target” OR “targeting” OR “targeted” OR “targets” OR
"eligibility determination" OR "eligibility criteria" OR
"eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR
"eligibility requirements" OR “eligibility threshold”
("means testing" / "means-testing" / "means tested" /
"means-tested" / "means test" / "means tests") OR
("eligibility determination" / "eligibility measurement" /
"eligibility requirement" / "eligibility requirements" /
（
）（
73
107
）
Unescap
02 /11 /2009
UNICEF
13 /11 /2009
USAID
22 /11 /2009
World
Bank
11/ 11/2009
WHO
31/10/2009
ID21
18 /11 /2009
（
（
（
）
）
72
）
14
27
10
34
1199
54
"eligibility criteria" / "eligibility threshold") OR ((target /
targeting / targeted / targets) & (poverty / poor / low-income
/ indigent / indigence / impoverished / "vulnerable
population" / "vulnerable populations" / "vulnerable group" /
"vulnerable groups" / "disadvantaged population" /
"disadvantaged populations"))
Supplementary searching strategies
Result
Database1
BLDS
Searching
date
05/01/201
0
Searching strategy
1#"eligibility determination" AND "beneficiary"
2#"eligibility determination" AND "beneficiaries"
3#"eligibility measurement" AND "beneficiary"
4#"eligibility measurement" AND "beneficiaries"
5#"eligibility requirement" AND "beneficiary"
6#"eligibility requirement" AND "beneficiaries"
7# "eligibility requirements" AND "beneficiary"
8#"eligibility requirements" AND "beneficiaries"
9#"eligibility criteria" AND "beneficiary"
10#"eligibility criteria" AND "beneficiaries"
11#"eligibility threshold" AND "beneficiary"
12#"eligibility threshold" AND "beneficiaries"
13#"target" AND "beneficiary"
14#"target" AND "beneficiaries"
15#"targeting" AND "beneficiary"
16#"targeting" AND "beneficiaries"
17#"targeted" AND "beneficiary"
18#"targeted" AND "beneficiaries"
19#"targets" AND "beneficiary"
20#"targets" AND "beneficiaries"
21#"eligibility"
22#"selection criteria"
23#"identify"
24#"identifying"
25#"identification"
26#"financial assessment"
27#"financial assessments"
28#"income assessment"
29#"income assessments"
30#"income measurement"
31#"income measurements"
32#"financial measurement"
33#"financial measurements"
34#"individual assessment"
35#"household assessment"
36#"household assessments
37#"exemption" AND "health"
38#"exemptions" AND "health"
39#"exempted service" AND "health"
40#"exempted services AND "health" 0
Before
finding
duplicates
After
finding
duplicates
312
311
2
55
Citeseerx
15/01/201
0
41#"waiver"
42#"waivers"
43#"voucher"
44#"vouchers"
45#"cash transfer"
46#"cash transfers" AND "health"
47#"subsidy"
48#"subsidies" AND "health"
49#"subsidized" AND "health"
50#"subsidised" AND "health"
51#"subsidizing" AND "health"
52#"health equity funds"
53#"health equity fund"
54#"health services accessibility"
55#"health care access"
56#"health care utilization"
57#"health service access"
58#"health service utilization"
59#"government financing"
60#"health service accessibility"
61#"health services access"
62#"health services utilization"
((title:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments"
OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements"
OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") OR
abstract:("financial assessment" OR "financial
assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial
measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income
assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income
measurements") OR keyword:("financial assessment" OR
"financial assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR
"financial measurements" OR "income assessment" OR
"income assessments" OR "income measurement" OR
"income measurements")) OR (title:("individual
assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessment" OR "household assessments") OR
abstract:("individual assessment" OR "individual
assessments" OR "household assessment" OR "household
assessments") OR keyword:("individual assessment" OR
"individual assessments" OR "household assessment" OR
"household assessments")) AND (title:(income OR expense
OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR
property) OR abstract:(income OR expense OR expenses
OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property) OR
keyword:(income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR
means OR wealth OR property)) OR (title:(voucher OR
vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR
subsidy OR subsidies) OR keyword:(voucher OR vouchers
OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR
subsidies) OR abstract:(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash
transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies))
OR (title:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) OR
keyword:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) OR
abstract:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver)) AND
(title:(fee OR fees OR charge) OR keyword:(fee OR fees
OR charge) OR abstract:(fee OR fees OR charge))) AND
16
16
56
Cochrane
Library
03/01/201
0
(title:health OR keyword:health OR abstract:health)
#1: MeSH descriptor Eligibility Determination explode all
trees
#2:"eligibility determination" OR "eligibility
measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility
requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility
threshold":ti,ab,kw
#3: #1 OR #2
#4: (beneficiary OR beneficiaries):ti,ab,kw
#5: #3 AND #4
#6: (target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets):ti,ab,kw
and (beneficiary OR beneficiaries):ti,ab,kw
#7: "eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility
measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility
selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR "eligibility
assessments" OR "selection criteria":ti,ab,kw
#8: (identify OR identifying OR identification):ti,ab,kw
#9: #7 OR #8
#10: MeSH descriptor Poverty explode all trees
#11: MeSH descriptor Vulnerable Populations explode all
trees
#12: (poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population"
OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR
beneficiaries):ti,ab,kw
#13: #10 OR #11 OR #12
#14: #9 AND #13
#15: "financial assessment" OR "financial assessments"
OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements"
OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income
measurements":ti,ab,kw
#16: "individual assessment" OR "household assessment"
OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessments":ti,ab,kw and (income OR expense OR
expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR
property):ti,ab,kw
#17: #5 OR #6 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16
#18: (exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted service"
OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers OR
voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR
subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR
subsidising):ti,ab,kw and (health):ti,ab,kw
#19: MeSH descriptor Financing, Government explode all
trees
#20: MeSH descriptor Health Services Accessibility
explode all trees
#21: "health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR
"health services accessibility" OR "health service
accessibility" OR "health care accessibility" OR "health
care access" OR "health care utilization" OR "health
services access" OR "health services utilization" OR
"health service access" OR "health service
utilization":ti,ab,kw
57
55
57
Econlit
02/01/201
0
ecopapers
05/01/201
0
#22: #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21
#23: #17 AND #22
(DE="means testing") or (((KW=("eligibility
determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR
"eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR
"eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") AND
KW=(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=(target OR
targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND KW=(beneficiary
OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=("eligibility determinations" OR
"eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR
"eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR
"eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria") AND
KW=(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population"
OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR
beneficiaries)) or(KW=(identify OR identifying OR
identification) AND KW=(poor OR poverty OR
low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished
OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations"
OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR
"disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged
populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries))
or(KW=("financial assessment" OR "financial
assessments" OR "financial measurement" OR "financial
measurements" OR "income assessment" OR "income
assessments" OR "income measurement" OR "income
measurements")) or(KW=("individual assessment" OR
"household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR
"household assessments") AND KW=(income OR expense
OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR
property))) and((KW=(exemption OR exemptions OR
"exempted service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver
OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer"
OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR
subsidize OR subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR
subsidizing OR subsidising) AND KW=health)
or(KW=("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR
"health services accessibility" OR "health service
accessibility" OR "health care accessibility" OR "health
care access" OR "health care utilization" OR "health
services access" OR "health services utilization" OR
"health service access" OR "health service utilization"))))
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND
health
#2 ("individual assessment" OR "household
assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR
goods OR means OR wealth OR property) AND health
#3voucher AND health
#4vouchers AND health
#5"cash transfer" AND heath
#6"cash transfers" AND health
52
24
142
142
58
Eldis
10 /01
/2010
EMBASE
13/01/201
0
#7exemption AND fee AND health
#8exemption AND fees AND health
#9exemption AND charge AND health
#10exemptions AND fee AND health
#11exemptions AND fees AND health
#12exemptions AND charge AND health
13waiver AND fee AND health
#14waiver AND fees AND health
#15waiver AND charge AND health
#16subsidy AND health
#17subsidies AND health
financial assessment health OR financial assessments
health OR financial measurement health OR financial
measurements health OR income assessment health OR
income assessment health OR income measurement health
OR income measurements health OR individual assessment
income health OR individual assessments income health
OR household assessment income health OR household
assessments income health OR individual assessment
expense health OR individual assessments expense health
OR household assessment expense health OR household
assessments expense health OR individual assessment
expenses health OR individual assessments expenses health
OR household assessment expenses health OR household
assessments expenses health OR individual assessment
goods health OR individual assessments goods health OR
household assessment goods health OR household
assessments goods health OR individual assessment means
health OR individual assessments means health OR
household assessment means health OR household
assessments means health OR individual assessment wealth
health OR individual assessments wealth health OR
household assessment wealth health OR household
assessments wealth health OR individual assessment
property health OR individual assessments property health
OR household assessment property health OR household
assessments property health OR voucher health OR
vouchers health OR cash transfer heath OR cash transfers
heath OR exemption fee health OR exemption fees health
OR exemption charge health OR exemptions fee health OR
exemptions fees health OR exemptions charge health OR
waiver fee health OR waiver fees health OR waiver charge
health OR subsidy health OR subsidies health
(('organization and management'/exp/mj OR 'eligibility
determination':ab,ti OR 'eligibility measurement':ab,ti OR
'eligibility requirement':ab,ti OR 'eligibility
requirements':ab,ti OR 'eligibility criteria':ab,ti OR
'eligibility threshold':ab,ti OR 'selection criteria' AND
(beneficiary:ab,ti OR beneficiaries:ab,ti)) OR (target:ti,ab
OR targeting:ti,ab OR targeted:ti,ab OR targets:ti,ab AND
(beneficiary:ab,ti OR beneficiaries:ab,ti)) OR ('organization
and management'/exp/mj OR 'eligibility
determination':ab,ti OR 'eligibility measurement':ab,ti OR
'eligibility requirement':ab,ti OR 'eligibility
requirements':ab,ti OR 'eligibility criteria':ab,ti OR
'eligibility threshold':ab,ti OR 'selection criteria' AND
('poverty'/exp OR poor*:ti,ab OR poverty:ti,ab OR
42
42
101
92
59
low-income:ti,ab OR indigent:ti,ab OR indigence:ti,ab OR
impoverished:ti,ab OR 'vulnerable population'/exp OR
‘vulnerable population’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable
populations’:ti,ab OR ‘vulnerable group’:ti,ab OR
‘vulnerable groups’:ti,ab OR ‘disadvantaged
population’:ti,ab OR ‘disadvantaged populations’:ti,ab
beneficiary:ab,ti OR beneficiaries:ab,ti)) OR (identify:ab,ti
OR identifying:ab,ti OR identification:ab,ti AND
('poverty'/exp OR poor*:ab,ti OR poverty:ab,ti OR 'low
income':ab,ti OR indigent:ab,ti OR indigence:ab,ti OR
impoverished:ab,ti OR 'vulnerable population'/exp OR
'vulnerable population':ab,ti OR 'vulnerable
populations':ab,ti OR 'vulnerable group':ab,ti OR
'vulnerable groups':ab,ti OR 'disadvantaged
population':ab,ti OR 'disadvantaged populations':ab,ti AND
beneficiary:ab,ti OR beneficiaries:ab,ti)) OR ('financial
assessment':ab,ti OR 'financial assessments':ab,ti OR
'financial measurement':ab,ti OR 'financial
measurements':ab,ti OR 'income assessment':ab,ti OR
'income assessments':ab,ti OR 'income measurement':ab,ti
OR 'income measurements':ab,ti) OR ('individual
assessment':ab,ti OR 'individual assessments':ab,ti OR
'household assessment':ab,ti OR 'household
assessments':ab,ti AND (income:ab,ti OR expense:ab,ti OR
expenses:ab,ti OR goods:ab,ti OR means:ab,ti OR
wealth:ab,ti OR property:ab,ti)) ) AND ((exemption:ab,ti
OR exemptions:ab,ti OR 'exempted service':ab,ti OR
'exempted services':ab,ti OR waiver:ab,ti OR waivers:ab,ti
OR voucher:ab,ti OR vouchers:ab,ti OR 'cash transfer':ab,ti
OR 'cash transfers':ab,ti OR subsidy:ab,ti OR
subsidies:ab,ti OR subsidize:ab,ti OR subsidise:ab,ti OR
subsidized:ab,ti OR subsidised:ab,ti OR subsidizing:ab,ti
OR subsidising:ab,ti AND health:ab,ti) OR('health care
quality'/mj OR 'health equity funds':ab,ti OR 'health equity
fund':ab,ti OR 'health care access':ab,ti OR 'health care
utilization':ab,ti OR 'health services access':ab,ti OR 'health
services utilization':ab,ti OR 'health service access':ab,ti
OR 'health service utilization':ab,ti OR 'health services
accessibility':ab,ti OR 'health service accessibility':ab,ti OR
'health care accessibility':ab,ti))
Global
Health
04/01/201
0
#1: ((eligibility determination or eligibility measurement or
eligibility requirement or eligibility requirements or
eligibility criteria or eligibility threshold) and (beneficiary
or beneficiaries)).ab,ti.
#2:((target or targeting or targeted or targets) and
(beneficiary or beneficiaries)).ab,ti.
#3: ((eligibility determinations or eligibility measurements
or eligibility thresholds or eligibility selection or eligibility
assessment or eligibility assessments or selection criteria)
and (poor or poverty or low-income or indigent or
indigence or impoverished or vulnerable population or
vulnerable populations or vulnerable group or vulnerable
groups or disadvantaged population or disadvantaged
populations or beneficiary or beneficiaries)).ab,ti.
#4: ((identify or identifying or identification) and (poor or
poverty or low-income or indigent or indigence or
63
61
60
Google
09/01/201
0
IBSS
05/01/201
0
impoverished or vulnerable population or vulnerable
populations or vulnerable group or vulnerable groups or
disadvantaged population or disadvantaged populations or
beneficiary or beneficiaries)).ab,ti.
#5: (financial assessment or financial assessments or
financial measurement or financial measurements or
income assessment or income assessments or income
measurement or income measurements).ab,ti.
#6: ((individual assessment or household assessment or
individual assessments or household assessments) and
(income or expense or expenses or goods or means or
wealth or property)).ab,ti.
#7: #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6
#8: ((exemption or exemptions or exempted service or
exempted services or waiver or waivers or voucher or
vouchers or cash transfer or cash transfers or subsidy or
subsidies or subsidize or subsidise or subsidized or
subsidised or subsidizing or subsidising) and health).ab,ti.
#9: (health equity funds or health equity fund or health
services accessibility or health service accessibility or
health care accessibility or health care access or health care
utilization or health services access or health services
utilization or health service access or health service
utilization).ab,ti.
#10: #8 OR #9
#11: #7 AND #10
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND
health
#2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment"
OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments")
AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR
means OR wealth OR property) AND health
#3(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies) AND health
#4(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) AND (fee OR
fees OR charge) AND health
S1: TX ( "eligibility determination" OR "eligibility
measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility
requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility
threshold" ) and TX ( beneficiary OR beneficiaries )
S2: TX ( target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets ) and
TX ( beneficiary OR beneficiaries )
S3: TX ( "eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility
measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility
selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR "eligibility
assessments" OR "selection criteria" ) and TX ( poor OR
poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR
impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable
populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable
groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR
beneficiaries )
S4: TX ( identify OR identifying OR identification ) and
107
103
17
11
61
IDEAS
07/01/201
0
TX ( poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population"
OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR
beneficiaries )
S5: TX "financial assessment" OR "financial assessments"
OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements"
OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements"
S6: TX ( "individual assessment" OR "household
assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessments" ) and TX ( income OR expense OR expenses
OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property )
S7: S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5 or S6
S8: TX ( exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted
service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers
OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR
subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR
subsidizing ) and TX health
S9: TX "health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR
"health services accessibility" OR "health service
accessibility" OR "health care accessibility" OR "health
care access" OR "health care utilization" OR "health
services access" OR "health services utilization" OR
"health service access" OR "health service utilization"
S10: S8 or S9
S11: S7 and S10
#1 ("financial assessment" | "financial assessments" |
"financial measurement" | "financial measurements" |
"income assessment" | "income assessments" | "income
measurement" | "income measurements") + (health)
#2 ("individual assessment" | "household assessment" |
"individual assessments" | "household assessments") +
(income | expense | expenses | goods | means | wealth |
property)
#3 (voucher | vouchers | "cash transfer" | "cash transfers" |
subsidy | subsidies) + (health)
#4 (exemption | exemptions | waiver) + (fee | fees | charge)
+ (health)
#5 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4
#1"financial assessment" "health"
#2"financial assessments"" health"
#3"financial measurement"" health"
#4"financial measurements" "health"
#5"income assessment"" health"
#6"income assessments"" health"
#7"income measurement"" health"
#8"income measurements"" health"
#9"household assessment"
#10"household assessments"
#11"individual assessment" "income"
#12"individual assessment" " expense"
#13"individual assessment" " goods "
#14"individual assessment" " means "
：
35
35
43
43
：
ILO
02/01/200
9
：
：
：
62
ISI
Proceedings
09/01/201
0
#15"individual assessment" " wealth "
#16"individual assessment" " property
#17"individual assessments" "
#18" voucher " "health"
#19" vouchers" "health"
#20"cash transfer" "health"
#21"cash transfers" "health"
#22"exemption"" fee ""health"
#23"exemption" "fees"" health"
#24"exemption" "charge" "health"
#25"exemptions" "fee" "health"
#26"exemptions" "fees" "health"
#27"exemptions" "charge" "health"
#28"waiver" "fee" "health"
#29"waiver" "fees" "health"
#30"waiver" "charge" "health"
#31"subsidy" "health"
#32"subsidies" "health"
#1: TS=((“eligibility determination” OR “eligibility
measurement” OR “eligibility requirement” OR “eligibility
requirements” OR “eligibility criteria” OR “eligibility
threshold”) AND (beneficiary OR beneficiaries))
#2: TS=((target OR targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND
(beneficiary OR beneficiaries))
#3: TS=((“eligibility determinations” OR “eligibility
measurements” OR “eligibility thresholds” OR “eligibility
selection” OR “eligibility assessment” OR “eligibility
assessments” OR “selection criteria”) AND (poor OR
poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR
impoverished OR “vulnerable population” OR “vulnerable
populations” OR “vulnerable group” OR “vulnerable
groups” OR “disadvantaged population” OR
“disadvantaged populations” OR beneficiary OR
beneficiaries))
#4: TS=((identify OR identifying OR identification) AND
(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR “vulnerable population”
OR “vulnerable populations” OR “vulnerable group” OR
“vulnerable groups” OR “disadvantaged population” OR
“disadvantaged populations” OR beneficiary OR
beneficiaries))
#5: TS=((“financial assessment” OR “financial
assessments” OR “financial measurement” OR “financial
measurements” OR “income assessment” OR “income
assessments” OR “income measurement” OR “income
measurements”))
#6: TS=((“individual assessment” OR “household
assessment” OR “individual assessments” OR “household
assessments”) AND (income OR expense OR expenses
OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property))
#7: #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6
#8: TS=((exemption OR exemptions OR “exempted
service” OR “exempted services” OR waiver OR waivers
OR voucher OR vouchers OR “cash transfer” OR “cash
transfers” OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR
subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR
subsidising) AND health)
43
41
63
JSTOR
07/01/201
0
NTIS
13/01/201
0
#9: TS=((“health equity funds” OR “health equity fund”
OR “health services accessibility” OR “health service
accessibility” OR “health care accessibility” OR “health
care access” OR “health care utilization” OR “health
services access” OR “health services utilization” OR
“health service access” OR “health service utilization”))
#10: #8 OR #9
#11: #7 AND #10
#1: ((ti:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments"
OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements"
OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") OR
ab:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") OR
ca:("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements"))
AND (health))
#2: ((ti:("individual assessment" OR "household
assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessments") OR ab:("individual assessment" OR
"household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR
"household assessments") OR ca:("individual assessment"
OR "household assessment" OR "individual assessments"
OR "household assessments")) AND (ti:(income OR
expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR
property) OR ab:(income OR expense OR expenses OR
goods OR means OR wealth OR property) OR ca:(income
OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth
OR property)))
#3: ((ti:(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies) OR ab:(voucher OR
vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR
subsidy OR subsidies) OR ca:(voucher OR vouchers OR
"cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR
subsidies)) AND (ti:(health) OR ab:(health) OR
ca:(health)))
#4: ((ti:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) OR
ab:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) OR
ca:(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver)) AND (ti:(fee
OR fees OR charge) OR ab:(fee OR fees OR charge) OR
ca:(fee OR fees OR charge)) AND (ti:(health) OR
ab:(health) OR ca:(health)))
#5: #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4
(DE="means testing") or (((KW=("eligibility
determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR
"eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR
"eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") AND
KW=(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=(target OR
targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND KW=(beneficiary
OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=("eligibility determinations" OR
"eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR
"eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR
"eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria") AND
131
125
48
41
64
OECD
07/01/201
0
KW=(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population"
OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR
beneficiaries)) or(KW=(identify OR identifying OR
identification) AND KW=(poor OR poverty OR
low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished
OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations"
OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR
"disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged
populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or
(KW=("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments"
OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements"
OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements"))
or(KW=("individual assessment" OR "household
assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessments") AND KW=(income OR expense OR
expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property)))
and((KW=(exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted
service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers
OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR
subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR
subsidising) AND KW=health) or(KW=("health equity
funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health services
accessibility" OR "health service accessibility" OR "health
care accessibility" OR "health care access" OR "health care
utilization" OR "health services access" OR "health
services utilization" OR "health service access" OR "health
service utilization"))))
("financial assessment" AND health)OR("financial
assessments" AND health)OR("financial measurement"
AND health)OR("financial measurements" AND
health)OR("income assessment" AND health)OR("income
assessments" AND health)OR("income measurement"
AND health)OR("income measurements" AND
health)OR("individual assessment" AND
income)OR("individual assessment" AND
expense)OR("individual assessment" AND
expenses)OR("individual assessment" AND
goods)OR("individual assessment" AND
means)OR("individual assessment" AND
wealth)OR("individual assessment" AND
property)OR("household assessment" AND
income)OR("household assessment" AND
expense)OR("household assessment" AND
expenses)OR("household assessment" AND
goods)OR("household assessment" AND
means)OR("household assessment" AND
wealth)OR("household assessment" AND
poverty)OR("individual assessments" AND
income)OR("individual assessments" AND
expense)OR("individual assessments" AND
expenses)OR("individual assessments" AND
goods)OR("individual assessments" AND
50
18
65
OpenSIGLE
13/01/201
0
PAIS
13/01/201
0
means)OR("individual assessments" AND
wealth)OR("individual assessments" AND
property)OR("household assessments" AND
income)OR("household assessments" AND
expense)OR("household assessments" AND
expenses)OR("household assessments" AND
goods)OR("household assessments" AND
means)OR("household assessments" AND
wealth)OR("household assessments" AND
property)OR(voucher AND health)OR(vouchers AND
health)OR(cash transfer" AND heath)OR("cash transfers"
AND health)OR(exemption AND fee AND
health)OR(exemption AND fees AND
health)OR(exemption AND charge AND
health)OR(exemptions AND fee AND
health)OR(exemptions AND fees AND
health)OR(exemptions AND fees AND health)OR(waiver
AND fee AND health)OR(waiver AND fees AND
health)OR(waiver AND charge AND health)OR(subsidy
AND health)OR(subsidies AND health)
(("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND
(health)) OR (("individual assessment" OR "household
assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR
goods OR means OR wealth OR property)) OR ((voucher
OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR
subsidy OR subsidies) AND (health)) OR ((exemption OR
exemptions OR waiver) AND (fee OR fees OR charge)
AND (health))
(DE="means testing") or (((KW=("eligibility
determination" OR "eligibility measurement" OR
"eligibility requirement" OR "eligibility requirements" OR
"eligibility criteria" OR "eligibility threshold") AND
KW=(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=(target OR
targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND KW=(beneficiary
OR beneficiaries)) or(KW=("eligibility determinations" OR
"eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR
"eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR
"eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria") AND
KW=(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR indigent OR
indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable population"
OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR
beneficiaries)) or(KW=(identify OR identifying OR
identification) AND KW=(poor OR poverty OR
low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished
OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable populations"
OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR
"disadvantaged population" OR "disadvantaged
populations" OR beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) or
(KW=("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments"
OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements"
OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
25
25
6
5
66
POPLINE
08/01/201
0
"income measurement" OR "income measurements"))
or(KW=("individual assessment" OR "household
assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessments") AND KW=(income OR expense OR
expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth OR property)))
and((KW=(exemption OR exemptions OR "exempted
service" OR "exempted services" OR waiver OR waivers
OR voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidize OR
subsidise OR subsidized OR subsidised OR subsidizing OR
subsidising) AND KW=health) or(KW=("health equity
funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health services
accessibility" OR "health service accessibility" OR "health
care accessibility" OR "health care access" OR "health care
utilization" OR "health services access" OR "health
services utilization" OR "health service access" OR "health
service utilization"))))
((("eligibility determination"/"eligibility
measurement"/"eligibility requirement"/ "eligibility
requirements"/"eligibility criteria"/"eligibility
threshold")&(beneficiary
/beneficiaries))/((target/targeting/targeted/targets)&(benefic
iary/beneficiaries)
)/(("eligibility determinations"/"eligibility
measurements"/"eligibility thresholds"/"eligibility
selection"/"eligibility assessment"/"eligibility
assessments"/"selection
criteria")&(poor/poverty/low-income/indigent/indigence/i
mpoverished/"vulnerable population"/"vulnerable
populations"/"vulnerable group"/"vulnerable
groups"/"disadvantaged population"/"disadvantaged
populations"/beneficiary/beneficiaries)
)/((identify/identifying/identification)&(poor/poverty/low-i
ncome/indigent/indigence/impoverished/"vulnerable
population"/"vulnerable populations"/"vulnerable
group"/"vulnerable groups"/"disadvantaged
population"/"disadvantaged populations"/beneficiary
/beneficiaries)
)/("financial assessment"/"financial assessments"/"financial
measurement"/"financial measurements"/"income
assessment"/"income assessments"/"income
measurement"/"income measurements")/(("individual
assessment"/"household assessment"/"individual
assessments"/"household
assessments")&(income/expense/expenses/goods/means/w
ealth/property)
))&(((exemption/exemptions/"exempted
service"/"exempted services"/waiver/waivers/voucher
/vouchers/"cash transfer"/"cash
transfers"/subsidy/subsidies/subsidize/subsidise/subsidized/
subsidized/subsidizing/subsidising)&health
)/(“health equity funds”/“health equity fund”/Financing,
Government/“health care access”/“health care
utilization”/“health services access”/“health services
utilization”/“health service access”/“health service
utilization”/“health services accessibility”/“health service
accessibility”/“health care accessibility”))
56
46
67
ProQuest
14/01/201
0
(TI("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility
measurement" OR "eligibility requiremen*" OR "eligibility
criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target OR target*)
OR AB("eligibility determination" OR "eligibility
measurement" OR "eligibility requiremen*" OR "eligibility
criteria" OR "eligibility threshold" OR target OR target*))
AND (TI(beneficiar*) OR AB(beneficiar*)) AND
(((TI(exemptio* OR "exempted servic*" OR waiver OR
waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz* OR
subsidis*) OR AB(exemptio* OR "exempted servic*" OR
waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR
"cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz*
OR subsidis*)) AND (TI(health) OR AB(health))) OR
(TI("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR
"health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR
"health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization")
OR AB("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR
"health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR
"health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization")))
(TI("eligibility determinations" OR "eligibility
measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR "eligibility
selection" OR "eligibility assessmen*" OR "selection
criteria" OR identif*) OR AB("eligibility determinations"
OR "eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds"
OR "eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessmen*" OR
"selection criteria")) AND (TI(poverty OR poor OR
low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR impoverished
OR "vulnerable populatio*" OR "vulnerable group" OR
"vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged populatio*" OR
beneficiar*) OR AB(poverty OR poor OR low-income OR
indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable
populatio*" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable
groups" OR "disadvantaged populatio*" OR beneficiar*))
AND (((TI(exemptio* OR "exempted servic*" OR waiver
OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz* OR
subsidis*) OR AB(exemptio* OR "exempted servic*" OR
waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash transfer" OR
"cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR subsidiz*
OR subsidis*)) AND (TI(health) OR AB(health))) OR
((TI("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR
"health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR
"health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization")
OR AB("health equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR
"health care acces*" OR "health care utilization" OR
"health service* acces*" OR "health service* utilization")))
(TI("financial assessmen*" OR "financial measuremen*"
OR "income assessmen*" OR "income measuremen*" OR
(("individual assessmen*" OR "household assessmen*")
AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR
means OR wealth OR property))) OR AB("financial
assessmen*" OR "financial measuremen*" OR "income
assessmen*" OR "income measuremen*" OR (("individual
assessmen*" OR "household assessmen*") AND (income
OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth
OR property)))) AND (((TI(exemptio* OR "exempted
31
20
68
PubMed
06/01/201
0
servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash
transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR
subsidiz* OR subsidis*) OR AB(exemptio* OR "exempted
servic*" OR waiver OR waivers OR vouche* OR "cash
transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies OR
subsidiz* OR subsidis*)) AND (TI(health) OR
AB(health))) OR ((TI("health equity funds" OR "health
equity fund" OR "health care acces*" OR "health care
utilization" OR "health service* acces*" OR "health
service* utilization") OR AB("health equity funds" OR
"health equity fund" OR "health care acces*" OR "health
care utilization" OR "health service* acces*" OR "health
service* utilization")))
#1 (("eligibility determination"[MAJR] OR "eligibility
determination" [TIAB] OR "eligibility measurement"
[TIAB] OR "eligibility requirement" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility requirements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility criteria"
[TIAB] OR "eligibility threshold" [TIAB]) AND
(beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries [TIAB])) OR ((target
[TIAB] OR targeting [TIAB] OR targeted [TIAB] OR
targets [TIAB]) AND (beneficiary [TIAB] OR beneficiaries
[TIAB])) OR (("eligibility determinations" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility measurements" [TIAB] OR "eligibility
thresholds" [TIAB] OR "eligibility selection" [TIAB] OR
"eligibility assessment" [TIAB] OR "eligibility
assessments" [TIAB] OR "selection criteria" [TIAB]) AND
(poverty[MH] OR poor [TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR
low-income[TIAB] OR indigent[TIAB] OR
indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR
"vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR
"disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged
populations"[TIAB] OR beneficiary [TIAB] OR
beneficiaries [TIAB])) OR ((identify [TIAB] OR
identifying [TIAB] OR identification [TIAB]) AND
(poverty[MH] OR poor [TIAB] OR poverty[TIAB] OR
low-income[TIAB] OR indigent[TIAB] OR
indigence[TIAB] OR impoverished[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
populations"[MH] OR "vulnerable population"[TIAB] OR
"vulnerable populations"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable
group"[TIAB] OR "vulnerable groups"[TIAB] OR
"disadvantaged population"[TIAB] OR "disadvantaged
populations"[TIAB] OR beneficiary [TIAB] OR
beneficiaries [TIAB])) OR ("financial assessment" [TIAB]
OR "financial assessments" [TIAB] OR "financial
measurement" [TIAB] OR "financial measurements"
[TIAB] OR "income assessment" [TIAB] OR "income
assessments" [TIAB] OR "income measurement" [TIAB]
OR "income measurements" [TIAB]) OR (("individual
assessment" [TIAB] OR "household assessment" [TIAB]
OR "individual assessments" [TIAB] OR "household
assessments" [TIAB]) AND (income [TIAB] OR expense
[TIAB] OR expenses [TIAB] OR goods [TIAB] OR means
[TIAB] OR wealth [TIAB] OR property [TIAB]))
#2 ((exemption[TIAB] OR exemptions[TIAB] OR
"exempted service" [TIAB] OR "exempted services"
：
1365
1282
：
69
SagePub
14/01/201
0
[TIAB] OR waiver[TIAB] OR waivers[TIAB] OR voucher
[TIAB] OR vouchers [TIAB] OR "cash transfer" [TIAB]
OR "cash transfers" [TIAB] OR subsidy[TIAB] OR
subsidies[TIAB] OR subsidize[TIAB] OR subsidise[TIAB]
OR subsidized[TIAB] OR subsidised[TIAB] OR
subsidizing[TIAB] OR subsidising[TIAB]) AND health
[TIAB]) OR ("health equity funds" [TIAB] OR "health
equity fund" [TIAB] OR Financing, Government [MH] OR
health services accessibility [MH] OR "health care access"
[TIAB] OR "health care utilization" [TIAB] OR "health
services access" [TIAB] OR "health services utilization"
[TIAB] OR "health service access" [TIAB] OR "health
service utilization" [TIAB] OR "health services
accessibility" [TIAB] OR "health service accessibility"
[TIAB] OR "health care accessibility" [TIAB])
#3 #1 AND #2
#1 ((("eligibility determination" or "eligibility
measurement" in Title OR "eligibility requirement*" or
"eligibility criteria" in Title OR "eligibility threshold" or
target* in Title OR "eligibility determination" or "eligibility
measurement" in Abstract OR "eligibility requirement*" or
"eligibility criteria" in Abstract OR "eligibility threshold"
or target* in Abstract OR "eligibility determination" or
"eligibility measurement" in keywords OR "eligibility
requirement*" or "eligibility criteria" in keywords OR
"eligibility threshold" or target* in keywords, published Jan
1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content) AND (beneficiary or
beneficiaries in Title OR beneficiary or beneficiaries in
Abstract OR beneficiary or beneficiaries in keywords,
published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content)) OR
(("eligibility determinations" or "eligibility measurements"
in Title OR "eligibility thresholds" or "eligibility selection"
in Title OR "eligibility assessment*" or "selection criteria"
in Title OR identify* or identification in Title OR
"eligibility determinations" or "eligibility measurements" in
Abstract OR "eligibility thresholds" or "eligibility
selection" in Abstract OR "eligibility assessment*" or
"selection criteria" in Abstract OR identify* or
identification in Abstract OR "eligibility determinations" or
"eligibility measurements" in keywords OR "eligibility
thresholds" or "eligibility selection" in keywords OR
"eligibility assessment*" or "selection criteria" in keywords
OR identify* or identification in keywords, published Jan
1879 to Jul 2010) AND (poor or poverty in Title OR
low-income or indigent in Title OR indigence or
impoverished in Title OR "vulnerable population*" or
"vulnerable group*" in Title OR "disadvantaged
population*" or beneficiar* in Title OR poor or poverty in
Abstract OR low-income or indigent in Abstract OR
indigence or impoverished in Abstract OR "vulnerable
population*" or "vulnerable group*" in Abstract OR
"disadvantaged population*" or beneficiar* in Abstract OR
poor or poverty in keywords OR low-income or indigent in
keywords OR indigence or impoverished in keywords OR
"vulnerable population*" or "vulnerable group*" in
keywords OR "disadvantaged population*" or beneficiar*
in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE
：
：
0
0
70
content)) OR ("financial assessment*" or "financial
measurement*" in Title OR "income assessment*" or
"income measurement*" in Title OR "financial
assessment*" or "financial measurement*" in Abstract OR
"income assessment*" or "income measurement*" in
Abstract OR "financial assessment*" or "financial
measurement*" in keywords OR "income assessment*" or
"income measurement*" in keywords OR "individual
assessment*" and income in Title OR "individual
assessment*" and income in Abstract OR "individual
assessment*" and income in keywords OR "individual
assessment*" and expense* in Title OR "individual
assessment*" and expense* in Abstract OR "individual
assessment*" and expense* in keywords OR "individual
assessment*" and goods in Title OR "individual
assessment*" and goods in Abstract OR "individual
assessment*" and goods in keywords OR "individual
assessment*" and means in Title OR "individual
assessment*" and means in Abstract OR "individual
assessment*" and means in keywords OR "individual
assessment*" and wealth in Title OR "individual
assessment*" and wealth in Abstract OR "individual
assessment*" and wealth in keywords OR "individual
assessment*" and property in Title OR "individual
assessment*" and property in Abstract OR "individual
assessment*" and property in keywords OR "household
assessment*" and income in Title OR "household
assessment*" and income in Abstract OR "household
assessment*" and income in keywords OR "household
assessment*" and expense* in Title OR "household
assessment*" and expense* in Abstract OR "household
assessment*" and expense* in keywords OR "household
assessment*" and goods in Title OR "household
assessment*" and goods in Abstract OR "household
assessment*" and goods in keywords OR "household
assessment*" and means in Title OR "household
assessment*" and means in Abstract OR "household
assessment*" and means in keywords OR "household
assessment*" and wealth in Title OR "household
assessment*" and wealth in Abstract OR "household
assessment*" and wealth in keywords OR "household
assessment*" and property in Title OR "household
assessment*" and property in Abstract OR "household
assessment*" and property in keywords, published Jan
1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content)) AND
(((exemption* or "exempted service*" in Title OR waiver*
or voucher* in Title OR "cash transfer*" or subsid* in Title
OR exemption* and "exempted service*" in Abstract OR
waiver* and voucher* in Abstract OR "cash transfer*" and
subsid* in Abstract OR exemption* and "exempted
service*" in keywords OR waiver* and voucher* in
keywords OR "cash transfer*" and subsid* in keywords,
published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE content) AND
(health in Title OR health in Abstract OR health in
keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in all SAGE
content)) OR ("health equity fund*" or "health care
access*" in Title OR "health care utilization" or "health
71
SCOPUS
02/01/201
0
SocialCareO
nline
03/01/201
0
service* access*" in Title OR "health service* utilization"
in Title OR "health equity fund*" or "health care access*"
in Abstract OR "health care utilization" or "health service*
access*" in Abstract OR "health service* utilization" in
Abstract OR "health equity fund*" or "health care access*"
in keywords OR "health care utilization" or "health
service* access*" in keywords OR "health service*
utilization" in keywords, published Jan 1879 to Jul 2010 in
all SAGE content))
((TITLE-ABS-KEY("eligibility determination" OR
"eligibility measurement" OR "eligibility requirement" OR
"eligibility requirements" OR "eligibility criteria" OR
"eligibility threshold") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(beneficiary
OR beneficiaries)) OR (TITLE-ABS-KEY(target OR
targeting OR targeted OR targets) AND
TITLE-ABS-KEY(beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) OR
(TITLE-ABS-KEY("eligibility determinations" OR
"eligibility measurements" OR "eligibility thresholds" OR
"eligibility selection" OR "eligibility assessment" OR
"eligibility assessments" OR "selection criteria") AND
TITLE-ABS-KEY(poor OR poverty OR low-income OR
indigent OR indigence OR impoverished OR "vulnerable
population" OR "vulnerable populations" OR "vulnerable
group" OR "vulnerable groups" OR "disadvantaged
population" OR "disadvantaged populations" OR
beneficiary OR beneficiaries)) OR
(TITLE-ABS-KEY(identify OR identifying OR
identification) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(poor OR poverty
OR low-income OR indigent OR indigence OR
impoverished OR "vulnerable population" OR "vulnerable
populations" OR "vulnerable group" OR "vulnerable
groups" OR "disadvantaged population" OR
"disadvantaged populations" OR beneficiary OR
beneficiaries)) OR (TITLE-ABS-KEY("financial
assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR "financial
measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR "income
assessment" OR "income assessments" OR "income
measurement" OR "income measurements")) OR
(TITLE-ABS-KEY("individual assessment" OR
"household assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR
"household assessments") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(income
OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR means OR wealth
OR property))) AND ((TITLE-ABS-KEY(exemption OR
exemptions OR "exempted service" OR "exempted
services" OR waiver OR waivers OR voucher OR vouchers
OR "cash transfer" OR "cash transfers" OR subsidy OR
subsidies OR subsidize OR subsidise OR subsidized OR
subsidised OR subsidizing OR subsidising) AND
TITLE-ABS-KEY(health)) OR (TITLE-ABS-KEY("health
equity funds" OR "health equity fund" OR "health services
accessibility" OR "health service accessibility" OR "health
care accessibility" OR "health care access" OR "health care
utilization" OR "health services access" OR "health
services utilization" OR "health service access" OR "health
service utilization")))
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
1477
1236
42
34
72
SSRN
12
/31/2009
Unescap
03/01/201
0
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND
health
#2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment"
OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments")
AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR
means OR wealth OR property) AND health
#3voucher AND health
#4vouchers AND health
#5"cash transfer" AND heath
#6"cash transfers" AND health
#7exemption AND fee AND health
#8exemption AND fees AND health
#9exemption AND charge AND health
#10exemptions AND fee AND health
#11exemptions AND fees AND health
#12exemptions AND charge AND health
#13waiver AND fee AND health
#14waiver AND fees AND health
#15waiver AND charge AND health
#16subsidy AND health
#17subsidies AND health
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments"
OR "financial measurement" OR "financial measurements"
OR "income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND
health
#2 ("individual assessment" OR "household
assessment" OR "individual assessments" OR "household
assessments") AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR
goods OR means OR wealth OR property) AND health
#3voucher AND health
#4vouchers AND health
#5"cash transfer" AND heath
#6"cash transfers" AND health
#7exemption AND fee AND health
#8exemption AND fees AND health
#9exemption AND charge AND health
#10exemptions AND fee AND health
#11exemptions AND fees AND health
#12exemptions AND charge AND health
13waiver AND fee AND health
#14waiver AND fees AND health
#15waiver AND charge AND health
#16subsidy AND health
#17subsidies AND health
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND
health
#2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment"
OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments")
AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR
means OR wealth OR property) AND health
#3voucher AND health
#4vouchers AND health
178
175
41
34
73
UNICEF
14/01/201
0
USAID
10/01/201
0
World Bank
06/01/201
0
#5"cash transfer" AND heath
#6"cash transfers" AND health
#7exemption AND fee AND health
#8exemption AND fees AND health
#9exemption AND charge AND health
#10exemptions AND fee AND health
#11exemptions AND fees AND health
#12exemptions AND charge AND health
#13waiver AND fee AND health
#14waiver AND fees AND health
#15waiver AND charge AND health
#16subsidy AND health
#17subsidies AND health
"financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements" OR
"individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR
"individual assessments" OR "household assessments" OR
voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR exemption OR exemptions OR waiver OR
subsidy OR subsidies
#1 ("financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement" OR "financial measurements" OR
"income assessment" OR "income assessments" OR
"income measurement" OR "income measurements") AND
health
#2 ("individual assessment" OR "household assessment"
OR "individual assessments" OR "household assessments")
AND (income OR expense OR expenses OR goods OR
means OR wealth OR property) AND health
#3(voucher OR vouchers OR "cash transfer" OR "cash
transfers" OR subsidy OR subsidies) AND health
#4(exemption OR exemptions OR waiver) AND (fee OR
fees OR charge) AND health
"financial assessment(s)" AND health OR "financial
measurement(s)"AND health OR "income
assessment(s)"AND health OR "income
measurement(s)"AND health OR "individual
assessment(s)"AND income OR "individual
assessment(s)"AND expense(s) OR "individual
assessment(s)"AND goods OR "individual
assessment(s)"AND means OR "individual
assessment(s)"AND wealth OR "individual
assessment(s)"AND property OR "household
assessment(s)"AND income OR "household
assessment(s)"AND expense(s) OR "household
assessment(s)"AND goods OR "household
assessment(s)"AND means OR "household
assessment(s)"AND wealth OR "household
assessment(s)"AND property OR voucher(s) AND health
OR "cash transfer(s)" AND health OR exemption(s) AND
fee(s) AND health OR exemption(s) AND charge AND
health OR waiver AND fee(s) AND health OR waiver
AND charge AND health OR subsidy(subsidies) AND
（
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
） （
）（
（
）（
） （
） （
） （
） （
21
17
29
28
43
33
）
74
WHO
03/01/201
0
）
health
#1"financial assessment" OR "financial assessments" OR
"financial measurement"" health" OR "financial
measurements" OR "income assessment"
#2"individual assessment" OR "household assessment" OR
"individual assessments" OR "household assessments"
#3voucher
#4vouchers
#5"cash transfer"
#6"cash transfers"
#7"exemption"" fee "
#8"exemption" "fees"
#9"exemption" "charge"
#10"exemptions" "fee"
#11"exemptions" "fees"
#12"exemptions" "charge"
#13"waiver" "fee"
#14"waiver" "fees"
#15"waiver" "charge"
#16subsidy
#17subsidies
243
243
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Annex 2: Data extraction form in this review
Description of
study:
Methods
Nature of health
program
Nature of means
testing
Result and
conclusion
Title
Authors
Publishing year, Vol., Issue, pages
Publish type
Study time
Study sites
Overall aim of study
Study design/method
Data source(N if there is no data)
Name and category of health
program
Location of health program/level
Purpose of health program
Target population of health program
Contents of health program
Department taking charge of
implementation of means testing
Eligibility criteria used in means
testing
Implementation process of means
testing
Coverage of eligible populations
after implementation of means
testing
Leakage of eligible populations after
implementation of means testing
Administration cost of means testing
Cost-benefit of means testing
Author’s conclusion
Other
information
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