14
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
EFFECT OF MODIFIED ETHREL FORMULATION AND
HEAT ACCUMULATION ON BERRY COLORATION
AND QUALITY OF "CRIMSON SEEDLESS" GRAPES.
A: Berry characteristics at harvest in relation to heat
accumulation and number of pickings.
Karim M. Farag1; Amr M. Haikal1; Neven M.N. Nagy1 and Raed S. Shehata.2
1
Department of Horticultural (Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, University of Damanhour,
Beheira, Egypt.
2
Viticultural Department, at El Wadi Agricultural Company, Beheira, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted during the two successive
seasons 2009 and 2010 using "Crimson Seedless" vines
grown in Badr district, Behera governorate, Egypt. Vines
were treated by using a hand sprayer to the run off point
and the treatments included: the control (water spray),
ZnEDTA at 1 % (w/v), Ethrel at 200 ppm or 400 ppm,
Ethanol at 5 % (v/v) and the combination between Ethrel (at
200 ppm or 400 ppm) plus either ZnEDTA (1%) or ethanol
(5%). The non-ionic surfactant Tween-80 was used at 0.1%
(v/v) with all treatments. One spray was implemented at 15:
20% berry coloration and the Gable Trellis system was used
to support the vines where two systems of dissipating
absorbed head, the first one was open between the rows to
avoid heat accumulation while the second was closed by
maintaining the crossing shoots. The main results could be
summarized in the following trends: ZnEDTA led to a
significant increase in berry size, weight, length, T.S.S to
acidity ratio, carotene and anthocyanin contents while
reduced the percentage of green berries as compared with
the control. The application of Ethrel (at either 200 or 400
ppm) caused an increase in carotene and anthocyanin
content. Consequently, the percentage of pink and red
berries was increased while the percentage of green berries
was reduced. The study proved that applying Ethrel (at 200
15
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
ppm) in a formulation with either ZnEDTA or ethanol
caused a marked increase in anthocyanin content as
compared with the control while berry size, weight, diameter
and length were not affected. Moreover, Ethrel application
at 400 ppm in formulations by either incorporating
ZnEDTA or ethanol had remarkable effect on improving
berry coloration with higher efficacy than that obtained with
Ethrel at 200 ppm. Meanwhile, the performance of various
Ethrel treatments was considerable better with heat
dissipation (avoiding heat accumulation) while, berry
characteristics were improved in the second picking (after
fifteen days of spray) compared with the first one (ten days
after spray). The outcome of this research recommend that
enhancing Ethrel (at 400 ppm) effectiveness by
incorporation of some safe chemical such as EDTA or
ethanol while applying them under open canopy between the
rows of "Crimson Seedless" vines to avoid heat
accumulation.
INTRODUCTION
"Crimson Seedless" grape (Vitis vinifera) is a late-season,
attractive, red seedless grape cultivar with firm berries developed in
Fresno, CA., USA. It was introduced in 1989, it fulfills the need for a
red seedless cultivar for fresh market and provides a seedless
alternative to "Emperor", a late ripening, red and seeded grape
(Ramming et al., 1995). In addition, the crispiness and the firmness of
"Crimson" berries add to the desired attributes of such cultivar. The
source of seedlessness is "Sultanina" (Thompson Seedless), which was
used as a parent in the first generation of crossing while „Emperor‟
was one of the parents leading the red pigmentation of "Crimson".
The flavonoids are considered very important components in
grape berries that by their presence or absence contribute greatly to
grape quality, since they are responsible for color and stringency,
bitterness, flavour as well as have attracted much interest due to their
antioxidant properties and their potentially beneficial effect for human
health (Montealegre et al., 2006).
16
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
Anthocyanin is considered one of the important flavoniod
classes. Red and black grapes owe their attractive color to their
anthocyanin pigments. Moreover, anthocyanin levels and the other
flavonoid classes in grape skin are parameters available for evaluating
grape quality. These levels are influenced by several environmental,
cultural, physiological, and genetic factors. More important among the
environmental factors affecting the coloration of grapes are air
temperature, solar reduction, nitrogen and potassium fertilization that
are the two main nutrition elements in vineyards (Downey et al.,
2006).
Recently, in Egypt, the area of grapevines has been increasing
as it reached 156000 feddans, which produce 1550000 tons according
to the FAO, 2010. The "Crimson Seedless" vines are very vigorous on
their own roots, the fruits ripen in mid-September, and if weather
permitting, can be held on the vine through mid-November and the
vines produced medium sized, compact fruit clusters 0.5 kg in weight.
The berries are bright red averaging 4 g, the flavor being sweet,
neutral and very good and the variety holds significant promise for
commercial producers due to excellent eating characteristics, late
maturity, seedless, and berry texture is crisp and firm, but poor color
and small berry size are the primary fruit quality problems
(Dokoozlian et al., 2000).
In Egypt, "Crimson Seedless" was evaluated for their
suitability to production in different regions of the world. There is an
expansion in growing area of "Crimson Seedless" grape to meet
demand because the Egyptian grape growers are looking at the
potential of a new export window into the European markets in
October and early November, in addition to their usual sendings in
June and July.
Worldwide "Crimson Seedless" is fast becoming the preferred
red seedless grape in supermarkets because of their exceptional shelf
life as well as it has a very distinctive sweet, juicy flavor and
elongated, pale pink berries. They have a crisp, firm skin with a juicy
pulp. It has high sugar content, with half as glucose, and half as
fructose (Perfection Fresh, 2007).
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J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
Problems of "Crimson Seedless" grapes production could be
summarized in the following points:
"Crimson Seedless" grapes include the following problems
according to Dokoozlian et al., 2000: lack of sufficient berry color,
small berry size can also be a problem and cultural practices that
increase the berry size of "Crimson Seedless" (such as GA) further
reduce the color of its berries, highly vigorous and vines become
excessively vegetative growth when planted in deep, fertile soils. So,
the soils of moderate vigorous are preferred for planting.
This variety has low fruitfulness for spur pruning. As a result,
most of the "Crimson Seedless" vineyards are head trained and cane
pruned. Due to the low fruitfulness often observed on highly vigorous
"Crimson Seedless", it may be necessary to retain up to 8 canes to
ensure adequate productivity. As a result to the high vigorous of this
cultivar, the vine‟s productivity and fruit quality should be improved
with the use of large, extensive trellis systems such as the Gable trellis
system. Thus, the proper canopy management is needed to improve
the fruit quality of "Crimson Seedless".
The Objectives of this research were:
a- To define the proper canopy management that lead to heat
dissipation which improves fruit quality. b- To enhance color
formation of "Crimson Seedless" by using new ethephon formulations.
c- To provide grape producers with feasible and applicable regime to
produce high quality "Crimson" clusters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was conducted during two successive seasons
2009 and 2010 on ten years old "Crimson Seedless" grapevines grown
in a private orchard near Badr center, El-Behera governorate. The
vines were grown on own roots, spaced at 2 x 3 m, irrigated with drip
irrigation system, uniform, healthy, cane pruned and supported by the
gable trellis system. Each vine bore ten canes that were shortened to
12 buds with a total number of clusters adjusted to 40/ vine and
received regularly the same horticultural practices adopted in this
orchard. Grape bunches, distributed over four vines per replication
were sprayed to run off using a hand sprayer during the two seasons,
18
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
respectively at 15-20 % coloration. First harvest was done ten days
after spray while the second harvest was five days later. Seventy two
vines were selected in a completely randomized design and divided
into two groups. The first group had openings between the rows (nonheat accumulation) while, the second group had a closed canopy
between rows (heat accumulation) each group received the same nine
treatments. these treatments included water as (the control), Ethrel
(48% v/v) at 200 ppm, Ethrel at 400 ppm, ethanol at 5% (v/v), zinc
EDTA 1% (w/v), Ethrel (200 ppm) + zinc EDTA 1% (w/v), Ethrel
(200 ppm) + ethanol at 5% (v/v), Ethrel (400 ppm) + zinc EDTA 1%
(w/v) and Ethrel (400 ppm) + ethanol at 5% (v/v). The non-ionic
surfactant Tween-80 at .05% (v/v) was added to all treatments to
reduce the surface tension and increase the contact angle of sprayed
droplets. At harvest, visual assessment of berry coloration in each
replicate was evaluated by sorting berries into three categories: red,
pink and green berries.
1-Fruit Quality Parameters.
(A)Physical Characteristics:
The physical fruit parameters were measured at harvest. The
average weight of hundred berries of each replication was determined in
the first harvest, and the average weight of two hundred berries of each
replication in the second harvest. Fruit size was determined by
displacement in graduated cylindrical tube containing tap water. Berry
juice was extracted and determined by cylindrical tube. Fruit length and
diameter were measured by using a Vernier caliper.
(B) Chemical Characteristics:
The percentage of total soluble solids (T.S.S %) in berry juice was
measured using a hand-refractometer. The acidity was colorimetrically
detected based on estimated tartaric acid using five milliliters of the berries
juice of each sample and titrated against sodium hydroxide solution of a
known normality using phenolphthalein as an indicator (A.O.A.C., 1985).
The results of these titrations were converted to tartaric acid using the
following equation:
Titratable Acidity =N. NaOH × ml. NaOH × 0.075* × 100 /ml, juice
used.
*Millequivalent weight of tartaric acid (The dominant organic acid).
19
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
Vitamin C was determined by titration with pigment (2, 6
dichlorophenyl -indophenol dye) on 5ml of fresh juice using acidic
indicator (Egan et al., 1987).
Total sugars were determined by using the phenol sulfuric acid
method (Smith, 1956) and the concentration was calculated from a
standard curve of glucose mg per gm Fresh weight. Reduced sugars were
determined according to the Lane and Eynon method as described by Egan
et al., 1981 and 1987.
Chlorophyll a, b and beta-Carotene were determined according to
Wintermans and Mats, 1965 as follows: half gram of fresh peel from the
green cheek of berries was extracted by about 15 ml of 85% acetone and
0.5 g calcium carbonate, the mixture was filtered through a glass funnel
using filter papers and the residue was washed with a small volume of
acetone and brought up to 25 ml. The optical density of a constant volume
of filtrate was measured at a length wave of 662 nm, for chlorophyll a, 644
nm, for chlorophyll b and 440 nm, for carotene using spectrophotometer.
Anthocyanin in berry skin was determined according to the
method of Fuleki and Francis, 1968 as follows: 10 grams of fresh peel
from colored cheek, was extracted by using 20 ml of the extraction
solution (85% ethyl alcohol 95% + 15% HCl of 1.5N), the mixture was left
for the extraction of anthocyanin for 2 weeks, 1 ml of the filtrate was used
to determine the optical density at 535 nm, after adding 5 ml of the
extraction solution. The blank was just the used extraction solution, using
spectrophotometer.
Statistical Analysis:
Data were analyzed as a split split plot arrangement in a
randomized complete block design with four replicates. Comparisons
among means were made via the Least Significant Differences multiple
ranges according to Sendecor and Cochran, 1980. The data were analyzed
using SAS, 2000 program.
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J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A- The Treatment Factor.
1. Physical Characteristics:
Response of berry size to various applied treatments was
reported in Table 1 and Figure 1. The data revealed that Ethrel at
either 200 or 400 ppm did not cause a consistent effect on berry size
as compared with the control in the two seasons. Moreover, ethanol at
5% (v/v) resulted in a similar size to that obtained with the control in
both seasons. Chelated zinc using EDTA led to a significant increase
in berry size at harvest relative to the control. This increase could be
ascribed to the effect of zinc as co-factor required for natural auxin
activity and biosynthesis, which reflected on an increase in cell
enlargement. The formulations containing ethrel at 200 ppm or 400
ppm plus ZnEDTA had similar effects on berry size at harvest and, in
general, did not vary from the influence of ethrel alone at both
concentrations. Furthermore, when ethanol was combined with either
ethrel at 200 ppm or 400 ppm, no further alteration was proved except
that the formulation of ethrel (400 ppm) plus ethanol at 5% caused a
significant increase in berry size in a consistent manner as compared
with just maxing ethanol alone.
The effect of various applied treatments on berry weight of
"Crimson Seedless" was documented in Table 1 and Figure 2.
Applying Ethrel individually either at 200 ppm or 400 ppm did not
significantly alter berry weight at harvest as compared with the control
except with the application of Ethrel at 400 ppm in the first season that
resulted in a significant increase in such weight. The same above trend
was found with ethanol spray at 5% (v/v) since no considerable
difference was obtained in berry size relative to the control.
Meanwhile, the application of ZnEDTA at 1 % w/v resulted in a
significant increase in berry weight when compared with the control
or even ethanol in both seasons, which could be again attributed to the
influence of zinc on enhancing the efficiency of natural auxins in
increasing cell expansion. However, the combination of ethrel at 200
or 400 ppm plus ZnEDTA did not result in a consistent enhancement
of berry weight relative to just using ethrel alone. Similarly, that was
the case when the formulations of ethrel (200 or 400 ppm) plus
21
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
ethanol were compared with only ethrel spray in terms of the response
of berry weight in both seasons.
Changes in berry diameter in response to the application of
various treatments during the two consecutive seasons were reported
in Table 1 and Figure 3. It was evident that such diameter was not
affected by the applications of Ethrel alone at either 200 or 400 ppm
as compared with the control except with Ethrel at 200 ppm in the first
season. Even when Ethrel was combined with either ZnEDTA or
ethanol, no further change was obtained in berry diameter. In short, all
treatments and the control had not significant difference in berry
diameter among them in both seasons thus; there was no added
advantage in berry diameter when Ethrel treatment was combined with
other enhancers relative to its sole application in both seasons.
Length of "Crimson Seedless" berry at harvest was
determined at harvest and the data was reported in Table 1 and Figure
4. It was obvious that both Ethrel concentrations did not cause a
significant change in berry length as compared with the control in both
seasons. Similarly, ethanol at 5% did not alter such diameter at
harvest. Moreover, ZnEDTA caused only a significant change in
diameter during the second season relative to the control. On the other
hand, the combination treatments of various formulations did not
result in a significant alteration in berry length whether Ethrel was
combined with ZnEDTA or ethanol. However, combining Ethrel at
400 ppm plus ZnEDTA in first season resulted in a considerable
increase in berry length as compared with the control.
Data of juice volume in "Crimson Seedless" grape berries
as influenced by various treatments was reported in Table 1 and
Figure 5. The data indicated that Ethrel alone whether at 200 or 400
ppm did not result in a consistent trend in increasing juice volume
when the two seasons were compared. In a similar manner, ethanol at
5% (v/v) was not effective in altering the juice volume in considerable
way. In addition, ZnEDTA treatment did not cause any significant
change in that volume in both seasons. The addition of chemical
adjuvant such as ZnEDTA to Ethrel at either used concentrations did
not make a significant difference in terms of juice volume. However,
the combination of Ethrel at 400 ppm plus ethanol resulted in a
22
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
significant increase in juice volume as compared with the control or
the application of ethanol alone at 5%.
With regard to the percentage of pink berries in treated
clusters, the data in Table 1 and Figure 6 revealed that there was a
significant increase in such percentage caused by both Ethrel
concentrations in both seasons. Moreover, the application of ethanol
alone at 5% trended to increase pink berries especially in the first
season as compared with the control. Ethanol was reported to
stimulate the expression of some gene related to anthocyanin
development (Chervin et al., 2002(. Chelating Zn with EDTA,
however, did not result in a significant increase in percentage of pink
berries in a consistent manner in both seasons. Meanwhile, the
addition of ethanol to Ethrel 200 ppm resulted in an enhanced
percentage of pink berries, as compared with adding ZnEDTA to the
same Ethrel concentration. As the concentration of ethrel was
increased to 400 ppm and in a formulation with either ZnEDTA or
ethanol, no further increase in pink berries since red berries were
formed in the cluster.
Response of "Crimson Seedless" clusters to various applied
treatments at harvest indicated that Ethrel at 200 ppm caused a
significant increase in the percentage of red berries as compared with
the control in both seasons was reported in Table 1 and Figure 7. By
increasing Ethrel concentration to 400 ppm, no parallel increase in red
berries was obtained. Even ethanol or ZnEDTA application led to
enhancing the formation of red berries but the magnitude of such
increase varied between the two seasons. The highest increase in the
percentage of red berries was obtained with spraying Ethrel 400 ppm
in a formulation with ethanol followed by the adjuvant ZnEDTA to
the same Ethrel concentration. Similarly, the addition of either
ZnEDTA or ethanol to Ethrel at 200 ppm had varied response between
the two seasons in terms of the percentage of red berries that were still
greater than that found in the control clusters. The above results were
in line of the findings of other researchers such as Beaulieu and
Salveit, 1997; Farag et al., 1992; Chervin et al., 2001; Palta and
Stang,1983; Farag, et al., 1985; Farag and Palta, 1987a, b and c; Farag
and Kassem; 1998; Shawa, 1979; Farag, 1989; Cooper et al., 1968;
23
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
Dokoozlian, 2002; El-Kereamy et al., 2002; Nikolaou et al., 2003 and
Chervin et al.,2002.
Regarding the influence of various applied treatments on
"Crimson Seedless" grapes on the percentage of green berries at
harvest was reported in Table 1 and Figure 8. The data revealed that
both Ethrel concentrations were considerably effective in reducing the
percentage of green berries in the harvested cluster. However, the
magnitude of such reduction was not proportional with doubling the
concentration of Ethrel to 400 ppm. Meanwhile, ethanol treatment
proved to be significantly effective on reducing such berries as
compared with the control. As they might activate some genes
(Chervin et al.,2002) responsible for enhancing color development,
hence reducing chlorophyll intensity in a similar manner, ZnEDTA
led to the reduction of green berry in the cluster relative to the control.
This effect might be attributed to its influence on activating
chlorophyllase in the skin (Farag, 2006). On the other hand, the
formulation of Ethrel at 200 ppm plus either ZnEDTA or ethanol did
not have an added advantage with regard to reducing green berries in
the cluster. However, that was not the case with using Ethrel at 400
ppm in the presence of either ZnEDTA or ethanol since such
percentage was significantly reduced when compared with just using
Ethrel alone at 400 ppm. The above mentioned results were in
agreement with El-Kereamy et al., 2003; Hartman, 1992; GomezCordoves et al., 1996; Lopez et al., 2000; Awad and De-Jager, 2002;
Delgado et al., 2004; Chervin et al., 2004; Chervin et al., 2005;
Nikolaou et al., 2003; Lombard et al., 2004; Dokoozlian, 2002; Peppi,
and Dokoozlian, 2003; Gallegos et al., 2006; Kyu et al.,1998; Farag et
al., 1992; El-Kereamy et al., 2002; Han et al., 1996; Chervin et al.,
2001; Palta and Stang, 1983; Farag et al., 1985; Farag, 1989 and
Chervin et al., 2002.
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J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
Table 1: Physical characteristics of "Crimson Seedless" grape berries as influenced by various applied treatments during the two seasons 2009
and 2010.
Treatments
Control
Ethrel 200 ppm
Ethrel 400 ppm
Ethanol 5 %
ZnEDTA 1%
Ethrel 200 ppm
+ ZnEDTA 1%
Ethrel 200 ppm
+ ethanol 5%
Ethrel 400 ppm
+ ZnEDTA 1%
Ethrel 400ppm +
ethanol 5%
Berry size
(cm3)
2009
2010
2.875
3.163
c*
d
3.363
3.194
ab
cd
3.581
3.225
a
cd
2.875
3.163
c
d
3.288
3.544
ab
a
3.200
3.364
bc
abc
3.075
3.294
bc
bcd
3.313
3.344
Ab
bcd
3.306
3.450
ab
ab
Juice volume
(cm3)
2009
2010
2.300
2.506
d
b
2.619
2.525
ab
b
2.731
2.606
a
ab
2.519
2.525
bc
b
2.300
2.594
d
ab
2.519
2.600
bc
ab
2.394
2.606
cd
ab
2.564
2.625
abc
ab
2.736
2.713
a
a
Berry weight
(gm)
2009
2010
3.674
3.608
d
cd
3.520
3.538
b
d
3.843
3.638
a
bcd
3.074
3.608
d
cd
3.452
3.977
bc
a
3.293
3.740
bcd
bc
3.237
3.644
cd
bcd
3.393
3.592
bc
cd
3.357
3.778
bc
b
Diameter berry
(cm)
2009
2010
1.589
1.614
a
a
1.529
1.590
b
a
1.545
1.598
ab
a
1.589
1.606
a
a
1.538
1.591
ab
a
1.536
1.579
ab
a
1.538
1.604
ab
a
1.593
1.593
ab
a
1.538
1.570
ab
a
Berry length
(cm)
2009
2010
2.128
2.211
b
bc
2.170
2.221
b
bc
2.199
2.191
b
c
2.398
2.211
a
bc
2.113
2.295
b
a
2.174
2.236
b
abc
2.139
2.240
b
abc
2.343
2.194
a
c
2.134
2.260
b
ab
Pink berries
(%)
2009
2010
61.350
24.540
e
d
71.419
52.035
cd
a
76.745
51.954
b
ab
73.282
46.635
c
bcd
60.822
44.474
e
cd
77.550
74.811
ab
bcd
80.113
51.176
a
abc
69.523
54.780
d
Bcd
58.543
30.733
e
e
Red berries
(%)
2009
2010
5.511
6.475
f
e
16.440
21.465
c
d
13.657
35.132
d
c
8.897
18.669
e
d
16.957
23.501
c
d
7.929
32.234
e
c
7.306
31.572
e
c
25.292
44.307
b
b
39.605
64.287
a
a
* Values, within a column, of similar letters are not significantly different according to the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 levels.
Green berries
(%)
2009
2010
33.077
50.985
a
a
12.141
21.500
e
a
9.597
12.919
f
de
17.820
34.696
c
a
22.221
32.025
b
b
14.521
19.954
d
c
12.581
17.252
de
cd
5.185
9.913
g
ef
1.852
4.980
h
f
25
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
4.5
3
2.5
2
Berry weight (gm)
4
3.5
2009
2010
1.5
1
2009
2
2010
1.5
1
0
0
Co
Et
nt
hr
ro
el
l
20
Et
0p
hr
pm
el
40
0p
Et
pm
ha
no
l
Et
5
hr
Zn %
e
Et
hr l 20 E D
E
0+
el
Z n TA
20
0+
ED
Et
Et
TA
hr
ha
el
no
Et
40
l5
hr
0
%
el
+
Zn
40
0+
ED
Et
TA
ha
no
l5
%
0.5
Fig 1: Effect of treatments at harvest on berry size
during the two growing seasons 2009 and
2010.
1.5
1.48
Fig 3: Effect of treatments at harvest on berry diameter
during the two growing seasons 2009 and 2010.
2009
2.2
2010
2.15
2.1
2.05
2
1.95
on
tr
ol
l
20
Et
0p
hr
pm
el
40
0p
Et
pm
ha
no
l5
Et
h
Zn %
Et rel
20 E D
hr
ET
0+
el
Z
20
nE A
0+
D
E
Et
TA
th
hr
an
el
Et
ol
40
hr
5%
0+
el
Z
40
nE
0+
D
E
TA
th
an
ol
5%
2010
2.3
2.25
Et
hr
e
2009
Berry length (cm)
1.56
1.54
1.52
2.4
2.35
C
1.6
1.58
Fig 2: Effect of treatments at harvest on berry weight
during the two growing seasons 2009 and
2010
2.45
1.64
1.62
Et
C
o
hr
el ntro
20 l
Et
0p
hr
el
p
40 m
Et 0p
ha pm
no
l5
Et
hr
Zn
%
e
Et
E
l
D
20
hr
el
0+ ET
20
Zn A
Et 0+ E ED
hr
T
th
e
an A
Et
l
ol
h r 40
0+
el
5%
40
Z
0+ n E
D
Et
ha TA
no
l5
%
Berry diameter (cm)
3
2.5
0.5
Et
h r Co
Et el 2 ntr
hr 0 ol
el 0p
4 pm
Et 0 0
ha pp
Et
no m
Et hr
hr el Zn l 5
el 20 E %
2 0 D
Et 0 0 +Z ET
Et hre +Et nE A
h r l 4 h a DT
el 0
n A
40 0+ ol
0+ Zn 5%
Et ED
ha T
no A
l5
%
berry size (cm3)
4
3.5
Fig 4: Effect of treatments at harvest on berry length
during the two growing seasons 2009 and
2010.
Fig 4. Effect of treatments at harvest on berry length
during the two growing seasons 2090 and 2019.
26
Vol.10 (3)2011
90
2.7
80
2.6
70
2.5
2.4
2.3
Pink berries (%)
2.8
2009
2010
2.2
50
2009
40
2010
30
20
0
C
Et
hr on tr
el
ol
20
Et
0p
hr
pm
el
40
0p
Et
pm
ha
no
l5
Et
hr
Zn %
el
Et
E
D
20
hr
ET
0+
el
A
Z
20
nE
0+
D
E
Et
TA
th
hr
an
el
Et
ol
40
hr
5%
0+
el
Z
40
n
0+
ED
E
TA
th
an
ol
5%
10
2
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fig 6: Effect of treatments at harvest on pink berries
percentage during the two growing seasons
2009 and 2010.
60
50
Green berries (%)
Fig 5: Effect of treatments at harvest on juice
volume during the two growing seasons
2009 and 2010.
Red berries (%)
60
2.1
Et
C
hr on
e
t
Et l 2 ro l
hr 00
el pp
40 m
Et 0 p
ha pm
no
Et
l5
Et hre
%
Z
hr l 2 nE
00
el
D
20 +Z ET
Et 0+E nE A
Et hre th a DTA
hr l 4
n
el 0 0 o l 5
40 + Z %
0+
E nED
th
an TA
ol
5%
Juice volume (cm3)
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
40
30
2009
20
2010
10
Et
C
hr on
tr
el
ol
2
Et
hr 00 p
el
pm
40
Et 0 pp
ha
m
no
Et
l5
%
Z
Et hre
hr l 2 nE
00
D
el
E
20 +Z
TA
Et 0+E nE
hr
th DT
Et
e
A
a
hr l 40 no
l5
el
0
40 + Z %
0+
nE
E
th DT
A
an
ol
5%
0
Fig 7: Effect of treatments at harvest on red berries
percentage during the two growing seasons
2009 and 2010.
Fig 8: Effect of treatments at harvest on green
berries percentage during the two growing
seasons 2009 and 2010.
27
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
2. Chemical Characteristics:
Regarding the influence of various applied treatments in
"Crimson Seedless" grapes on the contents of chlorophylls a and b at
harvest were reported in Table 2 and Figures 9 & 10. The data
revealed that both Ethrel concentrations were considerably effective in
reducing the contents of chlorophylls a and b at harvest relative to the
control. Meanwhile, ethanol treatment proved to be significantly
effective on reducing the contents of chlorophylls a and b at harvest as
compared with the control. ZnEDTA led to the reduction of the
contents of chlorophylls a and b at harvest relative to the control.
Also, the formulation of Ethrel at 200 ppm or 400 ppm plus either
ZnEDTA or ethanol added an advantage with regard to reducing the
contents of chlorophylls a and b at harvest relative to the control. The
above findings whether for chlorophyll a or b agreed with the reported
results of Hartman, 1992 and Lopez et al., 2000. Who reported that
Ethrel enhanced ethylene production and stimulated progressive loss of
chlorophyll.
Carotene content data in the fruit skin of Crimson Seedless
cultivar at harvest as influenced by various applied treatments were
reported in Table 2 and Figure 11. The data indicated that carotenes were
drastically increased by Ethrel, ZnEDTA, ethanol, and Ethrel plus ethanol
or ZnEDTA as compared with the control in both seasons. By increasing
Ethrel concentration to 400 ppm, the increases in carotenes were
obtained. Also, ethanol or ZnEDTA application led to enhancing the
formation of carotene content in the fruit skin of Crimson Seedless
cultivar at harvest in the two seasons. The highest increase in carotene
content was obtained with spraying Ethrel 400 ppm in a formulation
with ethanol followed by the adjuvant ZnEDTA to the same Ethrel
concentration. Similarly, the addition of either ZnEDTA or ethanol to
Ethrel at 200 ppm had the same response between the two seasons in
terms of carotene content in the fruit skin that were still greater than that
found in the control clusters. The reported results of this study were in
line with others such as Farag, 2006. The increase in the conversion of
chloroplasts to chromoplasts was also reported as a result of the increase of
ethylene content in fruits. The increase in carotenes by ZnEDTA treatment
28
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
could be attributed to its influence on activating chlorophyllase in the
skin.
Regarding the influence of various applied treatments on
"Crimson Seedless" grapes on the anthocyanine pigment at harvest
was reported in Table 2 and Figure 12. The data revealed that both
Ethrel concentrations (at 200 ppm and 400 ppm) caused a significant
increase in anthocyanine pigments in the harvested clusters. However,
the magnitude of such increase was not proportional with doubling the
concentration of Ethrel to 400 ppm. Meanwhile, ethanol treatment
proved to be significantly effective on anthocyanine pigments of such
berries as compared with the control, as they might activate some
genes (Chervin et al., 2002) responsible for enhancing anthocyanine
biosynthesis, hence reducing chlorophyll intensity. In a similar
manner, ZnEDTA led to significant increase in anthocyanine pigments
biosynthesis in berries at harvest relative to the control. This effect
meight be attributed to its influence on activating chlorophyllase in the
skin (Farag, 2006). The highest increase in the anthocyanine pigments
biosynthesis was obtained with spraying Ethrel (400 ppm) in
formulation with ethanol followed by ZnEDTA to the same Ethrel
concentration. Similarly, the addition of either ZnEDTA or ethanol to
Ethrel at 200 ppm led to varied response between the two seasons in
terms of anthocyanine biosynthesis that were still greater than that
found in the control. . The above results were in line of the findings of
other researchers such as Hartman, 1992; El-Kereamy et al., 2003;
Gomez- Cordoves et al., 1996; Lopez et al., 2000; Awad and DeJager, 2002; Delgado et al., 2004; Chervin et al., 2004; Chervin et al.,
2005; Nikolaou et al., 2003; Lombard et al., 2004; Dokoozlian, 2002;
Peppi and Dokoozlian, 2003; Gallegos et al., 2006; Kyu et al., 1998;
Farag et al., 1992; Han et al., 1996; Nikolaou et al., 2003; Chervin et
al., 2001; Palta and stang, 1983; Farag et al., 1985; Farag, 1989 and
Chervin et al.,2002.
Response of total sugars percentage to various applied
treatments was reported in Table 2 and Figure 13. The data revealed
that there were not a significant increases between Ethrel in both
concentrations (200 ppm or 400 ppm), ethanol at 5%, ZnEDTA, and
Ethrel formulation at 200 ppm either ethanol or ZnEDTA but that
29
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
were still greater than that found in control. However, the highest
increase in the percentage of total sugar was obtained with spraying
ethrel at 400 ppm in formulation with ethanol followed by adjuvant
ZnEDTA to the same Ethrel concentration in both seasons. The above
mentioned results were in agreement with Hartman, 1992; ElKereamy et al., 2003; Han et al., 1996; Nikolaou et al., 2003 and
Delgado et al., 2004.
Regarding the influence of various applied treatments on
"Crimson Seedless" grapes on the percentage of reducing sugars at
harvest was reported in Table 2 and Figure 14. The data revealed that
both Ethrel at 200 ppm and ethanol 5% had a similar effect on
significant increase in percentage of reducing sugars compared with
control in both seasons. in addition to application of Ethrel at 400 ppm
and the addition of either ZnEDTA or ethanol to Ethrel at 200 ppm
had a similar significant increase in percentage of reducing sugars
compared with control in both seasons. Spraying ZnEDTA alone did
not effect on increasing the percentage of reducing sugar compared
with control in both seasons. But the highest increase in percentage of
reducing sugar was obtained with spraying ethrel 400 ppm in a
formulation with ethanol followed by adjuvant ZnEDTA to the same
ethrel concentration.
Response of "Crimson Seedless" clusters to various applied
treatments at harvest indicated that Ethrel at 200 ppm, ethanol at 5%
and ZnEDTA at 1% had no significant effect reducing the percentage
of non-reducing sugars as compared with the control Table 2 and
Figure 15. The data revealed that the formulation of Ethrel at 200 ppm
plus either ZnEDTA or ethanol and formulation of Ethrel at 400 ppm
plus either ZnEDTA or ethanol significantly reduced when compared
with just using Ethrel alone at both concentrations and control.
With regard to the percentage of T.S.S in treated clusters, the
data in Table 2 and Figure 16 revealed that there was a significant
increase in such percentage caused by both Ethrel concentrations in
both seasons. Moreover, the application of ethanol alone at 5% and
ZnEDTA trended to increase T.S.S percentage in both seasons as
compared with the control. Meanwhile, the addition of ethanol to
Ethrel at 200 ppm resulted in an enhanced percentage of T.S.S, as
30
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
compared with adding ZnEDTA to the same Ethrel concentration.
Moreover, the highest increase in the percentage of T.S.S was
obtained with spraying Ethrel at 400 ppm in formulation with ethanol
followed by the adjuvant ZnEDTA to the same Ethrel concentration.
The above results were in line with the findings of other researchers
such as Weaver and Montgomery, 1974; Szyjewicz et al., 1984;
Shulman et al., 1985; Corrales-Garcia and Gonzalez- Martinez, 2001;
Powers et al., 1980; Gomez- Cordoves et al., 1996; Lopez et al., 2000
and Awad and De-Jager, 2002.
Data of acidity in "Crimson Seedless" grape berries as
influenced by various treatments were reported in Table 2 and Figure
17. The data indicated that both Ethrel concentrations were
considerably effective in reducing the percentage of acidity in the
harvested clusters. However, the magnitude of such reduction was not
proportional with doubling the concentration of Ethrel to 400 ppm
.meanwhile, ethanol treatment proved to be significantly effective on
reducing such berries as compared with the control. However,
ZnEDTA did not affect the percentage of acidity, as compared with
the control in both seasons. On the other hand, the formulation of
Ethrel at 200 ppm plus either ZnEDTA or ethanol added advantage
with regard to reducing acidity in the clusters. However, the
application of the formulation of Ethrel at 400 ppm plus either
ZnEDTA or ethanol since such percentage of acidity was significantly
reduced when compared with just using Ethrel alone at 400 ppm. The
above mentioned results were in agreement with Weaver and
Montgomery, 1974; Szyjewicz et al., 1984; Shulman et al., 1985;
Corrales-Garcia and Gonzalez- Martinez, 2001; Powers et al., 1980;
Gomez- Cordoves et al., 1996; Lopez et al., 2000 and Awad and DeJager, 2002.
With regard to the ratio of T.S.S/acidity in treated clusters, the
data in Table 2 and Figure 18 revealed that there was a significant
increase in such ratio caused by both Ethrel concentrations. Moreover,
the application of ethanol alone at 5% tended to increase T.S.S/ acidity
ratio especially in first season as compared with the control. Chelating
Zn with EDTA caused a significant increase especially in first season.
The highest increase in the ratio of T.S.S/Acidity was obtained with
31
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
spraying Ethrel 400 ppm in a formulation with ethanol followed by
the adjuvant ZnEDTA to the same Ethrel concentration. Similarly, the
addition of either ZnEDTA or ethanol to Ethrel at 200 ppm had varied
response between the two seasons in terms of the ratio of
T.S.S/Acidity that were still greater than that found in the control
clusters. The above results were in line of the findings of other
researchers such as Weaver and Montgomery, 1974; Szyjewicz et al.,
1984; Shulman et al., 1985; Corrales-Garcia and Gonzalez- Martinez,
2001; Powers et al., 1980; Gomez- Cordoves et al., 1996; Lopez et al.,
2000 and Awad and De-Jager, 2002.
Response of V.C to various applied treatments was reported
in Table 2. The data revealed that doubling the concentration of Ethrel
to 400 ppm proved to be significantly effective on increasing V.C
compared with Ethrel at 200 ppm. Moreover, ethanol 5% and
ZnEDTA have a similar effect on increasing V.C in both seasons as
compared with the control. The highest increase in V.C was obtained
with spraying Ethrel 400 ppm in a formulation with ethanol followed
by the adjuvant ZnEDTA to the same Ethrel concentration. Similarly,
the addition of either ZnEDTA or ethanol to Ethrel at 200 ppm had
varied response between both seasons in terms of V.C that was still
greater than that found in the control clusters.
32
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
Table 2: Chemical characteristics of "Crimson Seedless" grape berries as influenced by various applied treatments during the two seasons 2009
and 2010.
Treatments
Control
Ethrel 200 ppm
Ethrel 400 ppm
Ethanol 5 %
ZnEDTA 1%
Ethrel 200 ppm
+ZnEDTA 1%
Ethrel 200 ppm +
ethanol 5%
Ethrel 400 ppm
+ZnEDTA 1%
Ethrel 400 ppm +
ethanol 5%
Chlorophyll a
(mg/ l)
Chlorophyll b
(mg/ l)
2009
1.018
a*
0.911
b
0.809
c
.832
c
0.928
b
0.840
c
0.801
c
0.746
d
0.700
d
2009
0.504
a
0.449
b
0.322
de
0.405
c
0.426
bc
0.388
c
0.350
d
0.305
e
.292
e
2010
1.143
a
1.043
c
0.915
d
1.033
c
1.080
b
0.921
d
0.873
e
0.828
f
.791
g
2010
0.598
a
0.466
bc
0.407
d
0.457
c
0.517
b
0.377
de
0.346
ef
0.314
fg
.296
g
Carotene
(mg/ l)
2009
1.258
g
1.615
e
2.433
c
1.529
ef
1.392
fg
1.887
d
2.345
c
2.667
b
2.888
a
2010
.995
g
1.394
e
2.188
c
1.217
f
1.146
fg
1.778
d
2.266
c
2.497
b
2.792
a
Anthocyanin
(mg/ 100 g)
2009
21.086
g
27.790
e
29.445
d
27.518
e
27.582
c
30.440
cd
31.351
bc
32.189
b
35.957
a
Total sugars
(%)
2010
2009
2010
19.667 8.732 8.634
h
d
d
28.431 9.398 8.988
d
bc
cd
29.607 9.335 9.113
c
bc
bc
23.412 9.529 9.056
g
bc
bc
24.818 9.110 8.888
f
cd
cd
26.253 9.401 9.116
e
bc
bc
28.276 9.332 8.984
d
bc
cd
31.096 9.745 9.397
b
b
b
33.321 10.480 10.258
a
a
a
Reducing sugars
(%)
2009
4.882
f
5.668
d
6.915
c
5.804
d
5.193
e
6.842
c
7.102
c
7.458
b
8.385
a
2010
4.695
e
5.543
d
6.728
c
5.554
d
4.755
e
6.467
c
6.852
c
7.583
b
8.395
a
Non-reducing
sugars
(%)
2009
2010
3.850 3.608
a
a
3.730 3.614
a
b
2.420 1.919
b
c
3.724 2.933
a
b
3.918 3.918
a
a
2.559 2.127
b
c
2.230 1.929
b
c
2.287 1.861
b
c
2.085 1.980
b
c
T.S.S
(%)
2009
14.050
g
14.988
f
15.506
cd
15.106
ef
15.338
de
15.731
c
15.325
de
16.138
b
16.375
a
2010
13.563
e
14.863
d
15.350
c
14.763
d
14.819
d
14.900
d
15.000
cd
15.788
b
16.563
a
Acidity
(%)
2009
.845
a
.780
cd
.781
cd
.822
ab
.830
ab
.813
b
.803
bc
.772
d
.741
e
2010
.964
a
.920
bc
.881
de
.929
b
.963
a
.908
bcd
.893
cd
.861
ef
.843
f
T.S.S/Acidity
(ratio)
2009
17.460
e
19.731
c
20.309
c
18.716
d
18.639
d
20.192
c
19.632
c
21.484
b
22.590
a
* Values, within a column, of similar letters are not significantly different according to the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 levels.
2010
14.281
g
16.273
e
17.597
c
16.067
ef
15.724
f
16.564
de
16.906
d
18.596
b
19.929
a
Vitamin C
(mg/ 100 ml
juice)
2009
2010
2.786 2.000
g
c
3.143 2.464
f
b
3.607 2.893
cd
a
3.251 2.321
ef
b
3.286 2.321
ef
b
3.464 2.500
de
b
3.857 2.571
c
b
4.286 3.036
b
a
4.571 3.107
a
a
33
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
0.7
1.4
0.6
1.2
1
0.4
2009
2010
0.3
Chlorophyll a (mg/l)
Chlorophyll b (mg/l)
0.5
0.2
0.8
2009
2010
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0
C
Et
hr
e
Et
hr
e
Et
hr
e
on
tr
o
l
l2
00
pp
m
l4
00
pp
m
Et
ha
no
l5
%
Et
Zn
hr
E
el
D
ET
20
Et
0+
A
hr
Z
el
nE
20
D
0+
TA
E
th
Et
an
hr
ol
el
5%
40
Et
0
hr
+
Z
el
nE
40
D
0+
TA
E
th
an
ol
5%
on
tr
o
C
Et
hr
e
Fig 9: Effect of treatments at harvest on
chlorophyll b during the two growing
seasons 2009 and 2010..
l
l2
00
pp
m
l4
00
pp
m
Et
ha
no
l5
%
Et
Zn
hr
E
el
D
E
20
Et
TA
0+
hr
Z
el
nE
20
D
0+
T
E
A
th
Et
an
hr
ol
el
5%
40
Et
0+
hr
Z
el
nE
40
D
0+
TA
E
th
an
ol
5%
0
Fig 10: Effect of treatments at harvest on chlorophyll
a during the two growing seasons 2009 and
2010.
40
Anthocyanin (mg/ 100 gm)
35
30
25
2009
20
2010
15
10
5
Fig 11: Effect of treatments at harvest on carotene
during the two growing seasons 2009 and
2010.
l4
00
pp
m
Et
ha
no
l5
%
Et
Zn
hr
E
el
D
ET
20
Et
0+
A
hr
Z
el
nE
20
D
0+
TA
E
th
Et
an
hr
ol
el
5%
40
Et
0
+
hr
Z
el
nE
40
D
0+
TA
E
th
an
ol
5%
Et
hr
e
Et
hr
e
C
on
tr
o
l
l2
00
pp
m
0
Fig 12: Effect of treatments at harvest on
anthocyanin during the two growing seasons
2009 and 2010.
34
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
9
12
8
10
7
6
Reducing Sugars (%)
Total sugar (%)
8
2009
6
2010
4
2
5
4
3
2
1
0
l4
00
pp
m
Et
ha
no
l5
%
Et
Zn
hr
E
el
D
ET
20
Et
0+
A
hr
Z
el
nE
20
D
0+
TA
E
th
Et
an
hr
ol
el
5%
40
Et
0+
hr
Z
el
n
40
ED
0+
TA
E
th
an
ol
5%
Et
hr
e
Et
hr
e
C
on
tr
o
l
l2
00
pp
m
0
Fig 13: Effect of treatments at harvest on total sugars
percentage during the two growing seasons
2009 and 2010.
Fig 14: Effect of treatments at harvest on reducing
sugar percentage during the two growing
seasons 2009 and 2010.
18
4.5
16
14
3.5
12
3
2.5
2009
2
2010
10
TSS
(%)
Non-reducing sugar (%)
4
8
6
1.5
4
1
2
0.5
0
Co
Et
hr
ntr
el
ol
20
Et
0p
hr
p
m
el
40
0p
pm
Et
ha
no
l5
Et
%
Zn
hr
el
ED
Et
20
ET
hr
0+
el
A
Z
20
nE
0+
DT
Et
E
A
th
hr
an
e
ol
Et l 40
5%
0+
hr
el
Z
40
nE
0+
DT
Et
A
ha
no
l5
%
0
Fig 16: Effect of treatments at harvest on T.S.S
percentage during the two growing
seasons 2009 and 2010.
1.2
25
1
20
0.8
0.6
2009
2010
0.4
0.2
15
10
5
0
Co
Et
nt
hr
ro
el
l
20
Et
0p
hr
pm
el
40
0p
Et
ha pm
no
l5
Et
%
Zn
hr
el
ED
Et
2
hr
ET
0
0
el
20 + Zn A
0+
ED
Et
Et
hr
ha TA
el
no
Et
4
00
hr
l5
el
+
%
Z
40
0+ n ED
Et
ha TA
no
l5
%
0
TSS/ Acidity (ratio)
Acidity %
Fig 15: Effect of treatments at harvest on nonreducing sugars during the two growing
seasons 2009 and 2010.
Fig 17: Effect of treatments at harvest on acidity
percentage during the two growing
seasons 2009 and 2010.
Fig 18: Effect of treatments at harvest on T.S.S/
Acidity ratio during the two growing
seasons 2009 and 2010.
35
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
B. Heat Accumulation Factor.
1. Physical Characteristics:
The effect of dissipating or draining hot air between the rows
of "Crimson" grapevines, regardless the treatments, was reported in
Table 3. The data revealed that in both seasons, berry size in the vines
where air drainage was achieved was greater than that on vines
without heat drainage (non-heat accumulation). The same trend was
obtained with other studied physical characteristics such as berry
weight, diameter and length. Such trend was consistent in both
seasons, which indicated to improvement in berry characteristics when
there was greater difference between day and night temperatures
through avoiding the accumulation of heat between the canopies of
grapevines. Furthermore, juice volume in berries where heat was not
dissipated was significantly increased as compared with these on vines
under heat accumulation. In addition, higher percentage of pink and
red berries was found on those clusters under heat drainage as
compared with clusters under heat accumulation while the opposite
trend was found with the percentage of green berries in the clusters.
The enhancement of physical characteristics and red berries could be
attributed to conserving carbohydrates at night that could be consumed
due to the heat accumulation especially around the canopy.
Meanwhile, heat-absorbing berries would be exposed to inhibition of
36
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
PAL activity (phenylalanine ammonium lyase) that is responsible for
increasing the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in grape berries (Kliewer,
1977). Moreover, sufficient amount of sugars must be available in cell
layers under the skin as a pre request to synthesizing the red pigment
(Kliewer and Torres, 1972 and Prie and Mullins, 1977). Thus, heat
dissipation would provide a mean of reducing sugars breakdown and
more utilization of such sugars to form anthocyanins in the berries.
2. Chemical Characteristics:
Responses of chemical characteristics of "Crimson Seedless"
grapes to heat accumulation or drainage, regardless the used
treatments, were reported in Table 4. The data revealed that
dissipation of accumulated heat during the day had a remarkable
influence on chemical characteristics especially important pigments
that enhance fruit quality and grade such as chlorophylls a, b,
carotenes, and anthocyanin content in both seasons. All the above
characters significantly changed by giving the chance to warm air
between the vines rows to dissipate which reflection reduced
chlorophyll content in berry skin, while carotenes and anthocyanins
were markedly increased in two seasons as compared with nondissipated heat system. With regard to the possibility of alternation of
sugar contents in the berries, the data proved again that avoiding heat
accumulation led to greater total and reducing sugars as compared
with those vines that had accumulated heat around the clusters. Thus,
the main sugars in berries, namely glucose and fructose, significantly
increased as heat was dissipated by opened the top of canopy between
the rows while sucrose content was similar whether heat was
dissipated or not in both seasons. The advantages of draining warm air
to dissipate were also further emphasized by the significant increase in
T.S.S and reduction of juice acidity when compared with heat
accumulation around the clusters. Thus, it was logic to find an
increase in the T.S.S/acidity ratio in a consistent manner in both
seasons by allowing warm air to dissipate through the openings
between the rows which provide another evidence that heat
accumulations hinders the process of either berry coloration or
maturity changes leading to ripening regardless the applied treatments.
37
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
38
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
The finding in Table 4 further supported this conclusion. That vitamin
C content in the juice was also increased in a considerable manner as
heat accumulation was avoided in both seasons. The above results
were in accordance with other researchers such as Bergqvist et al.,
2001 and Spayd et al., 2002.
C. The Harvest Number Factor.
1. Physical Characteristics:
The influence of number of harvests, regardless the treatments,
on berry characteristics of "Crimson Seedless" grapes was reported in
Table 5. The data indicated that in the second picking of cluster, there
was a significant increase in berry size, weight, diameter and length in
both seasons as compared with the same parameters in the first
picking. However, the difference in the juice volume was still not
different between the two pickings. Meanwhile, the visible rating of
berry color to pink, red and green percentage in both seasons Table 5
proved that there was a significant increase in the percentage of pink,
red colored berries between the first and second picking. Accordance
with such trend, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of
green berries as the maturity advanced between the first to the second
harvest. Grape as a non-climacteric fruit is characterized by slow
changes in berry characteristics. Thus, it is important to monitor the
changes in such characteristics as the cluster reach to acceptable
maturity to give the most desirable fruit characteristics, which reflect
on the growers profits.
2. Chemical Characteristics:
The number of harvests was needed to obtain better grade and
quality of "Crimson Seedless", regardless the treatments, was again
studied during both seasons and reported for chemical characteristics
in Table 6. It was evident again that at the first picking , there was a
greater concentration of chlorophylls a and b as compared with the
second picking in both seasons. On the other hand, demanded
pigments such as carotenes and anthocyanin markedly increased in the
second picking relative to the first one. Moreover, the percentages of
total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars increased in a
significant manner as the second picking was made few days
39
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
following the first one in both seasons. This trend was supported by
the increase in total soluble solids (T.S.S) in the berries of the second
harvest over that of the first one while juice acidity in the second
picking was dramatically reduced in the second picking as compared
with the first one in a consistent way. Thus, it was logic to find a
significant increase in T.S.S to acidity in the second picking, which
reached to the commercially approved range between 22.4 and 18.5 in
the two seasons respectively. Furthermore, there was a considerable
increase in vitamin C content in the juice of "Crimson Seedless"
berries in the second picking as compared with the first one in both
seasons. Thus, all desired fruit traits that improve berries quality and
enhance their grade were obtained in the second harvest in a consistent
manner.
The research outcome of this study provided experimental
evidences that the lack of Ethrel efficacy on grapes could be due to the
lack of enhancing its partitioning and diffusion through the grape
cuticle as shown from the results of using ethanol in the used
formation, which was supported by the finding of Farag et al., 1987c.
Meanwhile, recent studies indicated to the role of ethanol on
activating some genes leading to more anthocyanin biosynthesis
(Chervin et al., 2002). On other hand, using ZnEDTA as an adjuvant
to Ethrel effectiveness could be ascribed to stimulating more ethylene
production by the chelating agent EDTA as reported by Cooper et al.,
1968. Moreover, ZnEDTA was found to stimulate the breakdown of
chlorophylls in "Thompson Seedless" berry skins (Farag, 2006).
Another important conclusion was to apply such formations on grape
vine while draining hot or warm air between vine rows to avoid the
inhibition of PAL activity and increasing the difference between day
and night temperatures in vine orchards.
40
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
41
J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
Vol.10 (3)2011
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‫‪Weaver, R.J. and R. Montgomery, 1974. Effect of Ethepon on‬‬
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‫‪25, 1, 39 – 42.‬‬
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‫الملخص العربي‬
‫تأثير تركيبات اإليثريل المحورة وتجنب تراكم الهواء الساخن على تلوين‬
‫حبات العنب صنف الكريمسون الالبذري وصفات جودتها‪.‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬تأثير تجنب تراكم الهواء الساخن وعدد مرات الحصاد على خصائص‬
‫الحبات‪.‬‬
‫كريم دمحم فرج‪ ،‬عمرو دمحم هيكل‪ ،‬ويفيه دمحم وبيه واجى‪ ،‬رائد سليمان شحاته سليمان‪0‬‬
‫قسم البساتين‪ ،‬كلية الزراعة‪ ،‬جامعه دمنهور‪.‬‬
‫أجرٌت هذه الدراسة خالل موسمً ‪ 9002‬و ‪ 9000‬باستخدام شجٌرات عنب الكرٌمسون‬
‫النامٌة فً منطقة مركز بددر بماافةدة الباٌدرج بجميورٌدة ملدر ال ربٌدة ‪0‬وقدد تدم را الشدجٌرات‬
‫باستخدام رشاشة ٌدوٌة اتى نقطة الجرٌان السطاً‪ .‬واشتملت الم امالت على الكنترول (را ماء)‬
‫والزنددا المخلددوب بمركددب ‪ EDTA‬بتركٌددز ‪( %1‬وزن ‪/‬اجددم ) وثٌيرٌددل بتركٌددز ‪200‬جددزء فددً‬
‫الملٌون وثٌيانول ‪( %5‬اجم‪/‬اجم) وثٌيرٌل بتركٌز ‪ 200‬جزء فً الملٌون مخلوط مع زنا مخلوب‬
‫مع ‪( % 1 EDTA‬وزن‪/‬اجم) وثٌيرٌل بتركٌدز ‪ 000‬جدزء فدً الملٌدون مخلدوط مدع ثٌيدانول ‪%5‬‬
‫(اجم‪/‬اجددم) وأخٌددرا ث ثٌيرٌددل بتركٌددز ‪ 000‬جددزء فددً الملٌددون مخلوط دا ث مددع زنددا مخلددوب بمركددب‬
‫‪ % 1 EDTA‬مع استخدام المادج الناشرج توٌن‪ 00-‬بتركٌز ‪( %1‬اجم‪/‬اجم) لكل الم امالت‪ .‬وقدد‬
‫تم را الشجٌرات مرج واادج عند تلوٌن ‪ % 20- 15‬مع استخدام نةدام دعدم (جٌبدل)‪ 0‬وتدم تطبٌد‬
‫هذه الم امالت تات نوعٌن من الةروف البٌئٌة وذلا من خالل تفتٌح المسافات البٌنٌة بدٌن لدفوف‬
‫الشددجٌرات أو عدددم تفتايددا ممددا ٌتددٌح لددرف اليددواء السدداخن أو عدددم لددرف علددى الترتٌددب وقددد‬
‫استيدف الباث تاسٌن عملٌة التلوٌن ليمار الكرٌمسون سٌدلٌس وجودتيا وذلا عن طرٌد اسدتخدام‬
‫تركٌبات اإلٌيرٌل الماورج من خالل نةام ٌؤير علدى المنداا الددقٌ عدن طرٌد الدتاكم فدً لدرف‬
‫اليددواء السدداخن ومنددع تراكم د بددٌن لددفوف الشددجٌرات وٌمكددن تلخددٌال أهددم النتددائ فددً ا تجاهددات‬
‫التالٌة‪:‬‬
‫لقد أدت الم املة بالزنا المخلوب بواسطة ‪ EDTA‬ثلى زٌادج اجم ووزن وطول الابات‬
‫وخفددن نسددبة الابددات الخ ددراء و أٌ دا ث أدت ثلددى زٌددادج نسددبة ‪ T.S.S/Acid‬وكددذلا الكدداروتٌن‬
‫واألنيوسٌانٌن وذلا بالمقارنة بالكنترول‬
‫أما الم املة باإلٌيانول فقد أدت أٌ ا ث ثلى زٌادج الكاروتٌن واألنيوسٌانٌن بٌنما لم تؤير هذه‬
‫الم املة على اجم وكمٌة ال لٌر ووزن وقطر الابات ومن نااٌدة أخدرف فدان الم املدة باإلٌيرٌدل‬
‫‪47‬‬
‫‪Vol.10 (3)2011‬‬
‫‪J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt‬‬
‫سواء بتركٌز ‪ 200‬جزء فً الملٌدون أو بتركٌدز ‪ 000‬جدزء فدً الملٌدون أدت ثلدى زٌدادج الكداروتٌن‬
‫واألنيوسٌانٌن ونسبة الابات الوردٌة والامراء وقلة نسبة الابدات الخ دراء وقدد أيبتدت الدراسدة أن‬
‫الم املددة باإلٌيرٌددل بتركٌددز ‪ 200‬جددزء فددً الملٌددون فددً تركٌبددات سددواء كددان مخلوط دا ث مددع الزنددا‬
‫المخلددوب بمركددب ‪ EDTA‬أو اإلٌيددانول أدت ثلددى زٌددادج الكدداروتٌن وزٌددادج نسددبة الابددات الوردٌددة‬
‫والامراء وقلة نسبة الابات الخ دراء وزٌدادج نسدبة األنيوسدٌانٌن بٌنمدا لدم تدؤير هدذه الم املدة علدى‬
‫اجددم وكمٌددة ال ل د ٌر ووزن وقطددر وطددول اليمددار وذلددا بالمقارنددة بددالكنترول وقددد أدت الم املددة‬
‫بتركٌبددة اإلٌيرٌددل بددالتركٌز األعلددى (‪ 000‬جددزء فددً الملٌددون ) سددواء فددً وجددود الزنددا المخلددوب‬
‫بواسطة ‪ EDTA‬أو ا ٌيانول ثلى نتائ أكير فاعلٌ فً تاسٌن التلدوٌن بالمقارندة بتركٌبدة اإلٌيرٌدل‬
‫بتركٌدز ‪ 200‬جدزء فددً الملٌدون وأو ددات النتدائ التدايٌرات اإلٌجابٌددة علدى لددون اليمدار وجودتيددا‬
‫ومٌ اد ن جيا عند لرف اليواء الساخن بتفتدٌح المسدافات بدٌن لدفوف الشدجٌرات بٌنمدا وجدد أند‬
‫ٌجب قطف ال ناقٌد أكير من مره ب د الم امالت اٌث كاندت نتدائ جدودج الابدات مدع القطدف اليدانً‬
‫لل ناقٌد و الذي أجري ب د خمسدة عشدر ٌدوم مدن الم املدة الاقلٌدة أف دل مدن نتدائ لدفات الجدودج‬
‫للقطف األول الذي أجرف ب د عشرج أٌام من ثجراء الم املة الاقلٌة‬
‫وتولى نتائ تلا الدراسة بزٌادج فاعلٌة الرا بمركب اإلٌيرٌدل بتركٌدز ‪ 000‬جدزء فدً‬
‫الملٌون عن طرٌ تاوٌر التركٌبدة المسدتخدمة باسدتخدام مركدب ‪ ZnEDTA‬أو اإلٌيدانول كمركدب‬
‫آمن‪ .‬وكذلا تولً نتائ الدراسدة باسدتخدام النةدام المفتدو لشدجٌرات ال ندب لتجندب تدراكم اليدواء‬
‫الساخن بٌن لفوف تلا الشجٌرات‪.‬‬
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J.Agric.&Env.Sci.Dam.Univ.,Egypt
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Table 3: Physical characteristics of "Crimson" grape fruits as influenced by heat accumulation type during the two seasons 2009 and 2010.
Heat
accumulation
types
Berry volume
(cm3)
Juice volume
(cm3)
2009
2010
2009
2010
Berry weight Berry diameter Berry length
(gm)
(cm)
(cm)
2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010
Non- heat
accumulation
3.358
a*
3.445
a
2.624
a
2.789
a
3.463
a
3.831
a
1.574
a
1.653
a
2.229
a
Heat
accumulation
3.036
b
3.134
b
2.314
b
2.377
b
3.258
b
3.528
b
1.524
b
1.535
b
2.169
b
Pink berries
(%)
Red berries
(%)
Green berries
(%)
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2.384
a
71.223
a
57.078
a
23.273
a
27.401
a
8.081
b
16.757
b
2.074
b
68.632
b
55.842
a
8.193
b
14.297
b
20.584
a
28.625
a
* Values, within a column, of similar letters are not significantly different according to the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 levels.
Table 4: Chemical characteristics of "Crimson" grape fruits as influenced by heat accumulation type during the two seasons 2009 and 2010.
Heat
accumulation
types
Non- heat
accumulation
Heat accumulation
Chlorophyll b
(mg/ l)
Chlorophyll
a (mg/ l)
Carotene
(mg/ l)
Anthocyanin
(mg/ 100 g)
Total sugars
(%)
Reducing
sugars
(%)
Nonreducing
sugars
(%)
T.S.S
(%)
Acidity
(%)
T.S.S/Acidiy
(ratio)
Vitamin C
(mg/100 ml
juice)
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
0.374
b*
0.490
a
0.325
b
0.519
a
0.801
b
0.884
a
0.806
b
1.111
a
2.210
a
1.793
b
2.183
a
1.434
b
31.083
a
26.997
b
29.368
a
25.050
b
9.793
a
9.109
b
9.384
a
8.934
b
7.012
a
5.935
b
6.778
a
5.793
b
2.781
a
3.175
a
2.606
a
2.569
a
15.896
a
14.894
b
15.328
a
14.807
b
.715
b
.881
a
.866
b
.948
a
22.503
a
17.220
b
17.864
a
15.900
b
4.182
a
2.984
b
2.905
a
2.254
b
* Values, within a column, of similar letters are not significantly different according to the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 levels.
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Vol.10 (3)2011
Table 5: Physical characteristics of "Crimson" grape fruits as influenced by picking time factor during the two seasons 2009 and 2010.
Time of
picking
Berry volume
(cm3)
Juice volume
(cm3)
Berry weight
(gm)
2010
Berry
diameter
(cm)
2009 2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
The first
Picking
3.135
b*
3.127
b
2.503
a
2.578
a
3.257
b
3.636
b
1.511
b
1.579
b
2.175
b
2.182
b
64.002
b
50.587
b
12.860
b
16.189
b
23.096
a
33.223
a
The
second
Picking
3.282
a
3.293
a
2.445
a
2.600
a
3.463
a
3.724
a
1.587
a
1.579
a
2.224
a
2.283
a
65.852
a
58.333
a
28.605
a
35.509
a
5.570
b
6.158
b
Berry length
(cm)
Pink berries
(%)
Red berries
(%)
Green berries
(%)
* Values, within a column, of similar letters are not significantly different according to the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 levels.
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Vol.10 (3)2011
Table 6: Chemical characteristics of "Crimson" grape fruits as influenced by picking time factor during the two seasons 2009 and 2010.
Time of picking Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
(mg/ l)
(mg/ l)
The first
Picking
The second
Picking
Carotene
(mg/ l)
Anthocyanin Total sugars
(mg/ 100 g)
(%)
Reducing
sugars
(%)
Nonreducing
sugars
(%)
T.S.S
(%)
Acidity
(%)
T.S.S/Acidity Vitamin C
(mg/100 ml
(ratio)
juice)
2009
0.468
a*
2010
0.482
a
2009
1.034
a
2010
1.009
a
2009
1.620
b
2010
1.631
b
2009
25.225
b
2010
24.246
b
2009
8.824
b
2010
8.828
b
2009
5.709
b
2010
5.618
b
2009
3.115
a
2010
2.639
a
2009
14.683
b
2010
14.661
b
2009
0.861
a
2010
0.972
a
2009
17.439
b
2010
15.264
b
2009
3.254
b
2010
1.984
b
0.296
b
0.362
b
0.652
b
0.908
b
2.383
a
1.985
a
32.855
a
30.172
a
10.078
a
9.450
a
6.237
a
6.954
a
2.841
b
3.536
b
16.107
a
15.474
a
0.735
b
0.841
b
22.439
a
18.500
a
3.913
a
3.174
a
* Values, within a column, of similar letters are not significantly different according to the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 levels.
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Vol.10 (3)2011