EP} SODES AND ENGRAV} NGS JAMES HUTTON AND JOHN CLERK by Gor do n Y. Cr ai g I ’ he Hut t o ni a n t he or y o n geol ogi c al r e vol ut i ons o r " e pi s o des "一now known a s t he geol ogi c al c ycl e一fo rms t he f ou ndat i o n of t he mode r n s ci e nce o f geol ogy. I n 1 9 68, qu i t e勿 c hanc e, a col l ect i on of J ame s Hut t o n' s geol o gi c al dr awi ng s wer e di s cove r ed f or t he f i r s t t i me. To ge t he r wi t h s ome d i ar i e s abo ut Hut t on' s geol ogi ca l e xc ur s i ons , t he d r awi n gs wi l l be pub l i s he d l at e r t hi s ye a r i n a l ar ge fo l i o e nt i t l e d James Hut t on' s Theo r y o f t he Ea r t h: The Los t Dr awi ng s. * Pr o fe s s o r Cr ai g, o ne o f t he aut hor s, out l i ne s t he hi s t or i c al a s we l l as t he ar t i s t i c a nd ge ol o gi cal i mpor t ance of t hi s d i s co ver y. I n 1 7 85, at t he ag e of 59, J ames Hut t on g ave t wo Al t hou gh t h e f ul l t i t l e of Hut t o n' s wor k was工h eoa卫圭 l ect u r es o n h i s " Theor y of t he Ea r t h" t o t he newl y f or med t he Ear t h wi t h pr oof s an d i l l us t r at i o ns , t h e t wo vol umes i n S oci e t y of Ed i nb ur gh. He was by t hen r eco gni z ed a s on e of f act app ear e d wi t hou t t h e cr i t i cal pr oof s a nd i l l us t r at i o ns . t he k ey f i gur es i n t h e gr eat 1 8t h cent ur y Scot t i s h cul t ur al Hut t on was b us y pr epar i n g ano t her vol ume and was di s cus s i ng r evol ut i on ( s omet i mes kno wn as t h e S cot t i s h Enl i g ht enment ) t he det ai l s o f i t wi t h t h e en gr av er t he d ay t hat he d i ed i n whi c h pr od uce d amo ng ot her s t h e wel l - kno wn e cono mi s t 17 97. Thi s t hi r d vol ume was even t ual l y f o und and pu bl i s hed Adam Smi t h, Jos eph Bl ac k t h e ch emi s t , J ohn Pl a yf ai r t h e by t h e Ge ol ogi cal S oci et y of Lo ndo n i n 1 899 , bu t t he dr awi ngs mat hemat i ci a n, S i r J ames Ha l l t h e ex per i ment al geol ogi s t t h at wer e t o accompa ny i t wer e mi s s i ng on ce a gai n. and John Cl erk of El di n, arti st and s ci enti st一al l cl os e fri ends of Hut t o n. The pr i nt e d pap e r of Hut t on' s ad dr es s appe ar ed i n i t was n' t unti l 1968 that Si r John Cl erk of Peni cui k ( a 1 788 as par t o f Vol ume I of t h e " Tr ans act i o ns " of t he Royal Soci e t y of Edi nb ur g h an d, i n 1 79 5, hi s Th eor y of t he Ear t h des cend ant of Hut t o n' s f r i e nd J o hn Cl er k of El di n ) br o ught t o t he at t ent i o n of Dr . Char l es Wat e r s t on of t h e Roya l Scot t i s h o c Mus eum, Edi nb ur gh,an old foli o nt ai ni n g s ome s ev ent y bund among the papers of t geol ogi c al d r a wi ngs f he Cl er k wa s 只 u b l i s h e d i n t wo v o l u me s . A b o u t李 a 吼c o p i e s w e r e p r i n t e d 巳 nd尸e s el l i ng. 叮华犷 理叹尹ppr ox‘ mat ei y ) 1 . 。 。;‘ t now cn anges hdl lus 己i arounci令乙,, +uu.uu. 敷 龚 嘿馨 猛斌落 T 7 " { 翼蒙 粼 裤 攀 蒸 堪 狱撇 I 冰叮姗毓 n 手妞 纳 券 瑰眺一 狐} 蜷纂 遂玺一 1 粼毅鬓 Fi g ur e 1 . A de t ai l ed s ec t i o n ac r o s s t h e Nor t he r n Gr a ni t e i n t he I s l e o f Ar r a ni n West Scot l and showi ng the gr a ni t e i nt r ude d i nt o s c hi s t s an d yo unge r Ol d Red S and s t o ne ( Uppe r De voni an ) .The g r ani t e i t s e l f i s i nt r u de d by Yo unge r vei n s and d夕 kes . 牌‘ ...曰.州 目‘ “叫.. 二 “.目‘‘日 “.J ..州口..... James Hutt on' s Theor of th The Lost Drawi n b y. G. Y. Cr ai g, D. B. McI nt y r e a nd C. D. Wat er s t on, wi l l b e pu bl i s hed i n as soci ati on wi t h the Ro y al S oci et y of Edi nbur gh a nd t h e Ge ol o gi c al So ci et y of Lon don. Ea th t he p ubl i s he r s 'per mi s s i o n t o r e pr o duce t wo of t h e f ol i o' s d r awi n gs i n t hi si s s u e. En qui r i e s di rected t o Mr . Do ugl as Gr an t, Man agi ng Edi t or , S cot t i s h Aca demi c Pr ess Li mi ted, 33 Mont gomer y St r eet , Ed i nb ur g h EH7 5 JX, Sc ot l and. 3 f ami l y a t Pe n i cu i k Hous e, Mi dl o t hi a n. Wat er s t on r ecog ni zed intended h es e dr a wi n gs as t h eillustrations which H utton had o us e i n t he thi rd vol ume of hi s卫i eo r y and which were of Man. Th er e ar e det ai l ed dr awi ngs of ge ol ogi cal out cr op s and cr os s - cut ti ng r el at i o ns hi p s of dy kes ' and i n t r us i ons . Ma ny of t hes e ar e del i cat e wat e r col our s and ha ve bee n r epr o duc ed At ab o ut t he s ame t i me i n 1 9 68, by t he l ong ar m of c oi n ci de n c e, Pr of es s or Do nal d B. McI n t yr e of Pomona Col l e ge , Ca l i f or ni a, di s c over ed s ome cr i t i cal di ari es wr i t t en by J o hn Cl er k and bear i ng o n Hut t o n' s g eol o gi cal ex cur s i o ns . Al mos t a l l t he d r awi ngs , wi t h t he e xcep t i on of t wo b y Si r J ames Hal l , wer e exe cut ed b y Jo hn Cl er k of El di n ( 1 728 - }xecut ed by John Cl erk of El di n. as f acsi mi l e } s. 1 81 2 ) . The y r ev eal t h at Cl er k mus t h ave bee n a maj or cont r i b ut or t o t he Hut t o ni a n t he or y. Hi s e ar l y a ppr ec i at i on of r o ck s uc ces s i ons , der i v ed f r om hi s o wn expe r i e nce an d t h at of h i s f a t her , co upl ed wi t h hi s ar t i s t i c pe n and s ci e nt i f i c bent , ma de hi m a n i n val uabl e f i el d c omp ani o n. Not unl i ke Bo s wel l , t h e man of l et t er s a nd h i s r e l at i ons hi p t o Dr . J oh ns on, Cl er k t he s ci ent i s t and man of ar t s eems t o hav e be en i n di s pe ns abl e I n t he wake of t hese di scoveri es, and wi t h fi nanci al as si stance f r om b ot h p r i vat e a nd p ubl i c s o ur ce s ( i n cl udi ng t he Car ne gi e Tr us t , t he Geol ogi c al So ci et y of Edi nb ur gh, t h e Geo l ogi cal So ci et y of Lon don, t he Ro yal So ci et y of Edi nbur gh, t he Rus s e l l Tr us t a nd t he Uni ve r s i t y of Edi nb ur gh) , i t has b een p os s i bl e t o pi ece t og et he r s ome new f a ct s of ma j or hi s t or i cal a nd g e ol ogi cal i mpo r t anc e. to Dr. Hutton. Jo hn Cl e r k p r oba bl y me t Hut t o n when bot h wer e medi cal s t ud ent s at Edi nbur gh Uni v er s i t y. I t i s qui t e p os s i bl e t h at Hut t o n' s i nt er es t i n g eol o gy s t emmed f r om h i s ac quai n t an ce wi t h t he Cl er k f ami l y. The Cl er ks wer e coa l - mi n e o wner s i n Edi n bur gh and b ot h Jo hn Cl er k and h i s f at h er wer e t ech ni cal e xper t s i n t h e ope r at i on of mi nes i n t he Edi nbur gh r egi o n a nd el s ewhe r e. Jo hn Cl er k was a gi f t ed ar t i s t , i n f act , t he f i r s t Sc ot t i s h l and s ca pe pai nt er an d an ex per i ment er i n et chi ng on copp er pl at e s. I n addi t i on t o h i s Th e l o s t ' d r awi ngs r e v eal t hat Hut t o n and Cl e r k wer e ex t r eme l y car ef ul f i el d geol ogi s t s , whos e u nder s t a ndi n g of t h e d i f f i cul t geol ogy of cer t ai n p ar t s of S co t l an d i s u ncan ni l y mod er n i n s pi t e of t he f act t hat i t d at e s ba ck t o s ome wher e be t wee n 1 7 85 an d 1 788. The geol ogi c al s ubj ect s cont a i ned i n t h e or i gi nal f ol i o i ncl u de ma ps , pl ans and s e ct i o ns of g eol ogi cal l o cal i t i es s uc h as Edi n bur gh, Gl en Ti l t , Per t hs hi r e, Sout hwest Scotl and, I sl e of Arran, Fi r th of Cl yde and the I sl e 攀缀蔗 醉 煮 盆 熟 { 磐肇豁 : 一 毅篡蒸蒸 溺翻盆 肖9若白四熊裳蔽 那卿注 袱簇 轰罄 湘赚椒味陈潞脚份嗽琳麟 脚 水 汤蜷阳嘛 班获 铃 魏黔群 黯黔黔 撬 和 篡 赢 麓 藻卜 燕蘸 欢巍寥鑫 夔赘浑黔擎维署鬓 蒸 巍篡缨鬓黔薰熬鬓襄攀 赢 撬赢 洲份介半母似攀耳 洲泊淤 靶气浴叮燕 扮莽 狐 辫鸳努 蒸瓤蘸彝纂 黔 淤 黔胜竺 葬森鑫 然暮 髦纂 获 粉 一 鬃一 粼 ower Fi g ur e 2 . The u nco nf or mi t y o f Jed bur gh di s cov er ed by Hut t on a nd Cl er k i n 1 787. The section shows l Pal eozi c r ocks wi th upper ol d Red Sandstone brecci a and sandst one above. An e ngr avi n g o f t hi s o ri gi nal dr awi n g wa s u s ed by Hut t o n i n hi s Theo r y o f t he Ear t h. 4 睿; 夕 羚落 粼臀 馨黔黝 嘿器 哗 燃 鬓 壳髓黝 薰 耀纂靡瓤豁蘸蘸 ) 欲汽峪 获全芬 绷料珍 赞臀辨卿麟舱1 歌端跨升 擎羹 藩一 : 黝 巍 襄朴 染 梦舞粉 奎 呼 份 啼 ~醚 辫 子 淤哪料娜举黔粥麟泌熟瀚 铃敬貌如 雄攀缈 努舞冤产 臼 , 黔 f 黔 戈 扮硬 撇誉 熬熬 淤 翼 巍 泌豁鬓 不建成 : 羚操户一一卜毅 4 乏 誉箭豁 赫 产汾 奎霸’ ‘甲签 c ommer ci al an d ar t i s t i c i n t er e s t s , he al s o ha d a n abi d i ng p as s i on f or s hi p s. I nde ed, hi s Es s ay on Nava l Ta ct i c s i s s ai d t o h ave bee n us ed by Nel s o n i n t he wi nn i ng of t he Bat t l e of i n Ar r an, J edb ur gh一i n t he So ut her n Up l and s( Fi g. 2 ) , an d at t he worl d-f amous l ocal i t y Siccar Poi nt, southeast of Edi nb ur gh. Thr ougho ut t hei rsojourn t hey discovered that Upper Ol d Red Sandstone sedim ents are unconform able on Traf al gar. ol der Paleozoi c rocks. One of the most remar kabl e f eat ur es of Cl erk' s dr awi ng s f or Hut t o n i s t ha t t he y ar e a r e cor d of cr i t i cal Col l ect i vel y, t he dr a wi ngs s h ow a c l ear u nder s t an di ng g eol ogi c al wor k t h at was ca r r i ed o ut a f t er Hut t on had o f t h e ge omet r y of r o cks i n s pace, an appr eci at i o n of t he d el i v er e d hi s ab ove- ment i on ed " Theor y o f t h e Ear t h" addr es s pr oce s s es of e r os i on a nd d ep os i t i on, r epe at ed demons t r at i ons t o t he Royal So ci et y of Edi n bur gh. Hut t on had n ot a ct u al l y o f t h e or d er a nd s eque nce of ev ent s t hr oug h ge ol ogi cal t i me s e en, i n t he f i el d, t wo p i e ce s of geol ogi cal ev i den ce whi ch ar e as wel l as of t he i n t r us i ve na t ur e of gr ani t e and s i mi l ar r o cks , c r i t i cal t o hi s t heor } 4 , t h at i s , t he i nt r u s i v e n at ur e of gr ani t e a n u nd er s t a ndi n g o f r egi o nal geo l og y an d an acut e a war e nes s a nd t he exi s t e nce of g eol o gi ca l unco nf or mi t i es . The l at t er i s of t h e r el at i o ns hi p be t wee n geo l og y an d t o pogr aph y. They a f und ame nt al p ar t of Hut t on' s con cept of what i s now kn own pr ov e t hat Hut t o n and hi s f r i e nd h ad an e ven gr e at er as the cycl e of erosi on. u nder s t an di ng of t he s t r uct ur e and e vol ut i on of t he Ea r t h t han had hi therto been s uspected. Hut t o n de ci d ed t o s eek p r act i cal e vi de nce of t he i nt r us i v e n at ur e of gr ani t e s hor t l y af t e r addr es s i n g t he Ro yal S oci e t y of Edi n bur g h. He t r avel l ed wi t h Jo hn Cl er k t o Gl en Ti l t , n or t h of Ed i nb ur gh, wh er e t h ey s a w gr ani t e v ei ns Anot her cl os e f r i end who a ccompa ni ed Hut t on on s ome of hi s geol ogi ca l e xcur s i ons a nd h el pe d hi m de vel o p h i s t h eor y was J os ep h Bl a ck ( 1 728一 1 799) . He d i s cov er e d f i xe d ai r ( car b on di ox i de) a nd l at e nt heat , bot h of whi ch may have h el pe d Hut t on i n hi s u nder s t andi n g of ma r bl e a nd hi s vi ew of t h e ear t h as a " machi ne f i r e d b y heat " . He al s o i d ent i f i ed i nt r u di n g met amo r phi c s chi s t s and mar bl e. Thi s r emar ka bl e expo s ur e woul d hav e bee n goo d e nou gh evi denc e f or mos t geol ogi s t s s eeki ng a n i nt r us i v e o r i gi n f o r gr a ni t e, b ut Hut t on mi nerals. was not sat i sfi ed. He was det ermi ned t o exami ne ot her l oca l i t i e s whi ch wo ul d con cl us i vel y pr ove t he i nt r u s i v e nat ur e The di s cov er y of t h e l os t dr awi n gs and t he s ub s equ ent o f gr ani t e b odi e s. He j our neye d t o t h e s out hwes t of S cot l and resear ch i nto Hut ton' s l i f e and t i m es has al s o r eveal ed t hat i n 1 786, wher e Cal ed oni a n gr ani t es i nt r u de i nt o Lo wer Hu t t o n i ns pi r ed a number of youn ger di s ci pl es , i n cl ud i ng Pal eozoi c s edi ments, and to Arr an i n 1787 wher e a Terti ary grani te i ntr udes Dal r adi an schi st s. John Pl ayfai r, t he mathemati ci an and James Hal l , the experi - At al m ost al l of thes e l ocal i ti es John Cl erk m ade l att er' s d eath and us ed i t to wri t e t he emi nent l y me nt al geol ogi s t . Pl ayf ai r , i n f act , r ecei ved t he man us cr i pt of t h e t hi r d v ol ume of Hut t on' s Theor y o f t h e Ea r t h af t er t he c ar ef ul dr awi ng s i ncl udi ng maps , s ect i ons , an d cl os e- ups of r o ck out cr op s d emons t r at i n g t he i n t r us i ve nat ur e of gr ani t e r e adabl e I l l us t r at i o ns of t he Hut t oni an The or y, p ubl i sh ed i n 1 80 2. Th e dr awi ngs i nt ende d t o ac comp any Vol ume 3 wer e pr obabl y not s e en by Pl a yf ai r a nd wer e r et ur ned t o t he Cl e r k ( s ee Fi g. 1 ) . At t he s ame t i me, Cl er k a nd Hut t on r e cor d ed o t her i mpo r t a nt ge ol ogi c al ph enomena s uc h as t he f i r s t a ppr eci at i on of t he i mp or t a nc e of g eol o gi cal u ncon f or mi t i es fami l y to r emai n unr ecogni zed for al most 200 years. Si r James Hal l , another ent husi asti c Huttoni an , carri ed ou t a s er i e s of exper i me nt s on t h e mel t i n g of i gneo us r o cks an d o n t he be havi o ur of l i mes t o ne s u bj ect ed t o hi gh t emper a - t ur e and pr es s ur e. Thes e exp er i ment s di d muc h t o vi ndi cat e t h e cor r ect nes s of t he Th eor y of t h e Ear t h e ven t h ough t h ey wer e car ri ed out aft er Hutton' s death i n 1797. They demons t r at ed t he i gn eous o r i gi n of gr ani t e and bas al t a nd t h e f o rmat i on of mar bl e und er hi gh t emper at ur e a nd pr es s ur e. Hal l al s o u nder t oo k e xper i me nt s on t he f ol di ng o f r ocks , dupl i cat i n g act ual f ol d s h e had o bs er v ed i n t h e Sout her n Upl ands of S cot l and. I n cl os i ng t hi s n ot e, i t s e ems appr opr i a t e t o add t ha t t he f or t hcomi n g p ubl i cat i o n of Hut t on' s l os t dr awi ng s wi l l not onl y gai n i n cr eas ed r es pe ct f o r Hu t t o n' s geni us , but wi l l gi ve l on g over due cr edi t t o Cl er k, wh o, pr es umabl y i n c ooper at i on wi t h Hut t on, made cer t ai n of t he dr awi n gs ' geol o gi cal ac cur a cy, and who was ent i r e l y r e s pons i bl e f o r t h ei r con- si derabl e arti sti c meri t and charm . ABOUT THE 八UTHOR : Wel l -known as t he edi tor of The ( Ol i v e r& Bo y d , E d i n b u r g h , 1 9 6 _ 5 , G r e e p o r l i o n g t y e d 1 o 9 f 7 0 S ) , c o P t r l o a f n e d s s or Gor d on Cr ai g has be en He ad of t he Dep ar t ment of Geol o gy at t h e Uni ver s i t y o f Edi nb ur gh s i nce 1 971. He s er ved on I UGS' Commi t t ee on St o r age Pr oc es s i n g and Aut omat i c Ret r i eval of Geol o gi cal Dat a ( COGEODATA) f r om 1 96 7 t o 1 97 6. Cur r ent l y o n a y ear ' s s abbat i cal l eave f r om t he Uni ver s i t y of Edi nb ur gh, Pr of e s s or Cr ai g has been vi s i t i ng a n umb er of u ni ver s i t i es i n Nor t h Ame ri ca and Aus tr al i a del i ver i ng l ect ur es o n James Hut t on an d hi s工上 r e or y. 5
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