The Pipe Organ Builder’s
Conversion Tables & Technical Notes
with Formulas in Spreadsheet Format
Edited by Robert J. Vaughan, FAIO
Contents
Linear and square conversions ................................................. 2
Volume conversions ................................................................. 3
Force, Pressure, Weight ....................................................... 4, 5
Speed, Rotation, Torque, Energy ............................................. 5
Electrical formulas* and data................................................... 6
Circle and area functions ......................................................... 7
Pipe scaling and other formulas* (spreadsheet format) ....... 8, 9
17th pipe halving table (Töpfer scales) ............................ 10, 11
Wire and sheet gauges............................................................ 12
Drill bit sizes .......................................................................... 13
Drilling and abrasive data ...................................................... 14
Fastener specifications ........................................................... 15
Lumber abbreviations and definitions.................................... 16
* also available on an Excel spreadsheet in the members-only section
of the AIO website, http://members.pipeorgan.org
This handbook is an update inspired by the original 1980 edition of Conversion
Tables & Technical Notes compiled by David W. Cogswell, FAIO. While the conversion tables remain essentially unchanged from the 1980 edition, other tables
and charts have been expanded by Robert J. Vaughan, FAIO. In addition, the
formulas on pages 8 and 9 have been made more practical by presenting them in
a format that can be entered directly into a computer spreadsheet.
The American Institute of Organbuilders assumes no liability for the misuse of
information contained herein.
© 2007 by the American Institute of Organbuilders
2
TABLES OF CONVERSIONS
*
NOTE: To reverse any conversion shown in tables, multiply right
column by recripocal of middle column to obtain left column.
LINEAR MEASURE (Distance)
SQUARE MEASURE (Areas)
Multiply
by
to obtain Multiply
by
to obtain
cm
0.032808
ft
circ. mils 0.000005067
cm²
cm
0.3937
in
circ. mils
0.09642
ft per  Cu
cm
0.01
M
circ. mils
0.7854
mils²
cm
10
mm
cm²
197,300
circ. mils
ft
30.48
cm
cm²
0.00108
ft²
ft
0.0003048
Km
cm²
0.1552
in²
ft
0.3048
M
cm²
0.0001
M²
ft
0.0001894
mile
cm²
154,998
mils
ft
304.8
mm
cm²
100
mm²
in
2.54
cm
ft²
929.03
cm²
in
0.0254
M
ft²
144
in²
in
25.4
mm
ft²
0.092903
M²
Km
3280.8
ft
ft²
92,903
mm²
Km
0.6214
mile
in²
6.4516
cm²
M
100
cm
in²
0.006944
ft²
M
3.2808
ft
in²
0.00064516
M²
M
39.37
in
in²
645.16
mm²
M
1000
mm
M²
10,000
cm²
mile
5280
ft
M²
10.765
ft²
mile
1.609
Km
M²
1,549.9
in²
mile
1609.344
M
M²
1,000,000
mm²
mile
1760
yard
mils²
1.273
circ. mils
mile/hr
44.704
cm/sec
mils²
0.00000645
cm²
mile/hr
1.4667
ft/sec
mm²
0.01
cm²
mm
0.1
cm
mm²
0.0000108
ft²
mm
0.003281
ft
mm²
0.001552
in²
mm
0.03937
in
mm²
0.000001
M²
3
CUBIC MEASURE & VOLUMES
CUBIC MEASURE & VOLUMES
Multipy
by
to obtain Multipy
by
to obtain
cm³
0.0000353
ft³
liters
1,000.028
cm³
cm³
0.0002642
gallons
liters
0.03532
ft³
cm³
0.06102
in³
liters
0.2642
gallons
cm³
0.000999
liters
liters
61.204
in³
cm³
0.000001
M³
liters
0.001000028
M³
cm³
1
ml
liters
1,000,028
mm³
cm³
1,000
mm³
liters
2.1134
pints
cm³
0.0338
US,fl-oz
liters
1.057
quarts
ft³
28,316.847
cm³
liters
33.814
US,fl-oz
ft³
7.481
gallons
M³
1,000,000
cm³
ft³
1,728
in³
M³
35.32
ft³
ft³
28.317
liters
M³
264.2
gallons
ft³
0.028316847
M³
M³
61,024
in³
ft³
28,316,847
mm³
M³
999.972
liters
ft³
957.506
US,fl-oz
M³
1,000,000,000
mm³
ft³ H2O*
63.366
lbs H2O*
M³
33,814
US,fl-oz
gallons
0.1336806
ft³
mm³
0.001
cm³
gallons
231
in³
mm³ 0.0000000353
ft³
gallons
8.337
lbs H2O*
mm³ 0.0000002642 gallons
gallons
3.785
liters
mm³
0.00006102
in³
gallons
0.003785
M³
mm³
0.0000009
liters
gallons
128
US,fl-oz
mm³
0.000000001
M³
in³
16.387
cm³
mm³
0.0000338
US,fl-oz
in³
0.0005787
ft³
quarts
0.25
gallons
in³
0.004329
gallons
quarts
0.94635
liters
in³
0.01639
liters
US,fl-oz
29.5735
cm³
in³
0.00001639
M³
US,fl-oz
0.0010444
ft³
in³
16,387
mm³
US,fl-oz
0.0078125
gallons
in³
0.554
US,fl-oz US,fl-oz
1.805
in³
lbs H2O*
0.015789
ft³
US,fl-oz
0.0275735
liters
lbs H2O*
0.1199
gallons
US,fl-oz
29,573.5
mm³
*ALL WATER CONVERSIONS AT 60°F
* Formatting note: throughout this booklet, tables with a double vertical line
down the middle should be read as two separate columns—not horizontally
across the entire page.
2
3
4
FORCE, PRESSURE, WEIGHT
Multipy
by
to obtain
g(rams)
0.001
Kg
g
0.002205
lb
g
1000
mg
g
0.03527
oz
g/cm²
0.000965
atmosphere
g/cm²
0.01
g/mm²
g/cm²
0.029
in Hg
g/cm²
0.3937
in H2O
g/cm²
10
Kg/m²
g/cm²
10.03
mm H2O
g/cm²
0.03524
oz/cm²
g/cm²
0.142
psi
g/mm²
0.0965
atmosphere
g/mm²
100
g/cm²
g/mm²
0.002896
in Hg
g/mm²
0.0394
in H2O
g/mm²
1
mm H2O
in Hg
0.03342
atmosphere
in Hg
34.6
g/cm²
in Hg
13.6
in H2O
in Hg
25.4
mm Hg
in Hg
0.491
psi
in H2O
0.002426
atmosphere
in H2O
2.524
g/cm²
0.02524
g/mm²
in H2O
in H2O
0.07349
in Hg
1.8667
mm Hg
in H2O
in H2O
25.4
mm H2O
in H2O
0.000896
oz/mm²
5.119
psf
in H2O
in H2O
0.0361
psi
Kg
1,000
g
Kg
2.205
lb
4
FORCE, PRESSURE, WEIGHT
Multipy
by
to obtain
Kg
1,000,000
mg
Kg
35.27
oz
Kg
0.001102
short Tons
Kg/m²
0.0000965 atmosphere
Kg/m²
0.1
g/cm²
Kg/m²
0.0035
oz/cm²
Kg/m²
0.00142
psi
lb
453.59
g
lb
0.4536
Kg
lb
16
oz
lb
0.0005
short Tons
mm Hg
0.03937
in Hg
mm H2O 0.0000967 atmosphere
mm H2O
0.0997
g/cm²
0.0029
in Hg
mm H2O
mm H2O
0.03937
in H2O
mm H2O
0.0735
mm Hg
0.00353
oz/cm²
mm H2O
oz/mm²
mm H2O 0.0000353
mm H2O
0.2045
psf
0.00142
psi
mm H2O
oz
28.3495
g
oz
0.0283
Kg
oz
0.0625
lb
oz/cm²
0.02734
atmosphere
oz/cm²
28.34
g/cm²
oz/cm²
0.82
in Hg
oz/cm²
11.163
in H2O
oz/cm²
285.1
Kg/m²
oz/cm²
283.54
mm H2O
oz/cm²
0.01
oz/mm²
oz/cm²
0.4029
psi
short Tons
2,000
lb
FORCE, PRESSURE &, WEIGHT
Multipy
by
to obtain
atmosphere
33.923
ft H2O
atmosphere 1,033.23
g/cm²
atmosphere
29.92
in Hg
atmosphere
407.07
in H2O
atmosphere 10,332.30
Kg/m²
atmosphere
760
mm Hg
atmosphere 10,332.70
mm H2O
atmosphere
36.42
oz/cm²
atmosphere 2,072.59
psf
atmosphere
14.696
psi
pascals
1
newtons/m²
psf
0.006944
psi
psi
0.0681
atmosphere
psi
70.307
g/cm²
psi
2.037
in Hg
psi
27.7
in H2O
psi
703.07
Kg/m²
psi
703.6
mm H2O
psi
2.48
oz/cm²
psi
144
psf
psi
0.006895
pascal
SPEED & VELOCITY
Km/hr
0.6214
MPH
MPH
44.704
cm/sec
MPH
1.4667
ft/sec
MPH
1.609
Km/hr
ANGULAR MEASURE
degrees
0.01745
radians
degrees/sec
0.1667
RPM
radians
57.2958
degrees
RPM
6
degrees/sec
degree
1.111
grad
5
TORQUE
by
to obtain
0.000072
ft-lb
0.013882
in-oz
0.00555
in-oz
13,830
cm-g
192
in-oz
71.942
cm-g
180.2
cm-newton
0.005208
ft-lb
ENERGY
BTU
0.252
Kg-calorie
BTU/hr
778.3
ft-lb/hr
BTU/hr
0.0003929
HP/hr
BTU/min
0.02357
HP
ft-lb
1.3558
joule
ft-lb
0.0003766
watt-hr
ft-lb/hr
0.001285
BTU/hr
ft-lb/hr
4.255
HP/hr
ft-lb/min
0.07092
HP
ft-lb/sec
0.001182
HP
HP
42.418
BTU/min
HP
550
ft-lb/sec
HP
33,000
ft-lb/sec
HP
0.746
Kw
HP/hr
0.235
ft-lb/hr
HP-hr
2545
BTU/hr
joule
10,000,000
erg
joule
0.7376
ft-lb
Kg-calorie
3.969
BTU
Kw
1.34
HP
Kw-hr
2,655,000
ft-lb
watts
0.001341
HP
watts
0.001
Kw
Multipy
cm-g
cm-g
cm-newton
ft-lb
ft-lb
in-oz
in-oz
in-oz
5
6
ELECTRICAL INFORMATION
CURRENT LOAD VS COPPER WIRE LENGTH TABLE (68°F AMBIENT)
ELECTRICAL
INFORMATION
GAUGE 1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6
(68°F AMBIENT)
CURRENT
LOAD
VS
COPPER
WIRE
TABLE
AMPS CONDUCTOR LENGTH IN FEET
FORLENGTH
A ONE VOLT
DROP
ELECTRICAL
INFORMATION
GAUGE
2
4
6
8
10 572
12 360
14 226
16 142
18
20
1 5812
1
7329
3655
2299
1446
909
89
(68°F AMBIENT)
CURRENT
LOAD
VS
COPPER
WIRE
LENGTH
TABLE
AMPS
CONDUCTOR
LENGTH
IN
FEET
FOR
A
ONE
VOLT
DROP
1.5
4886 3875 2437 1532 964 606 381 240 151 95
60
GAUGE
2
4
6
8
10 572
12 360
14 226
16
18 89
20
1
1
7329
909
2
3664 5812
2906 3655
1828 2299
1149 1446
723 455
286 180
113 142
71
45
AMPS
CONDUCTOR
LENGTH
IN
FEET
FOR
A
ONE
VOLT
DROP
1.5
4886
95
60
3
2443 3875
1937 2437
1218 1532
766 964
482 606
303 381
191 240
120 151
75
47
30
12
7329
5812
3655
2299
1446
909 286
572 180
360 113
226 142
89
3664
2906
1828
1149
723
455
71
45
4
1832 1453 914 575 361 227 143 90
57
36
22
1.5
4886
3875 2437
1532 964
606 381 120
240 151
95 30
60
3
2443
75
47
5
1466 1937
1162 1218
731 766
460 482
289 303
182 191
114 72
45
28 17.9
24
3664
2906
1828
1149
723
455
286
180
113
71
45
1832
90
57
36
22
6
1221 1453
969 914
609 575
383 361
241 227
152 143
95
60
38
24 14.9
35
2443
1937
1218
766
482
303
191
120
75
47
30
1466
72
45
28
7
1047 1162
830 731
522 460
328 289
207 182
130 114
82
51
32
20 17.9
12.8
46
1832
1453 914
575 361
227 143 60
90 38
57 24
36 14.9
22
1221
8
916 969
726 609
457 383
287 241
181 152
114 95
71
45
28 17.8
11.2
57
1466
1162
731
460
289
182
114
72
45
28
17.9
1047
82
51
32
20 12.8
10
733 830
581 522
366 328
230 207
145 130
91
57
36
23 14.2
8.9
68
1221
969
609
383
241
152 71
95 45
60 28
38 17.8
24 14.9
916
726
457
287
181
114
12
611 484 305 192 120 76
48
30 18.8 11.9 11.2
7.5
710 1047
830 522
328 207
130
82 36
51 23
32 14.2
20 8.9
12.8
733
91
57
15
489 581
387 366
244 230
153 145
96
61
38
24 15.1
9
6.0
812
916
726
457
287
181
114
71
45
28
17.8
11.2
611
76
48
30 11.3
18.8 11.9
7.5
20
366 484
291 305
183 192
115 120
72
45
29 18.0
7.1 4.5
10
733
581
366
230
145
91 38
57 24
36 15.1
23 14.2
8.9
15
489
387
244
153
96
61
9
6.0
24
305 242 152 96
60
38
24 15.0 9.4 5.9 3.7
12
611
484 305
192 120
76 29
48 18.0
30 18.8 11.9
7.5
20
366
72
45
7.1 3.0
4.5
30
244 291
194 183
122 115
77
48
30 19.1
12.0 11.3
7.5 4.7
15
489
387
244
153
96
61
38
24
15.1
9
6.0
24
305
60
38
24 10.0
15.0 6.3
9.4 4.0
5.9 2.5
3.7
36
204 242
161 152
102 96
64
40
25 15.9
20
366
291 183
115
72
45 19.1
29 18.0 11.3
7.1 3.0
4.5
30
244
77
48
30
7.5 2.8
4.7
50
147 194
116 122
73
46
29 18.2
11.4 12.0
7.2 4.5
1.8
24
305
242
152
96
60
38
24
15.0
9.4
5.9
3.7
36
204
64
40 9.1
25 15.9
6.3 1.4
4.0 0.9
2.5
100
73 161
58 102
37
23 14.5
5.7 10.0
3.6 2.3
30
244
194
122
77
48
30
19.1
12.0
7.5
4.7
3.0
50
147
73
46
29 18.2
7.2 1.5
4.5 0.9
2.8 0.6
1.8
150
49 116
39
24 15.3
9.6
6.1 11.4
3.8 2.4
36
204
161
102
64
40 9.1
25 15.9
10.0
6.3 1.4
4.0 0.9
2.5
100
73
58
37
23
14.5
5.7
3.6
2.3
200
37
29 18.3 11.5 7.2 4.5 2.9 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.4
50
147
116
73
46
29
18.2
11.4
7.2
4.5
2.8
1.8
150
49
24 LOAD
15.3 VS9.6
1.5 0.9 0.6
MAXIMUM
SAFE 39
CURRENT
WIRE6.1
SIZE 3.8
TABLE2.4
645 TO 275 CIRC. MILS PER AMP
100
73
58
37 11.5
23 14.5
9.1 2.9
5.7 1.8
3.6 1.1
2.3 0.7
1.4 0.4
0.9
200
37
29
18.3
7.2
4.5
GAUGE 1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
150
49SAFE39
24 LOAD
15.3 VS9.6
2.4 275
1.5CIRC. MILS
0.9 AMP
0.6
MAXIMUM
CURRENT
WIRE6.1
SIZE 3.8
TABLE
AMPS 130
115
85
55
40
30
20
15645 TO 9.4
5.9 PER3.7
200
37
29
18.3
11.5
7.2
4.5
2.9
1.8
1.1
0.7
0.4
GAUGE 1
2 OHM'S
4
6 FOR
8 D.C.10
12
14
16
18
20
LAW
CIRCUITS
MAXIMUM
SAFE 115
CURRENT
LOAD
VS40
WIRE30
SIZE 20
TABLE15645 TO9.4
275 CIRC.5.9
MILS PER
AMP
AMPS 130
85
55
3.7
KNOWN
FORMULAS TO DETERMINE
GAUGE VALUES
1
2
4
6 FOR
8 D.C.
10
12
16
18
20
OHM'S
LAW
CIRCUITS
UNKNOWN
VALUES
OF: 14
AMPS 130
115 85 I FORMULAS
55
40R TO30
20E 15 9.4
5.9
3.7
KNOWN
DETERMINE
P
OHM'S LAW
FOR D.C.
CIRCUITS
VALUES
UNKNOWN
VALUES
OF:
I & R
E=
IR
P = I² R
KNOWN
I FORMULAS
E
I & E
R =R
E TO
/ I DETERMINE
P =PE I
VALUES
UNKNOWN
I & P
R
E =OF:
IPR/ I
P = I² R
R = P /VALUES
I²
E
IR && EE
R =R
E/I
E I/ R
I = EI / R
P=P
E²
IIR&&&RPP
E
E=
==PI R
/ IPR P = I² R
I =
P / R R = P / I²
E
IR
R
E I/ R
E
I = PE//ER
PP==E²
E&&EP
R=
=E
E²//IP
IR& &P P
E ==P / IPR
I =
P / R R = P / I²
E
RE && EP
II =
P = E² / R
= PE // ER
R = E² / P
R & P
I =
P/R
E =
PR
E & P
I=P/E
R = E² / P
6
6
7
FUNCTIONS OF CIRCLES AND AREAS
DIAM,
NUMBER
CIRCUMFERENCE
CIRCLE
AREA
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10
0.63
1.26
1.88
2.51
3.14
3.77
4.40
5.03
5.65
6.28
6.91
7.54
8.17
8.80
9.42
10.05
10.68
11.31
11.94
12.57
13.19
13.82
14.45
15.08
15.71
16.34
16.96
17.59
18.22
18.85
19.48
20.11
20.73
21.36
21.99
22.62
23.25
23.88
24.50
25.13
25.76
26.39
27.02
27.65
28.27
28.90
29.53
30.16
30.79
31.42
0.03
0.13
0.28
0.50
0.79
1.13
1.54
2.01
2.54
3.14
3.80
4.52
5.31
6.16
7.07
8.04
9.08
10.18
11.34
12.57
13.85
15.21
16.62
18.10
19.63
21.24
22.90
24.63
26.42
28.27
30.19
32.17
34.21
36.32
38.48
40.72
43.01
45.36
47.78
50.27
52.81
55.42
58.09
60.82
63.62
66.48
69.40
72.38
75.43
78.54
CIRCLE
AREA x
1.4
0.04
0.18
0.40
0.71
1.11
1.60
2.18
2.84
3.60
4.44
5.38
6.40
7.51
8.71
10.00
11.37
12.84
14.39
16.04
17.77
19.59
21.50
23.50
25.59
27.77
30.03
32.39
34.83
37.36
39.99
42.70
45.50
48.38
51.36
54.43
57.58
60.82
64.16
67.58
71.09
74.68
78.37
82.15
86.01
89.97
94.01
98.14
102.36
106.67
111.07
NUMBER
SQ AREA
DIAM,
NUMBER
CIRCUMFERENCE
CIRCLE
AREA
0.04
0.16
0.36
0.64
1
1.44
1.96
2.56
3.24
4
4.84
5.76
6.76
7.84
9
10.24
11.56
12.96
14.44
16
17.64
19.36
21.16
23.04
25
27.04
29.16
31.36
33.64
36
38.44
40.96
43.56
46.24
49
51.84
54.76
57.76
60.84
64
67.24
70.56
73.96
77.44
81
84.64
88.36
92.16
96.04
100
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
11
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
12
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8
16
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8
17
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8
18
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8
19
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8
20
32.04
32.67
33.30
33.93
34.56
35.19
35.81
36.44
37.07
37.70
38.33
38.96
39.58
40.21
40.84
41.47
42.10
42.73
43.35
43.98
44.61
45.24
45.87
46.50
47.12
47.75
48.38
49.01
49.64
50.27
50.89
51.52
52.15
52.78
53.41
54.04
54.66
55.29
55.92
56.55
57.18
57.81
58.43
59.06
59.69
60.32
60.95
61.58
62.20
62.83
81.71
84.95
88.25
91.61
95.03
98.52
102.07
105.68
109.36
113.10
116.90
120.76
124.69
128.68
132.73
136.85
141.03
145.27
149.57
153.94
158.37
162.86
167.42
172.03
176.71
181.46
186.26
191.13
196.07
201.06
206.12
211.24
216.42
221.67
226.98
232.35
237.79
243.28
248.85
254.47
260.16
265.90
271.72
277.59
283.53
289.53
295.59
301.72
307.91
314.16
CIRCLE
AREA x
1.4
115.56
120.14
124.80
129.55
134.40
139.33
144.35
149.46
154.66
159.94
165.32
170.78
176.34
181.98
187.71
193.53
199.44
205.44
211.53
217.70
223.97
230.32
236.76
243.29
249.91
256.62
263.42
270.30
277.28
284.34
291.50
298.74
306.07
313.49
321.00
328.60
336.28
344.06
351.92
359.87
367.91
376.05
384.26
392.57
400.97
409.46
418.03
426.69
435.45
444.29
NUMBER
SQ AREA
104.04
108.16
112.36
116.64
121
125.44
129.96
134.56
139.24
144
148.84
153.76
158.76
163.84
169
174.24
179.56
184.96
190.44
196
201.64
207.36
213.16
219.04
225
231.04
237.16
243.36
249.64
256
262.44
268.96
275.56
282.24
289
295.84
302.76
309.76
316.84
324
331.24
338.56
345.96
353.44
361
368.64
376.36
384.16
392.04
400
7
8
9
SOME FORMULAS USED IN PIPE ORGAN BUILDING
As computers are owned and used by practically everyone, pipe organ formulas are herewith listed in an easy-to-use spreadsheet format in lieu of standard formulas requiring powerful
scientific calculators. While cell numbers A1, B1, C1, and D1, Etc. are cell locations for example only, cell usage can be place anywhere in the spreadsheet. Be sure to use correct cell
cell numbers while typing in the formulas when using different cell locations than those indicated in these examples. Typed input data is displayed as typed in the input cells and formula
cells display only as answers and not formulas. Make sure formulas are typed precisely as indicated. They won't work with just one simple error. It helps to label specific cell use with
labels typed in adjacent cells. Be sure to format the cells used for computations with number format with the desired decimal resolution. Using different cell fill colors helps differentiate
between input cells and formula/answer cells. If numbers and formulas are typed into cells A1, B1, C1, etc. as listed below, they can be dragged as a group anywhere in the spreadsheet
and cell numbers referenced in the formulas will automatically adjust to their new cell locations.
All pipe scale measurements are in metric and the reference scale number 1 equals a diameter of 1.00156 meter. All halving ratio measurements for a number of pipes in a range include
the first and last pipes of that range. For these formulas to work use the 17th, 18th, 19th or whatever pipe number in the measurements, not the 16th, 17th 18th or whatever step number.
TO FIND PIPE HALF RATIO AND ITS RECIPROCAL: TYPE PIPE HALF RATIO NUMBER IN A1, TYPE FORMULAS IN B1 AND C1.
TYPE HALF RATIO NUMBER
=2^(1/(A1-1))
=1/(2^(1/(A1-1)))
TO FIND TÖPFER SCALE NUMBER OF A PIPE: TYPE MM DIAMETER IN A1, TYPE FORMULA IN B1
TYPE PIPE DIAMETER
=ROUND(LOG(A1/1001.56)/LOG(0.95760328)+1,1)
TO FIND PIPE DIAMETER MM: TYPE TÖPFER SCALE NUMBER IN A1, TYPE FORMULA IN B1
TYPE PIPE SCALE
=(0.95760328^(A1-1))*1001.56
TO FIND HALVING RATIO BETWEEN ANY TWO PIPES, TYPE PIPE ONE MM DIAMETER IN A1, TYPE SECOND PIPE MM DIAMETER IN A2,
TYPE TOTAL NUMBER OF PIPES IN THE MEASURED SERIES INCLUDING FIRST AND LAST IN A3, AND TYPE THE FORMULA IN A4
TYPE DIAMETER OF 1ST PIPE
TYPE DIAMETER OF LAST PIPE IN RANGE
TYPE TOTAL NUMBER OF PIPES
=ROUND((LOG(2)/(LOG((A1/B1)^(1/(C1-1)))))+1,1)
TO FIND ROUND PIPE DIAMETER EQUIVALENT OF A WOOD PIPE, TYPE INSIDE MM WIDTH IN A1, TYPE INSIDE MM DEPTH IN A2,
TYPE FORMULA FOR DIAMETER IN A3, AND TYPE FORMULA FOR MOUTH RATIO (EXPRESSED AS DENOMINATOR ONLY; 1/4 WOULD BE 4, 2/9 WOULD BE 4.5, AND 1/5 WOULD BE 5) IN A4
TYPE WOOD PIPE INSIDE WIDTH TYPE WOOD PIPE INSIDE DEPTH
=2*SQRT((A1*B1)/3.14159)
=(C1*3.14159)/A1
TO FIND WOOD PIPE EQUIVALENT OF A ROUND PIPE, TYPE MM DIAMETER IN A1, TYPE MOUTH RATIO (DENOMINATOR ONLY AS IN EXAMPLE ABOVE) IN A2,
TYPE FORMULA FOR WOOD PIPE WIDTH IN A3, AND FORMULA FOR WOOD PIPE DEPTH IN A4.
TYPE ROUND PIPE DIAMETER
TYPE MOUTH WIDTH (DENOMINATOR ONLY)
=(A1*3.14159)/B1
=(((A1/2)^2)*3.14159)/C1
TO FIND THE GOLDEN RATIO NUMBERS, TYPE FORMULAS IN CELL A1 AND A2. THE GOLDEN RATIO AND RECIPROCAL APPEAR IN A1 AND A2.
=((1+(5^0.5))/2)
=1/A1
TO FIND THE AREA OF A CIRCLE, TYPE THE DIAMETER IN A1 AND TYPE THE FORMULA IN B1.
TYPE IN CIRCLE DIAMETER
=((A1/2)^2)*3.14159
TO FIND THE DIAMETER OF A CIRCLE, TYPE THE AREA IN A1 AND TYPE THE FORMULA IN B1.
TYPE AREA OF CIRCLE
=(SQRT(A1/3.14159))*2
TO FIND EQUIVALENT PIPE DIAMETER OF TWO DIFFERENT SIZED AIR CONDUCTORS IN PARALLEL,
TYPE DIAMETER OF FIRST PIPE IN A1, TYPE DIAMETER OF SECOND PIPE IN B1, AND TYPE FORMULA IN C1.
TYPE DIAMETER OF FIRST PIPE TYPE DIAMETER OF SECOND PIPE
=(SQRT(((((A1/2)^2)*3.14159)+(((B1/2)^2)*3.14159))/3.14159))*2
TO FIND EQUIVALENT DIAMETER OF SAME SIZED MULTIPLE AIR CONDUCTOR PIPES, TYPE DIAMETER OF PIPES IN A1,
TYPE NUMBER OF AIR CONDUCTORS OF SAME DIAMETER IN B1, AND TYPE FORMULA IN C1.
TYPE DIAMETER OF PIPES
TYPE NUMBER OF PIPES
=(SQRT(((((A1/2)^2)*3.14159)*B1)/3.14159))*2
TO FIND EQUIVALENT ENGLISH OR METRIC ROUND DIAMETER OF RECTANGULAR WINDTRUNK: TYPE WIDTH OF WINDTRUNK IN A1, TYPE DEPTH OF WINDTRUNK IN B1,
TYPE FORMULA FOR EQUIVALENT AIR CAPACITY DIAMETER OF ROUND PIPE IN C1, AND TYPE FORMULA FOR ACTUAL AREA EQUIVALENT OF ROUND PIPE IN D1.
TYPE WIDTH OF WINDTRUNK
TYPE DEPTH OF WINDTRUNK
=1.3*(((A1*B1)^0.625)/((A1+B1)^0.25))
=(SQRT((A1*B1)/3.14159))*2
TO FIND THE PRESSURE DROP IN INCHES WATERCOLUMN IN A SECTION OF BLOWER PIPE, TYPE THE CFM AIR VOLUME IN A1, TYPE THE PIPE DIAMETER IN INCHES IN B1,
TYPE THE LENGTH OF THE CONDUCTOR IN FEET IN C1, AND TYPE THE FORMULA IN D1. OUTPUT IS INCHES WATER COLUMN.
TYPE CFM IN A1, TYPE INCH DIAMETER OF PIPE IN B1, TYPE LENGTH IN FEET IN C1
=(10^(LOG(2)*(LOG(A1/(6.18^(LOG(B1)/LOG(2)))/3.33))/LOG(1.43)))/100*C1
8
9
10
TÖPFER 'NM' PIPE SCALE CHART ALL HALVING ON THE 17TH PIPE; 16TH STEP: (17 HALVING = 16TH ROOT OF 2)
SCALE mm DIAM inch DIAM
32'
16'
8'
4'
2 2/3'
2'
1 3/5'
1 1/3'
1'
18
479.5
18.88
+2
19
459.2
18.08
+1
20
439.7
17.31
0
+12
21
421.1
16.58
-1
+11
22
403.3
15.88
-2
+10
23
386.2
15.20
-3
+9
24
369.8
14.56
-4
+8
25
354.1
13.94
-5
+7
26
339.1
13.35
-6
+6
27
324.7
12.78
-7
+5
28
310.9
12.24
-8
+4
29
297.8
11.72
-9
+3
30
285.1
11.23
-10
+2
31
273.1
10.75
-11
+1
32
261.5
10.29
-12
0
+12
33
250.4
9.86
-13
-1
+11
34
239.8
9.44
-14
-2
+10
35
229.6
9.04
-15
-3
+9
36
219.9
8.66
-16
-4
+8
37
210.6
8.29
-17
-5
+7
38
201.6
7.94
-18
-6
+6
39
193.1
7.60
-19
-7
+5
40
184.9
7.28
-20
-8
+4
41
177.1
6.97
-21
-9
+3
42
169.5
6.68
-22
-10
+2
43
162.4
6.39
-23
-11
+1
44
155.5
6.12
-24
-12
0
+12
45
148.9
5.86
-25
-13
-1
+11
46
142.6
5.61
-14
-2
+10
47
136.5
5.38
-15
-3
+9
48
130.7
5.15
-16
-4
+8
49
125.2
4.93
-17
-5
+7
50
119.9
4.72
-18
-6
+6
51
114.8
4.52
-19
-7
+5
+12
52
109.9
4.33
-20
-8
+4
+11
53
105.3
4.14
-21
-9
+3
+10
54
100.8
3.97
-22
-10
+2
+9
55
96.5
3.80
-23
-11
+1
+8
56
92.4
3.64
-24
-12
0
+7
+12
57
88.5
3.49
-25
-13
-1
+6
+11
58
84.8
3.34
-14
-2
+5
+10
59
81.2
3.20
-15
-3
+4
+9
60
77.7
3.06
-16
-4
+3
+8
+12
61
74.4
2.93
-17
-5
+2
+7
+11
62
71.3
2.81
-18
-6
+1
+6
+10
63
68.3
2.69
-19
-7
0
+5
+9
+12
64
65.4
2.57
-20
-8
-1
+4
+8
+11
65
62.6
2.46
-21
-9
-2
+3
+7
+10
66
59.9
2.36
-22
-10
-3
+2
+6
+9
67
57.4
2.26
-23
-11
-4
+1
+5
+8
68
55.0
2.16
-24
-12
-5
0
+4
+7
+12
69
52.6
2.07
-25
-13
-6
-1
+3
+6
+11
70
50.4
1.98
-14
-7
-2
+2
+5
+10
71
48.3
1.90
-15
-8
-3
+1
+4
+9
72
46.2
1.82
-16
-9
-4
0
+3
+8
73
44.3
1.74
-17
-10
-5
-1
+2
+7
74
42.4
1.67
-18
-11
-6
-2
+1
+6
75
40.6
1.60
-19
-12
-7
-3
0
+5
76
38.9
1.53
-20
-13
-8
-4
-1
+4
10
11
TÖPFER 'NM' PIPE SCALE CHART ALL HALVING ON THE 17TH PIPE; 16TH STEP: (17 HALVING = 16TH ROOT OF 2)
SCALE mm DIAM inch DIAM
32'
16'
8'
4'
2 2/3'
2'
1 3/5'
1 1/3'
1'
77
37.2
1.47
-21
-14
-9
-5
-2
+3
78
35.6
1.40
-22
-15
-10
-6
-3
+2
79
34.1
1.34
-23
-16
-11
-7
-4
+1
80
32.7
1.29
-24
-17
-12
-8
-5
0
81
31.3
1.23
-25
-18
-13
-9
-6
-1
82
30.0
1.18
-19
-14
-10
-7
-2
83
28.7
1.13
-20
-15
-11
-8
-3
84
27.5
1.08
-21
-16
-12
-9
-4
85
26.3
1.04
-22
-17
-13
-10
-5
86
25.2
0.992
-23
-18
-14
-11
-6
87
24.1
0.950
-24
-19
-15
-12
-7
88
23.1
0.910
-25
-20
-16
-13
-8
89
22.1
0.871
-21
-17
-14
-9
90
21.2
0.834
-22
-18
-15
-10
91
20.3
0.799
-23
-19
-16
-11
92
19.4
0.765
-24
-20
-17
-12
93
18.6
0.733
-25
-21
-18
-13
94
17.8
0.702
-22
-19
-14
95
17.1
0.672
-23
-20
-15
96
16.3
0.643
-24
-21
-16
97
15.6
0.616
-25
-22
-17
98
15.0
0.590
-23
-18
99
14.4
0.565
-24
-19
100
13.7
0.541
-25
-20
101
13.2
0.518
-21
102
12.6
0.496
-22
103
12.1
0.475
-23
104
11.6
0.455
-24
105
11.1
0.436
-25
106
10.6
0.417
107
10.1
0.400
108
9.7
0.383
109
9.3
0.366
110
8.9
0.351
111
8.5
0.336
112
8.2
0.322
113
7.8
0.308
114
7.5
0.295
115
7.2
0.282
116
6.9
0.271
117
6.6
0.259
118
6.3
0.248
119
6.0
0.238
120
5.8
0.227
121
5.5
0.218
122
5.3
0.209
123
5.1
0.200
124
4.9
0.191
125
4.7
0.183
126
4.5
0.175
127
4.3
0.168
128
4.1
0.161
129
3.9
0.154
130
3.7
0.147
131
3.6
0.141
132
3.4
0.135
133
3.3
0.130
134
3.2
0.124
135
3.0
0.119
11
12
STANDARD WIRE AND SHEET METAL GAUGES
US
STANDARD
ORGAN
GAUGE
STEEL
ZINC
NUMBER SHEET IRON
SHEETS
FERROUS
ALLOYS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
12
0.2812
0.2656
0.2500
0.2344
0.2187
0.2031
0.1875
0.1719
0.1562
0.1406
0.1250
0.1094
0.0937
0.0781
0.0703
0.0625
0.0562
0.0500
0.0437
0.0375
0.0344
0.0312
0.0281
0.0250
0.0219
0.0187
0.0172
0.0156
0.0141
0.0125
0.0109
0.0102
0.0094
0.0086
0.0078
0.0070
0.0066
0.0062
0.0059
0.0055
0.024
0.029
0.034
0.037
0.041
0.045
0.053
0.057
0.065
0.070
AMERICAN
B&S
COPPER,
AMERICAN
WASHBURN
BRASS,
STANDARD
AND MOEN
ALUMINUM
MUSIC
MUSIC WIRE
NONPIANO WIRE
FERROUS
WIRE
0.2893
0.010
0.0156
0.2576
0.011
0.0166
0.2294
0.012
0.0178
0.2043
0.013
0.0188
0.1819
0.014
0.0202
0.1620
0.016
0.0215
0.1443
0.018
0.0230
0.1285
0.020
0.0243
0.1144
0.022
0.0256
0.1019
0.024
0.0270
0.0907
0.026
0.0284
0.0808
0.029
0.0296
0.0720
0.031
0.0314
0.0641
0.033
0.0326
0.0571
0.035
0.0345
0.0508
0.037
0.0360
0.0453
0.039
0.0377
0.0403
0.041
0.0395
0.0359
0.043
0.0414
0.0320
0.045
0.0434
0.0285
0.047
0.0460
0.0254
0.049
0.0483
0.0226
0.051
0.0510
0.0201
0.055
0.0550
0.0179
0.059
0.0586
0.0159
0.063
0.0626
0.0142
0.067
0.0658
0.0126
0.071
0.0720
0.0113
0.075
0.0760
0.0100
0.080
0.0800
0.0089
0.085
0.0080
0.090
0.0071
0.095
0.0063
0.100
0.0056
0.106
0.0050
0.112
0.0045
0.0040
0.0035
0.0031
DRILL BIT EQUIVALENTS FOR: NUMBER, FRACTIONAL, LETTER, METRIC
SIZE
ENGLISH
91
0.0083
90
0.0087
.22mm
0.0087
89
0.0091
88
0.0095
.25mm
0.0098
87
0.0100
86
0.0105
85
0.0110
.28mm
0.0110
84
0.0115
.3mm
0.0118
83
0.0120
82
0.0125
.32mm
0.0126
81
0.0130
80
0.0135
.35mm
0.0138
79
0.0145
1/64
0.0156
.4mm
0.0157
78
0.0160
.45mm
0.0177
77
0.0180
.5mm
0.0197
76
0.0200
75
0.0210
.55mm
0.0217
74
0.0225
.6mm
0.0236
73
0.0240
72
0.0250
.65mm
0.0256
71
0.0260
.7mm
0.0276
70
0.0280
69
0.0292
.75mm
0.0295
68
0.0310
1/32
0.0312
.8mm
0.0315
67
0.0320
66
0.0330
.85mm
0.0335
65
0.0350
.9mm
0.0354
64
0.0360
63
0.0370
.95mm
0.0374
62
0.0380
61
0.0390
1mm
0.0394
60
0.0400
59
0.0410
1.05mm 0.0413
58
0.0420
57
0.0430
1.1mm
0.0433
1.15mm 0.0453
56
0.0465
3/64
0.0469
1.2mm
0.0472
1.25mm 0.0492
1.3mm
0.0512
55
0.0520
1.35mm 0.0531
54
0.0550
1.4mm
0.0551
1.45mm 0.0571
1.5mm
0.0591
METRIC
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.30
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.45
0.46
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.60
0.61
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.70
0.71
0.74
0.75
0.79
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.84
0.85
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.94
0.95
0.97
0.99
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.05
1.07
1.09
1.10
1.15
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.32
1.35
1.40
1.40
1.45
1.50
SIZE
ENGLISH
53
0.0595
1.55mm 0.0610
1/16
0.0625
1.6mm
0.0630
52
0.0635
1.65mm 0.0650
1.7mm
0.0669
51
0.0670
1.75mm 0.0689
50
0.0700
1.8mm
0.0709
1.85mm 0.0728
49
0.0730
1.9mm
0.0748
48
0.0760
1.95mm 0.0768
5/64
0.0781
47
0.0785
2mm
0.0787
2.05mm 0.0807
46
0.0810
45
0.0820
2.1mm
0.0827
2.15mm 0.0846
44
0.0860
2.2mm
0.0865
2.25mm 0.0886
43
0.0890
2.3mm
0.0906
2.35mm 0.0925
42
0.0935
3/32
0.0938
2.4mm
0.0945
41
0.0960
2.45mm 0.0965
40
0.0980
2.5mm
0.0984
39
0.0995
38
0.1015
2.6mm
0.1024
37
0.1040
2.7mm
0.1063
36
0.1065
2.75mm 0.1083
7/64
0.1094
35
0.1100
2.8mm
0.1102
34
0.1110
33
0.1130
2.9mm
0.1142
32
0.1160
3mm
0.1181
31
0.1200
3.1mm
0.1220
1/8
0.1250
3.2mm
0.1260
3.25mm 0.1280
30
0.1285
3.3mm
0.1299
3.4mm
0.1339
29
0.1360
3.5mm
0.1378
28
0.1405
9/64
0.1406
3.6mm
0.1417
27
0.1440
3.7mm
0.1457
26
0.1470
3.75mm 0.1476
25
0.1495
METRIC
1.51
1.55
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.65
1.70
1.70
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.85
1.85
1.90
1.93
1.95
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.05
2.06
2.08
2.10
2.15
2.18
2.20
2.25
2.26
2.30
2.35
2.37
2.38
2.40
2.44
2.45
2.49
2.50
2.53
2.58
2.60
2.64
2.70
2.71
2.75
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.82
2.87
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.18
3.20
3.25
3.26
3.30
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.57
3.57
3.60
3.66
3.70
3.73
3.75
3.80
SIZE
ENGLISH
3.8mm
0.1496
24
0.1520
3.9mm
0.1535
23
0.1540
5/32
0.1562
22
0.1570
4mm
0.1575
21
0.1590
20
0.1610
4.1mm
0.1614
4.2mm
0.1654
19
0.1660
4.25mm 0.1683
4.3mm
0.1693
18
0.1695
11/64
0.1719
17
0.1730
4.4mm
0.1732
16
0.1770
4.5mm
0.1772
15
0.1800
4.6mm
0.1811
14
0.1820
13
0.1850
4.7mm
0.1850
4.75mm 0.1870
3/16
0.1875
4.8mm
0.1890
12
0.1890
11
0.1910
4.9mm
0.1929
10
0.1935
9
0.1960
5mm
0.1969
8
0.1990
5.1mm
0.2008
7
0.2010
13/64
0.2031
6
0.2040
5.2mm
0.2047
5
0.2055
5.25mm 0.2067
5.3mm
0.2087
1
0.2090
5.4mm
0.2126
3
0.2030
5.5mm
0.2165
7/32
0.2188
5.6mm
0.2205
2
0.2211
5.7mm
0.2244
5.75mm 0.2264
1
0.2280
5.8mm
0.2283
5.9mm
0.2323
A
0.2340
15/64
0.2344
6mm
0.2362
B
0.2380
6.1mm
0.2402
C
0.2420
6.2mm
0.2441
D
0.2460
6.25mm 0.2461
6.3mm
0.2480
E
0.2500
1/4
0.2500
6.4mm
0.2520
6.5mm
0.2559
F
0.2570
METRIC
3.80
3.86
3.90
3.91
3.97
3.99
4.00
4.04
4.09
4.10
4.20
4.22
4.27
4.30
4.31
4.37
4.39
4.40
4.50
4.50
4.57
4.60
4.62
4.70
4.70
4.75
4.76
4.80
4.80
4.85
4.90
4.91
4.98
5.00
5.05
5.10
5.11
5.16
5.18
5.20
5.22
5.25
5.30
5.31
5.40
5.16
5.50
5.56
5.60
5.62
5.70
5.75
5.79
5.80
5.90
5.94
5.95
6.00
6.05
6.10
6.15
6.20
6.25
6.25
6.30
6.35
6.35
6.40
6.50
6.53
SIZE
ENGLISH
6.6mm
0.2598
G
0.2610
6.7mm
0.2638
17/64
0.2656
6.75mm 0.2657
H
0.2660
6.8mm
0.2677
6.9mm
0.2717
I
0.2720
7mm
0.2756
J
0.2770
7.1mm
0.2795
K
0.2810
9/32
0.2812
7.2mm
0.2835
7.25mm 0.2854
7.3mm
0.2874
L
0.2900
7.4mm
0.2913
M
0.2950
7.5mm
0.2953
19/64
0.2969
7.6mm
0.2992
N
0.3020
7.7mm
0.3031
7.75mm 0.3051
7.8mm
0.3071
7.9mm
0.3110
5/16
0.3125
8mm
0.3150
O
0.3160
8.1mm
0.3189
8.2mm
0.3228
P
0.3230
8.25mm 0.3248
8.3mm
0.3268
21/64
0.3281
8.4mm
0.3307
Q
0.3320
8.5mm
0.3346
8.6mm
0.3386
R
0.3390
8.7mm
0.3425
11/32
0.3438
8.75mm 0.3445
8.8mm
0.3465
S
0.3480
8.9mm
0.3504
9mm
0.3543
T
0.3580
9.1mm
0.3583
23/64
0.3594
9.2mm
0.3622
9.25mm 0.3642
9.3mm
0.3661
U
0.3680
9.4mm
0.3701
9.5mm
0.3740
3/8
0.3750
V
0.3770
9.6mm
0.3780
9.7mm
0.3819
9.75mm 0.3839
9.8mm
0.3858
W
0.3860
9.9mm
0.3898
25/64
0.3906
10mm
0.3937
X
0.3970
Y
0.4040
METRIC
6.60
6.63
6.70
6.75
6.75
6.76
6.80
6.90
6.91
7.00
7.04
7.10
7.14
7.14
7.20
7.25
7.30
7.37
7.40
7.49
7.50
7.54
7.60
7.67
7.70
7.75
7.80
7.90
7.94
8.00
8.03
8.10
8.20
8.20
8.25
8.30
8.33
8.40
8.43
8.50
8.60
8.61
8.70
8.73
8.75
8.80
8.84
8.90
9.00
9.09
9.10
9.13
9.20
9.25
9.30
9.35
9.40
9.50
9.53
9.58
9.60
9.70
9.75
9.80
9.80
9.90
9.92
10.00
10.08
10.26
SIZE
ENGLISH
13/32
0.4062
Z
0.4130
10.5mm 0.4134
27/64
0.4219
11mm
0.4331
7/16
0.4375
11.5mm 0.4528
29/64
0.4531
15/32
0.4688
12mm
0.4724
31/64
0.4844
12.5mm 0.4921
1/2
0.5000
13mm
0.5118
33/64
0.5156
17/32
0.5312
13.5mm 0.5315
35/64
0.5469
14mm
0.5512
9/16
0.5625
14.5mm 0.5709
37/64
0.5781
15mm
0.5906
19/32
0.5938
39/64
0.6094
15.5mm 0.6102
5/8
0.6250
16mm
0.6299
41/64
0.6406
16.5mm 0.6496
21/32
0.6562
17mm
0.6693
43/64
0.6719
11/16
0.6875
17.5mm 0.6890
45/64
0.7031
18mm
0.7087
23/32
0.7188
18.5mm 0.7283
47/64
0.7344
19mm
0.7480
3/4
0.7500
49/64
0.7656
19.5mm 0.7677
25/32
0.7812
20mm
0.7874
51/64
0.7969
20.5mm 0.8071
13/16
0.8125
21mm
0.8268
53/64
0.8281
27/32
0.8438
21.5mm 0.8465
55/64
0.8594
22mm
0.8661
7/8
0.8750
22.5mm 0.8858
57/64
0.8906
23mm
0.9055
29/32
0.9062
59/64
0.9219
23.5mm 0.9252
15/16
0.9375
24mm
0.9449
61/64
0.9531
24.5mm 0.9646
31/32
0.9688
25mm
0.9843
63/64
0.9844
1
1.0000
13
METRIC
10.32
10.49
10.50
10.72
11.00
11.11
11.50
11.51
11.91
12.00
12.30
12.50
12.70
13.00
13.10
13.49
13.50
13.89
14.00
14.29
14.50
14.68
15.00
15.08
15.48
15.50
15.88
16.00
16.27
16.50
16.67
17.00
17.07
17.46
17.50
17.86
18.00
18.26
18.50
18.65
19.00
19.05
19.45
19.50
19.84
20.00
20.24
20.50
20.64
21.00
21.03
21.43
21.50
21.83
22.00
22.23
22.50
22.62
23.00
23.02
23.42
23.50
23.81
24.00
24.21
24.50
24.61
25.00
25.00
25.40
13
14
14
POINT
ANGLE
88°
68°
59°
49°
41°
POINT ANGLE
DRILL BIT DRILL
POINTBIT
ANGLE
POINT
USAGE
USAGE
ANGLE
THIN SHEETMETAL,
OTHER
THIN MATERIALS
THIN88°
SHEETMETAL,
OTHER VERY
THINVERY
MATERIALS
68°HARD
VERY
HARD
METAL
ALLOYS
AND
OTHER
HARD MATERIALS
VERY
METAL
ALLOYS
AND
OTHER
HARD
MATERIALS
59°
GENERAL PURPOSE
MOSTHARDWOOD
METALS, HARDWOOD
GENERAL
PURPOSE
DRILLING, DRILLING,
MOST METALS,
49°MATERIALS,
SOFT MATERIALS,
WOOD,
SOFT METALS
SOFT
PLASTICS,PLASTICS,
WOOD, SOFT
METALS
41°
COUNTERSINK
TYPE
CUTS,
POINT
ANGLE
VARY
AS TO N EED
COUNTERSINK
TYPE CUTS,
POINT
ANGLE
CAN
VARYCAN
AS TO
N EED
SPEEDS
FOR MATERIALS
VARIOUS MATERIALS
DRILLING DRILLING
SPEEDS (RPM)
FOR(RPM)
VARIOUS
DRILL BITSPEEDS
CUTTING SPEEDS
WOOD
MILD STEEL
T CUTTING
WOOD
CAST IRONCAST IRON
MILD STEEL
ALUMINUMALUMINUM
PLASTICS PLASTICS
38 - 76 MPM
18 - 24 MPM
24 - 30 MPM
46 - 61 MPM
61 - 70 MPM
METRIC METRIC
38 - 76 MPM
18 - 24 MPM
24 - 30 MPM
46 - 61 MPM
61 - 70 MPM
125 - 25060
FPM
FPM
80 - 100150
FPM
150 - 200
FPM
200 - 230 FPM
ENGLISH ENGLISH
125 - 250 FPM
- 80 FPM60 - 80 80
- 100 FPM
- 200 FPM
200
- 230 FPM
2mm
1/16"
7600 - 15200
9200 - 12250
12250 - 14000
2mm
1/16"
7600 - 15200
3600 - 49003600 - 4900
4900 - 61004900 - 6100
9200 - 12250
12250 - 14000
3mm
1/8"
3mm
1/8"
3820 - 76403820 - 7640
1850 - 24501850 - 2450
2450 - 30602450 - 3060
4600 - 61004600 - 6100
6100 - 70006100 - 7000
5mm
3/16"
5mm
3/16"
2550 - 51002550 - 5100
1220 - 16301220 - 1630
1630 - 20401630 - 2040
3060 - 40703060 - 4070
4070 - 47004070 - 4700
6mm
1/4"
6mm
1/4"
1910 - 38201910 - 3820
920 - 1220 920 - 1220
1220 - 15301220 - 1530
2300 - 30502300 - 3050
3050 - 35003050 - 3500
8mm
5/16"
8mm
5/16"
1530 - 30601530 - 3060
730 - 980 730 - 980
980 - 1220 980 - 1220
1830 - 24501830 - 2450
2450 - 28002450 - 2800
10mm
3/8"
10mm
3/8"
1270 - 25401270 - 2540
610 - 820 610 - 820
820 - 1020 820 - 1020
1530 - 20401530 - 2040
2040 - 23402040 - 2340
11mm
7/16"
11mm
7/16"
1090 - 21801090 - 2180
525 - 700 525 - 700
700 - 875 700 - 875
1300 - 17501300 - 1750
1750 - 20001750 - 2000
13mm
1/2"
13mm
1/2"
950 - 1900 950 - 1900
460 - 610 460 - 610
610 - 765 610 - 765
1150 - 15301150 - 1530
1530 - 17501530 - 1750
16mm
5/8"
16mm
5/8"
765 - 1530 765 - 1530
370 - 490 370 - 490
490 - 600 490 - 600
920 - 1220 920 - 1220
1220 - 14001220 - 1400
19mm
3/4"
19mm
3/4"
640 - 1280 640 - 1280
300 - 400 300 - 400
400 - 500 400 - 500
765 - 1020 765 - 1020
1200 - 11701200 - 1170
22mm
7/8"
22mm
7/8"
540 - 1080 540 - 1080
260 - 350 260 - 350
350 - 440 350 - 440
660 - 875 660 - 875
875 - 1000 875 - 1000
25mm
1"
25mm
1"
480 - 960 480 - 960
230 - 300 230 - 300
300 - 380 300 - 380
570 - 760 570 - 760
760 - 880 760 - 880
ABRASIVES
AND SANDPAPER
ABRASIVES
AND SANDPAPER
EURO.U.S.
FEPA
GRITGRIT OLD GRIT
EURO. FEPA
CAMI U.S.
GRITCAMI OLD
DESCRIPTION
USE
DESCRIPTION
USE
GRIT SYSTEM
GRIT SYSTEM
SYSTEM SYSTEMSYSTEM SYSTEM
P12
12
4 1/2
VERY COARSE
VERY ROUGH
P12
12
4 1/2
VERY COARSE
VERY ROUGH
P16
16
4VERY COARSE
VERY COARSE
WORK
P16
16
4
WORK
P20
20
3 1/2
VERY COARSE
HIGH
P20
20
3 1/2
VERY COARSE
REQUIRESREQUIRES
HIGH
P24
24
3VERY COARSE
VERY COARSE
SPEEDS AND
P24
24
3
SPEEDS AND
P30
30
2 1/2 COARSE COARSEHEAVY
HEAVY
P30
30
2 1/2
P36
36
2 COARSE COARSE
P36
36
2
MACHINESMACHINES
P40
40
1 1/2 COARSE COARSE
ROUGH WOOD
P40
40
1 1/2
ROUGH WOOD
P50
50
1 COARSE COARSEWORK
WORK
P50
50
1
P60
60
1/2 MEDIUM MEDIUM
P60
60
1/2
P80
80
1/0 MEDIUM MEDIUM
GENERAL WOOD
P80
80
1/0
GENERAL WOOD
P100
100
2/0 MEDIUM MEDIUM
WORK AND
P100
100
2/0
WORK AND
P120
120
3/0
FINE PLASTER PLASTER
P120
120
3/0
FINE
P150
150
4/0
FINE
HARDWOOD
P150
150
4/0
FINE
HARDWOOD
P180
180
5/0
FINE
PREPARATION
P180
180
5/0
FINE
PREPARATION
P220
220
6/0 VERY FINEVERYFINAL
FINE SANDING
FINAL SANDING
P220
220
6/0
P280
240
7/0 VERY FINEVERY DRY
FINESANDING
DRY SANDING
P280
240
7/0
P320
280
8/0 VERY FINEVERYMIDDLE
FINE COATS
MIDDLE COATS
P320
280
8/0
P400
320
9/0EXTRA FINE
EXTRAFINAL
FINE POLISH
FINAL POLISH
P400
320
9/0
P600
360
EXTRAWET
FINESANDING
WET SANDING
P600
360
EXTRA FINE
P800
400
10/0EXTRA FINE
EXTRA FINE
TOP COATS
P800
400
10/0
TOP COATS
P1000 500
500
SUPER FINE
METAL AND
P1000
SUPER FINE
METAL AND
P1200 600
600
SUPER FINE
P1200
SUPER FINE
PLASTICS PLASTICS
P1500 800
800
SUPER FINE
TOP COATS
P1500
SUPER FINE
TOP COATS
14
WOOD SCREW SPECIFICATIONS
SOFT
HARD
SHANK
SHANK
WOOD
WOOD
SCREW
SIZE,
HOLE
PILOT
PILOT
SZE
INCHES
SIZE
HOLE
HOLE
0
66
75
0.06
52
1
57
71
0.073
47
2
54
65
0.086
42
3
53
58
0.099
37
4
51
55
0.113
32
5
47
53
0.125
30
6
44
52
0.138
27
7
39
51
0.151
22
8
35
48
0.164
18
9
33
45
0.177
14
10
31
43
0.19
10
11
29
40
0.203
4
12
25
38
0.216
2
13
14
32
0.242
D
16
10
29
0.268
I
18
6
26
0.294
N
20
3
19
0.32
P
24
D
15
0.372
V
ENGLISH
AMERICAN
THREAD NATIONAL COARSE
SHEET METAL SCREWS
15
SCREW
SIZE
SCREW
DIAM.
METAL
GAUGE
DRILL
HOLE
SIZE
4
0.112
6
0.138
7
0.155
8
0.165
10
0.191
12
0.218
28,26
24,22
28,26,24
22
28,26
24
22
20
26,24
22
20
26,24,22
20
18
24
22
20
18
44
42
39
38
37
35
33
32
33
32
31
30
29
25
26
25
24
22
FRENCH
PITCH
TAP
DRILL
0.35
.45
1.15
1.55
.45
.6
.6
.75
.75
.9
1
1
1
1
1.5
2.00
2.10
2.40
2.90
3.25
3.75
4.10
5.00
6.00
7.00
7.75
8.50
1.5
2
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
10.50
12.00
14.00
15.50
17.50
19.50
AMERICAN
NATIONAL FINE
METRIC
THREADS
SCREW
SIZE
THREAD
PER INCH
TAP
DRILL
THREAD
PER INCH
TAP
DRILL
SCREW
SIZE MM
0
1
2
3
4
1/8
5
6
8
3/16
10
12
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
64
56
48
40
32
40
32
32
24
24
24
20
18
16
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
53
50
47
43
3/32
38
36
29
26
25
16
7
F
5/16
U
27/64
31/64
17/32
21/32
49/64
7/8
80
72
64
56
48
40
44
40
36
32
32
28
28
24
24
20
20
18
18
16
14
12
3/64
53
50
46
43
38
38
33
29
22
21
14
3
I
Q
25/64
29/64
33/64
37/64
11/16
13/16
59/64
1.5
2
2.3
2.5
2.6
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
16
18
20
22
INTERNATIONAL
PITCH
TAP
DRILL
.4
.4
1.60
1.90
.45
.5
.6
.7
.75
.8
1
1
1.25
1.25
1.5
1.5
1.75
2
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.15
2.50
2.90
3.30
3.75
4.20
5.00
6.00
6.75
7.75
8.50
9.50
10.50
12.00
14.00
15.50
17.50
19.50
15
16
A.D.
A.W.&L
B&BTR
B&S
BD
BD FT
BDL
BM
BTR
CLR
COM
CTG
DIM
E
EE
EG
EM
EMC
FAS
FBM
FG
FLR
H&M
HDO
HDWD
HRTWD
J&P
JTD
KD
L
LBR
LFT
LGR
LGTH
LIN
M
SOME COMMON LUMBER ABBREVIATIONS
air dried
MBM
thousand board measure
all lengths & widths
MC
moisture content
grade b and better
MC15
moisture content not exceeding 15%
beams & stringers
MDO
medium density overlay
board
MG
mixed grain
board foot
MSR
machine stress rated
bundle
NSR
not stress related
board measure
P&T
posts and timbers
better
PAD
partially air dried
clear
QTD
quartered
common
R
radial
crating
RDM
random
dimension
RES
resawn
edge
RGH
rough
eased edges
RL&W random lengths and widths
edge grain
S2S
surfaced 2 sides
end matched
S4S
surfaced 4 sides
equilibrium moisture content
SAPWD sapwood
first & seconds hardwood grades
SEL
select
foot board measure
SFTWD softwood
flat or slash grain
SG
slash or flat grain
flooring
SL
shiplap
hit and miss
SM
surface measure
high density overlay
SP
specialty grade
hardwood
SQ
square
heartwood
SS
select structural
joists and planks
STD
standard
jointed
STK
stock
kiln dried
STR
structural
length
T
tangental
lumber
T&G
tongue and grooved
lineal feet
TBR
timber
longer
VG
vertical grain
length
WDR
wider
linear
WT
weight
thousand
WTH
width
BOARD FEET = THICKNESS IN INCHES X WIDTH IN FEET X LENGTH IN FEET
LUMBER = WOOD DIRECTLY SAWN FROM THE LOG
BOARDS = LUMBER 4 TO 12 INCHES WIDE AND 1 INCH OR LESS THICK
PLANKS = LUMBER 6 INCHES WIDE OR WIDER AND MORE THAN 1 INCH THICK
TIMBERS = LUMBER WITH WIDTH AND THICKNESS MORE THAN 5 INCHES
16