Figure 3.3. Relationship between per Capita Energy
Consumption and GDP Growth
(Hundred thousands of 2005 U.S. dollars on x-axis; billions of British
thermal units on y-axis)
0.4
United States
0.3
Australia
Sweden
Germany
Netherlands
0.2
Switzerland
Japan
0.1
United Kingdom
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.4
PPP-weighted per capita GDP2
Selected Middle-Income Economies
0.5
0.4
0.3
Malaysia
Korea
0.2
Hong Kong SAR
Thailand
Turkey
0.1
0.0
Taiwan Province of China
Mexico
0.2
0.3
PPP-weighted per capita GDP2
0.4
Other Emerging Market Economies
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.15
0.10
Argentina
Chile
India
0.00
0.05
Brazil
Indonesia
Philippines
0.05
0.1
PPP-weighted per capita GDP2
0.00
0.15
1.2
Oil-Exporting Economies
Qatar
1.0
0.8
United Arab Emirates
0.6
Bahrain
0.4
Iran, I.R. of
0.0
Venezuela
0.2
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia
0.6
0.4
PPP-weighted per capita GDP2
0.2
0.8
1.0
0.0
Per capita energy consumption
Norway
Canada
Per capita energy consumption
0.5
Per capita energy consumption
High-Income OECD Countries1
Per capita energy consumption
Energy demand growth has closely followed growth in per capita income in low- and
middle-income economies, whereas high-income economies can sustain GDP
growth with little if any increase in energy consumption.
Sources: IMF, International Financial Statistics; International Energy Agency; World Bank,
World Development Indicators; and IMF staff calculations.
1
OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
2
PPP = purchasing power parity.