congress Vol. 1 FM 10/31/03 12:37 PM Page ii
E DITORIAL B OARD
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor in Chief
Brian K. Landsberg
University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law
Associate Editors
Alfred L. Brophy
University of Alabama School of Law
Thomas O. Sargentich
American University Washington College of Law
Nancy C. Staudt
Washington University School of Law
congress Vol. 1 FM 10/31/03 12:37 PM Page xxvii
L IST
OF
C ONTRIBUTORS
Melanie B. Abbott
Quinnipiac University School of Law
Civil Rights Act of 1964
McKinney-Vento Act (1988)
Norman Abrams
University of California, Los Angeles
Law School
Violent Crime Control and Law
Enforcement Act of 1994
Craig J. Albert
Reitler Brown LLC, New York
Highway Beautification Act (1965)
Ellen P. Aprill
Loyola Law School
Federal Unemployment Tax Act
(1939)
William D. Araiza
Loyola Law School
North American Free Trade
Agreement Implementation Act
(1993)
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Carl Auerbach
University of San Diego School of
Law and Northwest University
School of Law
Communist Control Act of 1954
Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
University of Michigan Law School
Corporate Income Tax Act of 1909
Steven A. Bank
University of California, Los Angeles
School of Law
Federal Income Tax of 1913
Internal Revenue Act of 1954
William Banks
Syracuse University College of Law
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
Act (1978)
Felice Batlan
New York University
Aid to Dependent Children (1935)
Jonathan S. Berck
University of Alabama, School of
Law
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
(1977)
Richard K. Berg
Arlington, Virginia
Government in the Sunshine Act
(1976)
Neil N. Bernstein
Washington University School of Law
Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932)
Christopher A. Bracey
Washington University School of
Law
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Alfred L. Brophy
University of Alabama School of
Law
National Historic Preservation Act
(1966)
Darryl K. Brown
Washington and Lee University
School of Law
Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986)
Tomiko Brown-Nagin
Washington University School of Law
Elementary and Secondary
Education Act of 1965
Alan Brownstein
Davis, California
Religious Freedom Restoration Act
(1993)
xxvii
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Richard Buel, Jr.
Charles E. Daye
Wesleyan University
Nonintercourse Act (1809)
Jennifer S. Byram
Orangevale, CA
Central Intelligence Agency Act of
1949
Electronic Communications Privacy
Act of 1986
Immigration Reform and Control
Act of 1986
Daniel P. Carpenter
University of North Carolina School
of Law
Housing and Urban Development
Act of 1965
United States Housing Act of 1937
David G. Delaney
Brandeis University
Bonus Bill (1924)
Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950
Neutrality Acts
Corey Ditslear
Harvard University
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Gilbert Paul Carrasco
University of North Texas
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
Charles M. Dobbs
Willamette University College of Law
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Federico Cheever
University of Denver College of Law
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Jim Chen
University of Minnesota Law School
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)
Iowa State University
Economic Cooperation Act of 1948
(Marshall Plan)
Keith Rollins Eakins
The University of Central Oklahoma
Brady Handgun Violence
Prevention Act (1993)
Gun Control Act of 1968
Liann Y. Ebesugawa
Gabriel J. Chin
University of Hawaii, Richardson
School of Law
Civil Liberties Act (1988)
University of Cincinnati
Chinese Exclusion Acts
Ruth Colker
Ohio State University, Michael E.
Moritz College of Law
Americans with Disabilities Act
(1990)
Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (1975)
Pregnancy Discrimination Act
(1978)
Mikal Condon
Electronic Privacy Information
Center, Washington, D.C.
Communications Decency Act
(1996)
Bo Cooper
Paul, Hastings, Janofsky, and
Walter, Washington, D.C.
Immigration and Nationality Act
(1952)
Julie Davies
Gary J. Edles
American University, Washington
College of Law and University of
Hull Law School
Government in the Sunshine Act
(1976)
Motor Carrier Act (1935)
Jonathan L. Entin
Case Western Reserve University
Balanced Budget and Emergency
Deficit Control Act (1985)
Yonatan Eyal
Harvard University
Bank of the United States (1791)
Richard Finkmoore
California Western School of Law
National Wildlife Refuge System
Administration Act (1966)
Lucinda Finley
University of the Pacific, McGeorge
School of Law
Ku Klux Klan Act (1871)
Title IX, Education Amendments
(1972)
Derrek M. Davis
Austin Community College
Computer Security Act of 1987
xxviii
State University of New York at
Buffalo, School of Law
Freedom of Access to Clinic
Entrances Act (1994)
Louis Fisher
Library of Congress
Congressional Budget and
Impoundment Control Act (1974)
Employment Act of 1946
War Powers Resolution (1973)
Justin Florence
Harvard University
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
John P. Forren
Miami University, Ohio
Occupational Safety and Health Act
of 1970
Julia Patterson Forrester
Southern Methodist University
Dedman School of Law
Federal National Mortgage
Association Charter Act (1954)
James W. Fox, Jr.
Stetson University College of Law
Naturalization Act (1790)
William Funk
Lewis and Clark Law School
Federal Advisory Committee Act
(1972)
Fred Galves
University of the Pacific, McGeorge
School of Law
Community Reinvestment Act
(1977)
James P. George
Texas Wesleyan University School of
Law
Anti-Injunction Act (1793)
Richard Gershon
Texas Wesleyan University School of
Law
Estate and Gift Taxation
Taxpayer Bill of Rights III (1998)
Shubha Ghosh
State University of New York at
Buffalo, School of Law
Copyright Act of 1790
Copyright Act of 1976
Patent Acts
Michele Estrin Gilman
University of Baltimore School of
Law
Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act
(1996)
Mark Glaze
Campaign Legal Center,
Washington, D.C.
Federal Election Campaign Act (1971)
Linda Gordon
New York University
Aid to Dependent Children (1935)
M A J O R
A C T S
O F
C O N G R E S S
congress Vol. 1 FM 10/31/03 12:37 PM Page xxix
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Brian E. Gray
University of California, Hastings
College of the Law
Federal Power Acts
Mineral Leasing Act (1920)
National Park Service Act (1916)
Yellowstone National Park Act
(1872)
Purdue University
Vocational Education Act of 1917
Stuart P. Green
Louisiana State University Law
Center
Bribery Act (1962)
Federal Blackmail Statute (1994)
Steven J. Gunn
Yale University Law School
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
(1971)
Fair Housing Act of 1968
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
(1988)
Indian General Allotment Act (1887)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Hazardous Materials Transportation
Act (1975)
Oil Pollution Acts
University of Alabama School of
Law
Judiciary Act of 1789
Herbert Hovenkamp
University of Iowa
Clayton Act (1914)
Federal Trade Commission Act
(1914)
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
James L. Huston
Oklahoma State University
Compromise of 1850
Homestead Act (1862)
Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Mark D. Janis
Daniel W. Hamilton
New York University Law School
Enrollment Act (1863) (The
Conscription Act)
First and Second Confiscation Acts
(1861, 1862)
Militia Act (1862)
Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862
Reconstruction Acts
Douglas B. Harris
Loyola College in Maryland
Civil Aeronautics Act (1938)
Federal Aviation Act (1958)
National Aeronautics and Space Act
(1958)
Philip J. Harter
Vermont Law School
Negotiated Rulemaking Act (1990)
Neil S. Helfand
Washington, D.C.
Department of Homeland Security
Act (2002)
Mutual Security Act (1951)
National Security Act of 1947
USA Patriot Act (2001)
James E. Hickey, Jr.
Hofstra University School of Law
Public Utility Holding Company Act
of 1935
Thomas M. Hilbink
University of Iowa College of Law
Plant Variety Protection Act (1970)
Barry L. Johnson
Oklahoma City University
Hobbs Anti-Racketeering Act (1946)
Mail Fraud and False
Representation Statutes
Sentencing Reform Act (1984)
Warren F. Kimball
Rutgers University
Lend-Lease Act (1941)
Andrew R. Klein
Indiana University School of Law—
Indianapolis
Rural Electrification Act (1936)
Stephen H. Klitzman
Bethesda, Maryland
Government in the Sunshine Act
(1976)
Michael H. Koby
Washington University in St. Louis
School of Law
Children’s Online Privacy Protection
Act (1998)
Thomas C. Kohler
Boston College Law School
National Labor Relations Act (1935)
David A. Koplow
University of Massachusetts
A C T S
Arthur Holst
Wythe W. Holt, Jr.
Pamela L. Gray
M A J O R
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe
Streets Act of 1968
O F
C O N G R E S S
Georgetown University Law Center
Arms Control and Disarmament Act
(1961) and Amendments
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act
(1978)
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Control Act (1992)
Andrew Koppelman
Northwestern University School of
Law
Defense of Marriage Act (1996)
David E. Kyvig
Northern University Illinois
National Prohibition Act (1919)
Julia Lamber
Indiana University School of Law
Age Discrimination in Employment
Act (1967)
David J. Langum
Samford University, Cumberland
School of Law
Mann Act (1910)
Marc A. Le Forestier
Department of Justice, State of
California
Migratory Bird Conservation Act of
1929
Arthur G. LeFrancois
Oklahoma City University School of
Law
Fugitive Slave Acts (1793, 1850)
Organized Crime Control Act of
1970
Andreas Lehnert
Washington, D.C.
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Jennifer Rebecca Levison
Independent Scholar
Narcotics Act (1914)
Alberto B. Lopez
Northern Kentucky University,
Salmon P. Chase College of Law
Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of
2002
Kyle A. Loring
Boston College
National Reclamation Act of 1902
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
Soil Conservation and Domestic
Allotment Act (1935)
Tennessee Valley Authority Act
(1933)
Jeffrey S. Lubbers
American University, Washington
College of Law
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Administrative Procedure Act (1946)
Paperwork Reduction Act (1980)
Regulatory Flexibility Act (1980)
William V. Luneburg
University of Pittsburgh School of
Law
Civil Service Acts (1883)
Federal Land Policy and
Management Act (1976)
Federal Tort Claims Act (1946)
Hatch Act (1939)
National Environmental Policy Act
(1969)
National Forest Management Act
(1976)
Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)
Hether C. Macfarlane
University of the Pacific, McGeorge
School of Law
Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act
of 1936
Shahla F. Maghzi
Travis McDade
Ohio State University, Michael E.
Moritz College of Law
Administrative Dispute Resolution
Act (1990)
Legal Services Corporation Act
(1974)
W. Eric McElwain
University of the Pacific, McGeorge
School of Law
Trade Act of 1974
Robert H. McLaughlin
University of Chicago
Antiquities Act of 1906
Eric J. Miller
Harvard University Law School
Juvenile Justice and Deliquency
Prevention Act of 1974
Chandra Miller Manning
Pacific Lutheran University
Internal Improvements Acts
Kelly A. Moore
University of California, Berkeley
Boalt Hall School of Law
Foreign Service Act of 1946
United States Information and
Educational Exchange Act (1948)
Michael P. Malloy
University of the Pacific, McGeorge
School of Law
Community Development Banking
and Financial Institutions Act of
1994
Glass-Steagall Act (1933)
International Emergency Economic
Powers Act (1977)
National Banking Act (1864)
Tariff Act of 1789
Trading with the Enemy Act (1917)
United Nations Participation Act
(1945)
Jerry W. Markham
University of North Carolina School
of Law
Commodities Exchange Act (1936)
Gold Standard Act of 1900
Social Security Act of 1935
Edward J. McCaffery
University of Southern California
Law School
Public Debt Acts
Michael D. McClintock
Washington University School of Law
Federal Cigarette Labeling and
Advertising Act of 1965
William S. Morrow, Jr.
Washington Metropolitan Area
Transit Commission
Urban Mass Transportation Acts
Mary-Beth Moylan
University of the Pacific, McGeorge
School of Law
Highway Act of 1956
Roger K. Newman
Columbia University Graduate
School of Journalism
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
Hill-Burton Act (1946)
Lawrence H. Officer
University of Illinois at Chicago
Bland-Allison Act (1878)
Coinage Act of 1792
Coinage Acts
Gold Reserve Act of 1934
Todd Olmstead
Yale University School of Public
Health
Highway Safety Act of 1966
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle
Safety Act of 1966
Craig Oren
Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey, School of Law, Camden
Clean Air Act (1963)
Mcafee & Taft, Oklahoma City
Merchant Marine Act of 1920
xxx
Kevin Outterson
West Virginia University College
of Law
Medicare Act (1965)
Prohibition of the Slave Trade (1807)
Thomas Panebianco
Shepherd College; former General
Counsel, Federal Maritime
Commission
Shipping Acts
Sara M. Patterson
Claremont Graduate University
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Antonio F. Perez
The Catholic University of America
School of Law
Foreign Assistance Act
Twila L. Perry
Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey, Center for Law and Justice
Family and Medical Leave Act of
1993
Adam P. Plant
Montgomery, Alabama
Selective Service Act of 1917
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930)
Ellen S. Podgor
Georgia State University, College of
Law
Counterfeit Access Device and
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
of 1984
Steve Pollak
Shea and Gardner, Washington,
D.C.
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
James G. Pope
Rutgers University School of Law
National Industrial Recovery Act
(1933)
Eric A. Posner
University of Chicago Law School
Bankruptcy Act of 1978
Trevor Potter
Campaign Legal Center,
Washington, D.C.
Federal Election Campaign Act (1971)
L.A. Powe, Jr.
University of Texas School of Law
Judiciary Act of 1801
Ann Powers
Pace University School of Law
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(1948)
M A J O R
A C T S
O F
C O N G R E S S
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Steven Puro
William G. Ross
St. Louis University
Electronic Signatures in Global and
National Commerce Act (2000)
Food Stamp Act of 1964
Steven Ramirez
Washburn University School of Law
Federal Deposit Insurance Acts
Federal Home Loan Bank Act
(1932)
Securities Act of 1933
Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Holly A. Reese
Washington University School of
Law
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
Elizabeth Regosin
St. Lawrence University
Freedmen’s Bureau Acts (1865,
1868)
Sandra Rierson
Thomas Jefferson School of Law
Comstock Act (1873)
Eugene H. Robinson, Jr.
United States Marine Corps
Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984
Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965)
Melissa Rogers
Pew Forum on Religion and Public
Life, Washington, D.C.
Religious Freedom Restoration Act
(1993)
Stephen C. Rogers
Washington, D.C.
Rail Passenger Service Act (1970)
Sara Rosenbaum
George Washington University
Medicaid Act (1965)
Brooklyn, New York
Atomic Energy Acts
Farm Credit Act of 1933
Farmers Home Administration Act
(1946)
Force Act of 1871
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
National Housing Act (1955)
Small Business Act (1953)
Seth Rosenfeld
Atomic Energy Acts
Small Business Act (1953)
A C T S
Theodore W. Ruger
Washington University in St. Louis
School of Law
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act (1938)
Steve Russell
Indiana University
Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)
Lawrence Schlam
Northern Illinois University College
of Law
Domestic Volunteer Services Act of
1973 (VISTA)
Equal Pay Act of 1963
Higher Education Act of 1965
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
Peace Corps Act of 1961
Elizabeth M. Schneider
Brooklyn Law School
Violence Against Women Act of
1994
Steven L. Schooner
George Washington University Law
School
Contract Disputes Act (1978)
John Cary Sims
University of the Pacific, McGeorge
School of Law
Emergency Planning and
Community Right-To-Know Act
(1986)
Privacy Act of 1974
David A. Skeel, Jr.
University of Pennsylvania Law
School
Bankruptcy Act of 1841
Richard Slottee
Ross Rosenfeld
M A J O R
Samford University, Cumberland
School of Law
Keating-Owen Act of 1916
O F
C O N G R E S S
Lewis & Clark College Law School
Consumer Credit Protection Act
(1969)
Truth in Lending Act (1969)
Charles Anthony Smith
University of California, San Diego
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act
(1953)
Donald F. Spak
Chicago-Kent College of Law
National Guard Acts
Posse Comitatus Act (1878)
Michael I. Spak
Chicago-Kent College of Law
National Guard Acts
Posse Comitatus Act (1878)
Andrew C. Spiropoulos
Oklahoma City University School of
Law
Flag Protection Act of 1989
Norman Stein
University of Alabama School of
Law
Civil War Pensions
1894 Income Tax and WilsonGorman Tariff Act
John P. Stimson
United States Marine Corps
Veterans’ Preference Act of 1944
Robert N. Strassfeld
Case Western University School of
Law
Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition
Act (1918)
Thomas Susman
Ropes & Gray, Washington, D.C.
Lobbying Disclosure Act (1995)
Matthew M. Taylor
Georgetown University
Panama Canal Purchase Act (1902)
Joseph P. Tomain
University of Cincinnati College of
Law
Department of Energy Organization
Act (1977)
National Energy Conservation
Policy Act (1978)
Natural Gas Act (1938)
Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982)
Surface Mining Control and
Reclamation Act (1977)
Mark Tushnet
Georgetown University Law Center
Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (1996)
Civil Rights Act of 1875
James F. Van Orden
Duke University
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act
of 1980
National Emissions Standards Act
(1965)
Robert W. Van Sickel
Indiana State University
Communications Act of 1934
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Lynda D. Vargha
Skidmore College
Export-Import Bank Act of 1945
Robert G. Vaughn
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (1980)
Richard Westin
American University, Washington
College of Law
Civil Service Reform Act (1978)
Ethics in Government Act (1978)
Freedom of Information Act (1966)
Whistleblower Protection Laws
(1989)
Wendy Wagner
University of Texas School of Law
Marine Mammal Protection Act
(1972)
James Walker
Wright State University
Richard B. Russell National School
Lunch Act (1946)
University of Kentucky College of
Law
Tax Reform Act of 1986
Daniel C. Wewers
Harvard University
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
Southwest Ordinance (1790)
Steven Harmon Wilson
Prairie View A&M University
Alcoholic and Narcotic
Rehabilitation Act (1968)
Controlled Substances Act (1970)
Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment,
and Rehabilitation Act (1980)
John Fabian Witt
Valerie Watnick
Law Department, Baruch College,
Zicklin School of Business
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
Gregory S. Weber
Columbia Law School
Federal Employers’ Liability Act
(1908)
Kelly A. Woestman
University of the Pacific, McGeorge
School of Law
xxxii
Pittsburg State University
No Child Left Behind (2001)
James A. Wooten
State University of New York at
Buffalo, School of Law
Employee Retirement Income
Security Act of 1974
Eric Yamamoto
University of Hawaii, Richardson
School of Law
Civil Liberties Act (1988)
Diana H. Yoon
New York, New York
Chinese Exclusion Acts
Jeff Zavatsky
New York, New York
Farm Credit Act of 1933
National Housing Act (1955)
Christopher Zorn
Emory University
Staggers Rail Act of 1980
Lynne K. Zusman
Lynne Zusman & Associates,
Washington, D.C.
Department of Homeland Security
Act (2002)
Mutual Security Act (1951)
National Security Act of 1947
USA Patriot Act (2001)
M A J O R
A C T S
O F
C O N G R E S S