MERCURY REGULATIONS AND MEASUREMENT
IN FLUE GASES
February 2016
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SUMMARY OF ADVANCES IN CEM‐BASED MERCURY FLUE GAS MEASUREMENTS, STIMULATED BY ‐ US EPA EMISSION REGULATIONS & QA/QC
‐ CHALLENGES OF MEASURING Hg IN FLUE GAS
‐ PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS AT LOW Hg LEVELS
‐ TECHNICAL ADVANCES
2
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U.S. EPA EGU MATS and Cement MACT
U.S. EPA
Mercury
Regulation
Existing
Source
Standard
New Source
Standard
Deadline for
Compliance
Electric Generator 1.2 lbs./T-BTU
Unit MATS
0.35 lbs./T-BTU
April 2015
Portland Cement
MACT
21 lbs./MM tons
clinker
September 2015
55 lbs./MM tons
clinker
 Summary – for EGUs, mercury concentration must be really
low at ~ 170 parts per trillion (v/v) = 1.5 µg/m3 for EGUs
3
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U.S. EPA EGU MATS and Cement MACT
Summary – [Hg] must be really low ~ 1.5 ug/m3 for EGUs
 EPA Electric Generating Unit
Mercury and Air Toxic Standards
(MATS) promulgated January 2012
 The EPA Portland Cement MACT
 Targeted MACT Pollutants and
limits
 Targeted MATS Pollutants and
limits
Deadline for Compliance –
April, 2015
Deadline for Compliance –
September, 2015
4
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Typical US Power Plant Mercury
% Reduction to Meet Regulations
5
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Impact of US EPA Regulations
 New Air Pollution Control Strategies
 New or Improved Monitoring Technologies
 Proof of Performance of 1 & 2
 Compliance Monitoring and Reporting
 Control Systems Performance Monitoring and Optimization
 Plant Closures
6
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In the USA, HgCEM Equipment Trials in
Real Flue Gas Determines Acceptance
 Because U.S EPA Regulations are based on performance
standards, there is no need to have an equivalent MCERTS
or TUV certification required in the USA for HgCEM
equipment. Instead there are:
o EPA Field Trials in 2004-2005
o Independent Research Group Performance Testing
o Field Trials by Power and Cement Companies
o Frequent Relative Accuracy Tests (RATA)
7
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U.S. EPA Trials 2005 - Summary
 Relative Accuracy must be <20%
 Most HgCEMs did poorly, except Tekran and Thermo. Only the
Tekran 3300 CEM was able to pass all USEPA Trial
performance measurements.
8
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US EPA - Research Triangle Park


After 2005 Trials - US EPA purchased
three (3) Tekran Series 3300 CEM systems
EPA Team responsible for conducting North
Carolina and Kentucky long-term trials

Evaluated all competitive CEM offerings
prior to selecting Tekran

Chosen after observing Series 3300 in
service for almost one year

Selected due to advanced automation
capabilities

Will be used for Hg control technology
research, among other applications
RTP Campus, North Carolina
Field Trials: Lessons Learned about
HgCEM System Design and Operation
 The coal flue gas matrix is very challenging
 Conversion of Hg2+to Hg0 quantitatively with long-term
robustness is critical for success
 Quantitative transport of Hg species from probe to
detector requires:
o Dilution with dry air
o High temperatures for Hg2+ - no cold spots
o Inert surface materials
10
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MATRIX:Accurately Measuring pptv*
Levels of Mercury in Coal Flue Gas
 1 µg/m3 Hg = 112 parts per trillion (v/v)
 Accurate measurements requires understanding and
managing the many potential mercury redox
reactions with halogens, sulfur oxides and water in
SO2 HBr
NOX
0 H O
Hg
2
Fe
HgCl Se HCl
2
the gas phase and on surfaces
 Tekran R&D spent 1998 to 2003 understanding flue
gas mercury reactions in the laboratory
 Detectors can only measure Hg0
Hg0
11
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CONVERSION:The Challenge of Mercury
and Reactive Halogens
 Hg0 + reactive halogen is our friend and
foe:
o Required for Hg analysis by HgCEMs and
direct thermal method for sorbent traps
(30B)
Bi-directional reactions
HgCl2
Hg0 + Cl2
For analysis, Hg0 formation must be quantitative with
no back reaction
o Helpful for Hg control and used for HgCEM
Hg0 + Br2
performance checks
HgBr2
For control, HgX2 formation and capture needs to be
quantitative with no back reaction to minimize release
of Hg0
 Bi-directional reaction affected by
o Temperature
o Catalytic surface reactions
Simplified chemistry for illustration purposes
only
o Gas and particle matrix
12
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Tekran 3300Xi HgCEM Flue Gas
Converter/Conditioner (patented)
 Task: quantitatively convert all Hg2+ to Hg0 with no back
reactions in a complex flue gas matrix
 Proprietary thermal converter material set at 700
degrees C
 DI water injected into tail of thermal converter to “fix”
Hg0 from potential back reactions and eliminate
interferences
 Gas is rapidly chilled, water condenses and removes
reactive compounds. Only Hg0 remains in clean gas
matrix for analyzer
13
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TRANSPORT: HgCEM design to minimize
transport reactions and losses
 30:1 dilution with dry zero air (can be higher)
 Filter element and related surfaces made with inert coatings and frequent system
blowbacks (hourly)
 For umbilical lines, must use fluoropolymer tubing (PFA, FEP), heated to 180˚ C, with
no cold spots
 Thermal converter catalyst material is robust and surface chemistry has been
characterized and is known
 Inject fresh DI water after the thermal converter and rapidly drop the temperature,
to chemically “fix” Hg0 and prevent Hg(II) re-formation by back reactions with
reactive halogens or other compounds (Tekran only)
o In effect, a mini wet-scrubber with chilled coalescing filter
14
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EERC Study Low-Level Measurements
(funded by EPRI, ICCI, CATM in 2010)
15
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Joint EERC, EPRI & ICCI Project
Determining the Accuracy of CMMs at Low Mercury Concentrations
Figures adapted from Laudal et al., 2010
NOTE: The coal result bias for the Thermo
Freedom System was resolved on a second
test at EERC
16
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Reliant Energy: HgCEM Accuracy - low Hg levels
– wet scrubber stack - 2007
 Sorbent Traps (avg) =
0.59 ug/m3
 Tekran with M&C (avg)
= 0.56 ug/m3
 Slide courtesy of Eric
Roland
NOTE: Reliant Energy
is now NRG
17
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Relative Accuracy Testing
EPA Method 30B
 This method is only intended for use only under relatively low particulate conditions
(e.g., sampling after all pollution control devices)
 This method is designed to measure the mass concentration of total vapor phase Hg
in flue gas, including elemental Hg (Hg0) and oxidized forms of Hg (Hg2+), in
micrograms per dry standard cubic meters (µg/dscm)
 Sorbent Traps have:
o mineral wool section
(intended for PM),
o primary capture section,
o secondary (breakthrough)
capture section
o final mineral wool section
 Particulate Hg that is captured in the
trap is included in the analysis
18
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Tekran HgCEM RATA Results
RATA Test - Part 75
Plant:
Source:
Parameter: HGT
Effective Date/Time: 05/28/2014 17:57
Monitoring System ID:
Test Reason: QA-Periodic Quality Assurance
Unit of Measure: UG/M3
Test Number:
Frequency: 4QTRS
Test Result: Passed
Overall RA: 4.8
Overall BAF: 1.032
CEMS Time Offset :
Test Comment:
Operating Level:
Mean CEMS:
Mean Reference:
Mean Difference:
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Normal
5.611
5.789
0.178
Started
05/28/2014 08:55
05/28/2014 10:09
05/28/2014 11:05
05/28/2014 11:58
05/28/2014 12:45
05/28/2014 13:29
05/28/2014 14:12
05/28/2014 15:00
05/28/2014 15:44
05/28/2014 16:27
Level BAF:
Relative Accuracy:
Standard Deviation:
Confidence Coefficient:
Ended
05/28/2014 09:25
05/28/2014 10:39
05/28/2014 11:35
05/28/2014 12:28
05/28/2014 13:15
05/28/2014 13:59
05/28/2014 14:42
05/28/2014 15:30
05/28/2014 16:14
05/28/2014 16:57
Reference Value
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.5
5.6
5.8
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.8
APS Indicator: False
tValue: 2.306
Avg Load: 196
1.032
4.80
0.130
0.100
CEMS Value
Difference
5.1
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.9
5.7
5.6
19
Report in EDR: N
Use BAF: Y
Reference Method: 30B
Use
Load
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.2
198
198
198
198
196
195
195
195
195
196
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Tekran 3300Xi HgCEM System
Same trusted components with improved physical design
3300Xi HgCEM
2537Xi Analyzer
3310Xi
Hg0 Calibrator
3321
•
•
•
20
Conditioner
Controller
Oxidizer Option
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2537Xi Analyzer
 100% backwards compatibility with prior 2537 units
 Network enabled
 High resolution touch screen interface
 Local data storage and front panel USB port retrieval and update
 Improved accessibility of routine maintenance components
21
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Tekran 2537Xi
 On-board storage of sample data with front
Data Handling
& Communication
panel USB retrieval
 Connectable via RS232, RS485, network
port, or USB port
 Data logging of multiple instrument
parameters
 Built-in data review screens
 Remote instrument login and control
 Digital controls of all devices (PMT, Perm
Source, Lamp, etc.)
 RS-485 allows communication with external
devices
22
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Flow Diagram of Tekran Model 2537X Automated
Mercury Analyzer (Pat’d)
23
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Tekran 3310Xi Elemental
Calibrator Key Features
 NIST owns two units as
NIST-Prime Generators
 NIST Traceable
 Wide range of 0-1900
ug/m3 and up to 30 lpm
 Mercury source is precisely heated or cooled to ± 0.05 °C and
lasts for many years
 High accuracy mass flow controllers (MFC) with upstream
pressure regulators and temperature control
24
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Tekran 3310Xi Elemental Mercury
Calibration Source (simplified schematic)
25
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Tekran New Generation HgCEM System
3321 Sample Conditioner and Control Unit
Converter
Conditioner
Components
•
•
•
•
HgCl2 Generator
 Oxidizer Type
 Optional
Modular Power Panel
Modular Umbilical Heaters
Probe Control Hardware
Modular Electronics
Wall-mounted
- cabinet closed
26
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Tekran Oxidizer for generating HgCl2 gas for
converter efficiency QA test
27
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Tekran 3300Xi System Diagram
1304Xi
Zero Air
Panel
3342 Probe
3321 Conditioner,
Probe Controller,
Oxidized Hg
supply (optional)
Small Rack
w/ 2537Xi,
3310Xi &
PC System
Control
Note: heated lines can
connect to top or side of
3321.
1308 Recirculating
Water Supply
28
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Cabinet-Based Tekran 3300Xi HgCEMS
Interior 3300Xi HgCEMS Cabinet
Cabinet for HgCEMS
29
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Tekran 1308 Re-Circulating
DI Water Supply
Tekran
3321
CCU
The Tekran Model 1308
minimizes maintenance
1306
Water Reservoir
SAMPLE LINE BULKH
RS 485
DI-Water Supply
~ 3 l / day
Flow
RS 485 TO PROBE
ONLY
ANALYZER
STATUS
Tekran 1308 water
is supplied from
collection reservoir
in closed loop
cycle
DI Cartridge 2
DI Cartridge 1
0.5 micron
Carbon Block
4"
SAMPLE OUT
(TO ANALYZERS)
Tu
Sample Line
WATER
SENSOR
CALIBRATION
GAS INLET
be
1/4" Tube
0.5 micron
Micro Tec
1/
HEATED LINE
SENSOR
CASCADE ZERO
VALVES VALVE
VENT
3320 SAMPLE
CONDITIONER
Bypass Vent
Water Drain
Reject Water
To Drain
~ 15 liters / day
Flow
Overflow Water
To Drain
Normally
0 Flow
Reservoir
30
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1304Xi Zero Air System
31
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Tekran CEM+ Controller Software
 Graphical User Interface with HMI
o Streamlined configuration process
 Modular Design
o Easy to add reporting modules if reporting
formats change
o Easy to add modules for data analysis
 Ease of Deployment
o One-click installation
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Tekran 3300Xi Dual Port Sampling
Applications:
 Mercury control
technology
o Research and
development
o Acceptance testing at new
installations
o Optimization and
performance monitoring
 Regulatory monitoring of
multiple, close-proximity
emissions stacks.
33
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NIST Traceability Introduction
 Separate US EPA protocol documents for elemental and
ionic mercury generators
 Ionic Generators divided into:
o Evaporative HgCl2 generators (e.g. Model 3315, Hovacal)
o Oxidation HgCl2 calibrators (Hg0 + Cl2 => HgCl2)
o Tekran Oxidizer uses dilute HCl as the chlorine source, while
Thermo uses toxic Cl2 cylinder gas
34
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USA Regulation – QA/QC
 MATS requires all HgCEM Systems
to follow Performance Specification
12A (PS-12A)
EPA Mercury Air Toxics Standards (MATS) for Electric Generating Power Plants
HgCEM Systems must follow Performance Specification 12 (PS‐12A)
TEKRAN 3300Xi
Meets Notes
PS‐12A Specification
0
2+
Analyte Total Gaseous Mercury (Hg + Hg ) in μg/m
Sample Interface Hg Analyzer
Data Recorder
Span Value
3





Measurement Error (ME) Test

Measurement Error (ME) Performance

7‐Day Calibration Drift (CD)

7‐Day Calibration Drift (CD) Performance

Designed for proper CD and ME determination

Reference Gas Delivery System

Reference Gases

Relative Accuracy Test Audit (RATA) Procedure

RATA Performance

Installation and Measurment Location
Sample Extraction Point


No requirement for particulate‐bound Hg
Tekran Models 3342 & 3321 with heated and unheated umbilical lines
Tekran Model 2537Xi
Tekran 1318D Controller (or equivalent) and CEM+ software
3
3
Nominal 0‐10 or 0‐20 μg/m for EGU and 0‐300 μg/m for cement plants
Automated Sequence using Tekran Model 3310Xi, Oxidizer and System Controler with CEM+ Software
ME must not exceed 5% of span value at the zero‐, mid‐, and high level reference gas concentration. Tekran routinely passes the ME performance specification
Automated calculation completed and reported by the Tekran 3300Xi CEM+ Software
CD must not exceed 5% of the span value on any of the 7 days of the CD test. The Tekran 3300Xi routinely passes the CD performance specification
0
Tekran 3300Xi designed to automatically provide known concentrations of Hg and HgCl 2 to the inlet of the probe filter
0
 Only a few HgCEM vendors have the
ability to comply with the required
Tekran 3300Xi Hg and HgCl 2 reference gas delivery flow rate exceeds sampling system flow requirements and delivered to the probe at atmospheric pressure
0
Tekran 3310Xi Hg Generator is NIST traceable and meets zero, mid‐level and high‐level span value requirements. Tekran Oxidizer generates known concentrations of HgCl 2 for the required conversion test determination
The Tekran HgCEM has passed hundreds of RATAs (examples available). The RATA is normally done by a third party stack testing company following either EPA Method 29, EPA Method 30A or EPA Method 30B. Currently, in the USA, Method 30B is the most common approach
The Relative Accuracy (RA) of the HgCEM System must be no greater than 20% of the mean 3
QA and NIST traceability protocols
value of the Reference Method (RM) test data in units of μg/m . However, if the mean RM 3
is less than 5.0 μg/m , the results are acceptable if the absolute value of the difference 3
between the RM and HgCEM System value does not exceed 1.0 μg/m
Responsibility of the power plant company and installation team
Requires the customer to choose the proper heated stinger length
MATS Ongoing Performance Specifications
MATS Continuous QA Specifications
Annual RATA
Daily HgCEM System Calibration
EPA NIST Traceability Protocol Compliance
Perm‐Source Ratio Test
Weekly Integrity Tests
Compliance Reporting
More details in next version
Meets






Notes
Proven ability to pass third‐party EPA 30B mercury emissions reference testing
Daily Zero and Span Calibrations as Required by EPA Protocol
Ability to certify and provide traceability for on‐board elemental Hg generators
Pass weekly Perm‐Source/Calibrator Ratio testing within 5% limit
0
Generate and present gaseous HgCl 2 to HgCEMS and verify conversion to Hg
Ability to property interface with resident data acquisition and handling system (DAHS)
TEKRAN's Recommended Service and Maintenance Schedule
35
Category Notes
Classroom Training and On‐Site Training
Routine Scheduled Hardware Replacements
Tekran 3310Xi Calibrator Hot‐Swap Program
Remote Monitoring and Diagnostics
Tekran Parts Support
Custom Service Support Programs
Comprehensive 3‐day HgCEMS theory and operations training by senior Tekran service personnel
Refer to Tekran annual routine maintenance document
0
NIST traceability compliance and continuity assurance via standby traceable Hg calibrators
Remotely communicate with client HgCEMS to provide diagnostics and support
Tekran inventories >$1.5M in parts and components ready to be shipped to client's site
Range of HgCEMS service support from remote diagnostics to quarterly service to full‐time www.tekran.com
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NIST Traceability Protocol
 Elemental Hg generators are the preferred choice
 NIST Traceability involves unbroken chain of calibrators and
continued adherence to U.S. EPA traceability protocol.
 Typical generator range
o 0-10 µg/m3 for coal power plants
o 0-30 µg/m3 for cement plant mill-on
o 0 – 300 µg/m3 for cement plant mill-off
 Corrections Required in Emissions if Calibration Fails
36
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Generations of Calibrators – Hg0
• NIST Prime
•
•
•
37
Tekran 3310
Elemental Mercury
Calibrator
Vendor Prime
Field Reference
User Generator
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NIST Traceability Framework For
Elemental Hg Gas Generators
NIST certifies output using
primary method ID ICP-MS
traceable to SI through
SRM 3133
NIST PRIME
Elemental Generator
Vendor PRIME
Generator
User PRIME
Generator
User PRIME
Generator
Vendor PRIME
Generator
User PRIME
Generator
User PRIME
Generator
NIST uses NIST PRIME
to Certify Vendor
PRIME and returns to
vendor
Vendors use Vendor
PRIME to certify
end-user units
Slide courtesy of Dr. Steve Long, NIST
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Certification of NIST Prime
Elemental Generators
High-Purity
“zero”air in
Mass flow
totalizer
NIST Prime
Generator
0.000
Hg0
Thermal
equilibration loop
2 section sorbent tube
To Vent
ID-ICP-MS
Hg loading on sorbent tube
Digestion, spiking with 201Hg
4-8 L/min
Slide courtesy of Dr. Steve Long, NIST
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National Institute of Science and Technology
NIST Prime is a Tekran 3310 (2 units)
• NIST uses the Tekran 3310 for
HgCEMS calibrator certification.
• The Tekran 3310s are used as
rotating standards for repeatable
generation of traceable
concentrations of mercury ranging
from 0 – 250 µg/m3
• NIST has been operating one Tekran
3310 for 4 years without
maintenance or adjustment
This data was produced by NIST scientists at the NIST Laboratory
using Isotope-Dilution Mass Spectroscopy. Data was given to
Tekran by NIST
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Components of Traceability
1.
Prequalification of each calibrator model
2.
Initial certification of each calibrator unit
3.
Ongoing QA/QC tests to establish that each calibrator
has not drifted or malfunctioned
4.
Recertifications as required
41
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Ongoing QA/QC –
0
Hg
 U.S. EPA states that calibrators are complex devices, with
the possibility of failure while in the field
 Thus U.S. EPA is demanding periodic QA/QC checks of all
field calibrators to ensure that they are still producing the
correct concentrations
 Recertification may be deferred for up to 2 years if QA/QC
tests pass
42
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User Calibrator - Periodic QA/QC
 Once per quarter, calibrator must be checked against an
independent mercury standard at a single concentration
o Must use daily span calibration point
 As a reference, user may use either:
o Independent “reference” calibrator
o Hg gas cylinder
o Method 30B cartridges
• Note: 1, 2 and 3, above will require on-site testing
o Monthly Internal permeation source
• Only Tekran and does not require on-site testing!
43
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Elemental Mercury Traceability
for Tekran CEM Systems
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User Calibrator QA/QC Checks - Tekran
 Tekran has a significant advantage over other vendors
o Each Tekran 3300Xi CEM system has an independent, stable
mercury permeation source in the Model 2537Xi
 US EPA Traceability Protocol allows the use of the Tekran
2537Xi permeation source as an independent check on
3310Xi Calibrator.
45
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How does Perm Ratio Test Work ?
 Step 1: For a new certified 3310Xi calibrator is
o Perform an internal 2537Xi permeation source Internal Detector
Adjustment (IDA). Record peak areas
o Supply 3310Xi output directly into 2537Xi (Direct Cal). Record
peak areas
o Calculate ratio of peak areas. Record this value as the Initial Ratio
and record the 3310Xi certified concentration used for the test
46
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How does Perm Ratio Test Work ?
 Step 2: Periodically (~ every 2 days to 1/week)
o Perform an internal 2537Xi permeation source IDA. Record peak areas
o Feed 3310Xi output directly into 2537Xi (Direct Cal). Record peak
areas
o Calculate and record the “Current Ratio” of above peak areas. Use
current ratio to calculate an updated 3310Xi current concentration
 If the ratio is the same, it means that both the permeation
source and the calibrator still agree with respect to each other
o Must agree with Initial Ratio to within ±5%
47
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Advantages – Tekran Permeation Ratio Test
 Only requires running an automated sequence periodically
 Tekran CEM+ Software automates the QA/QC report
o Compiles latest report
o Flags warnings and errors
o Keeps history of results (control charts)
o Can be run on any available PC or CEM Controller
 Permeation Ratio Test can be run frequently (daily to weekly)
to provide an early indication of calibrator failure
o Sequence can be built into daily span check operations
48
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Long Term Field QA/QC – Three Sites
Perm Source Validation of Elemental Hg Generators
5.00
4.00
3.00
AC1
AC2
ND
2.00
1.00
Note: Short term variations are indicative of temporary
instrument contamination, not calibrator failure
49
13-Oct-08
28-Sep-08
13-Sep-08
29-Aug-08
14-Aug-08
30-Jul-08
15-Jul-08
30-Jun-08
15-Jun-08
31-May-08
16-May-08
0.00
1-May-08
Calculated 3310 Value ug/m3 .
6.00
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Perm Source Ratio Failures
 A transient failure (5%) means the system must be retested
within 24 hours.
 Must restore to normal with 3 days.
 This shows the real advantage of scheduling daily perm ratio
tests.
50
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Conclusions
 In 2015, very low USA Hg emission regulations will be enforced for coal (MATS) and
cement plants (PC MACT).
o Only a few HgCEM vendors have the ability to comply with the required QA and traceability
protocols
 A sensitive, accurate and robust HgCEM design must deal with the challenges of the
flue gas matrix, Hg2+to Hg0 conversion and efficient transport
 The Tekran 3300Xi HgCEM is the only instrument capable of measuring accurately
below 1.0 ug/m3.
 Custom Tekran HgCEM Systems are being used to develop, study and commercialize
mercury control technology.
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Mercury Control Research, Equipment and
example Results
52
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Tekran 3300RS (Research Systems)
3300RS-Dual Probe
3300RS Upstream Injection
53
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Schematic of Johnson Matthey
Catalyst Testing Equipment
Simulated Power
Plant Exhaust gas
Tekran
3300RS Dual
Port system
Heated Reactor
with catalyst
FTIR
analysis
SO3
analysis
Reactor Outlet
54
Slide courtesy of Michael Nash
at Johnson Matthey
www.tekran.com
[email protected]
Johnson Matthey 3300RS Dual Port System and
Test Rig Configuration
Slide courtesy of Michael Nash
at Johnson Matthey
55
www.tekran.com
[email protected]
Example data from Johnson Matthey
Conversion of Hg0 to Hg2+ across a catalyst
Online measurement of
flue gas components
during simulated power
plant conditions.
Condition 1: a low
halogen bituminous
condition
Condition 2: a high
halogen bituminous
condition
Slide courtesy of Michael Nash
at Johnson Matthey
56
www.tekran.com
[email protected]
Mercury Research Configuration at
Shanghai Jiaotong University
Tubular Furnace
Sorbents
Computer
Oil Bath
Tekran mercury
analysis system
Reactor and sorbent performance
evaluation with controlled Hg source
and Tekran 3300RS Unit
Slide courtesy of Professor Yan
NaiQiang at Shanghai Jiaotong
University
57
www.tekran.com
[email protected]
Example Mercury Research Results from
Shanghai Jiaotong University
 Conversion of Hg0
to Hg2+
 Good mass balance
 Good recovery to
zero Hg – no
memory effect
Slide courtesy of Professor Yan NaiQiang at Shanghai
Jiaotong University
58
www.tekran.com
[email protected]
U. of Ningbo-Nottingham Hg Control Technology
Configuration with 3300-RS
Slide courtesy of Dr. Tao
Wu’s Research Lab at the
U. of Ningbo-Nottingham
59
www.tekran.com
[email protected]
Cormetech Micro-Reactor Schematic
 Mainly used for parametric
studies of both fresh and
deactivated catalyst
 The reactor is a fully
automated and continuous
system capable of injecting a
wide variety of gaseous and
aqueous species
 Capable of measuring
DeNOx, SO2 oxidation, and
Hg0 oxidation over a single
layer
Slide courtesy of Cormetech
60
www.tekran.com
[email protected]
Cormetech Reactor & Tekran 3300RS Unit
 This Tekran 3300RS was
designed to provide known
upstream input of Hg0 and
Hg2+ using a custom injection
module
 Installed in a vented
enclosure
61
Slide courtesy of Cormetechwww.tekran.com
[email protected]
Cormetech Example of an Hg0 Trend
for a Continuous Hg Test
 Reactor is fully automated,
using pre-defined testing
sequence and stability criteria
 Automated allows many
factors to be tested
 Factors affecting Hg0
oxidation are temperature,
AV, and Hg0, NH3, SO2, CO,
HCl, and HBr concentrations
Slide courtesy of Cormetech
62
www.tekran.com
[email protected]
Mercury Emission Research Conclusions
 The Tekran 3300RS provides a custom platform for sensitive and
robust mercury control technology research and development
 The Tekran 3300RS is being used to evaluate sorbent injection,
catalyst oxidation, fixed-bed filters, wet-scrubbers and additives to
control mercury emissions
 Emission research and control programs are using Tekran equipment
at universities and commercial companies in China, Poland, UK,
Korea and the USA
63
www.tekran.com
[email protected]