Politics in the Age of Jackson
Important people and terms for this lecture:
☞ Henry
Clay
☞ John C. Calhoun
☞ Andrew Jackson
☞ John Quincy Adams
☞ The Corrupt Bargain
☞ Suffrage
☞ Tariff of Abominations
☞ Nullification and Interposition
☞ South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Politics in the Age of Jackson
Important people and terms for this lecture:
☞ Webster-Hayne
Debate
☞ Jefferson Day Dinner
☞ Indian Removal
☞ Trail of Tears
☞ Cherokee v Georgia
☞ Worcester v Georgia
☞ Jackson’s veto of the Bank
☞ “Pet Banks”
☞ Specie Circular
1824 Election: The end of the “Era of Good
Feelings
Henry Clay (KY):
Leader of the “War Hawks”
☞ The Great Compromiser
☞ The American System
★ Protective Tariff
★ Internal Improvements
☞
John C Calhoun (SC)
Leader of the “War Hawks”
☞ Secretary of War (1817 - 1825)
☞
1824 Election: The end of the “Era of Good
Feelings
Andrew Jackson (TN)
1st Congressman from Tennessee
☞ General – Hero of War of 1812
☞
John Quincy Adams (MA)
Famous Father
☞ Top 10 Secretary of State
☞
William H. Crawford (GA)
Stroke victim
☞ Still receives 41 electoral votes
☞
Results of 1824 Election
Andrew Jackson (TN)
☞
99 votes
John Quincy Adams (MA)
☞
84 votes
William H. Crawford (GA)
☞
41 votes
Henry Clay (KY)
☞
37 votes
John C. Calhoun (SC)
☞
Vice President Candidate
Results of 1824 Election - The Corrupt
Bargain
Election goes to the House of Representatives
12th Amendment
☞ Adams is elected president
☞ Clay is later named as Secretary of State
☞
Democratic - Republican Party Splits:
National Republicans
☞ Democratic Republicans
☞
The Broadening of Democracy
Property requirements are abolished
☞ Religious qualifications removed
☞ Universal white, male, suffrage
☞
Results of the 1824 Presidential Election
The 1828 Tariff - The Tariff of Abominations
A plot to “manufacture” a president?
Rates are raised to all-time high levels
☞ Adams signs the tariff - what else can he do?
☞ South Carolina Exposition and Protest
☞
John C. Calhoun - author
☞ What were his intentions?
☞
The 1828 Election - Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson wins the election
☞
Mud-slinging - An American Tradition?
Murder? - that incident in Florida. The Rea Letter
☞ Gambling? - what’s wrong with a chessboard or a pool table?
☞ Adultery? - Two husbands are better than one!
☞ Poor Rachel! - dies of a “broken heart?”
☞
☞
Jackson seen as the candidate of the West
Let’s party!
☞ Tariff will become a major issue for Jackson
☞
Features of “Jacksonian Democracy”
Democracy is expanded
Property requirements are abolished
☞ Religious qualifications are removed
☞ Universal white, male suffrage
☞
A “Two Party” System begins to develop
Democrats - Jacksonians - formerly Democrat - Republicans
☞ Whigs eventually emerge as opposition party
☞ Sorry - no “Republicans” yet - be patient!
☞ The “Spoils” of victory! - no need for civil service reform yet
☞
Back to THE tariff - The Tariff of
Abominations
Jackson promises tariff reform as a candidate
South Carolina threatens to secede!
State convention denouncing tariff in 1828
☞ South Carolina Exposition and Protest adds to argument
☞
The Webster-Hayne Debate
Senator Foote (CT) proposes restricting sale of land
Senator Benton (MO) objects!
Robert Hayne (SC) comes to support Benton
Hayne’s “baggage” - Denmark Vesey and slavery
☞ Strict Construction of the Constitution and States’ Rights
☞
Daniel Webster (MA) Replies
Supporter of tariff and loose construction
☞ Liberty AND Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!
☞
The Jefferson Day Dinner toast
Senators Benton and Hayne attempt to enlist Jackson
After dinner toasts - at least 24!
Jackson: “Our Union - it MUST be preserved!”
John C. Calhoun (still the VP): “The Union, next to our
liberty - most dear!”
Calhoun splits with Jackson
The Peggy Eaton “affair”
Wife of Secretary of War John Eaton
☞ Jackson raises the issue at a cabinet meeting!
☞
Calhoun will resign in 1832
Serves in Senate
☞ Fills seat left open by - Robert Hayne!
☞
The Nullification Crisis
1832 - South Carolina Convention
Tariff of 1832 is declared NULL!
☞ Tariff duties are prohibited from being collected!
☞
Jackson - asks for a Force Bill
Clay - compromise is reached
Compromise tariff of 1833
☞ South Carolina declares Force Bill NULL and VOID!
☞
The Bank Crisis
1832 - Clay tries to “re-charter” the Bank of US
Bank charter would expire in 1836
☞ Bank opposed in South and West
☞
Jackson - vetoes Bank Bill
McColluch v Maryland (1819) arguments are heard again!
☞ Congress tries to override Jackson’s veto and fails!
☞
The Bank Crisis - Jackson’s Pet Banks
1833 - Jackson wages war on the Bank of US
Bank deposits placed in state banks - “Wildcat” Banks
☞ Inflation
☞
Specie Circular - executive order
Public land sales paid by gold or silver (specie)
☞ Depression of 1837 results!
☞
The Bank Crisis - Jackson’s Pet Banks
1833 - Jackson wages war on the Bank of US
Bank deposits placed in state banks - “Wildcat” Banks
☞ Inflation
☞
Specie Circular - executive order
Public land sales paid by gold or silver (specie)
☞ Depression of 1837 results!
☞
Indian Removal
Five Civilized Tribes of Southwest
Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole
☞ Gold is discovered
☞
Supreme Court Action
Cherokee Nation v GA and Worcester v GA
☞ National government had authority
☞ “John Marshall has made his decision . . .”
☞
Trail of Tears Tribes moved west of Mississippi River
☞ Brutal conditions
☞
What Is the Relationship Between
Tribal and State Governments?
➦ Because the Constitution vests authority over Indian
Affairs in the federal government, generally, states
have no authority over tribal governments. Tribal
governments are not subordinate to state governments.
They retain the right to enact and enforce stricter or
more lenient laws and regulations than those of the
neighboring state(s). Tribes possess both the right and
the power to regulate activities on their lands
independently from the neighboring state government.
However, tribes frequently collaborate and cooperate
with states through compacts or other agreements.
The Tribal-to-State relationship is also one of a
government to a government.