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O UR C O U N TRY I rs P O SS I B L E Fur u nn A N D I TS
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C R ISI S
P rof A UST I N PH EL PS , D D
1 7 d Th ou s a n d
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PREFA CE
Tm: t
wentieth
whi ch are
c
th e n
p ticular
is
cen tury
con fron te
d
by
con
w l
dition s
c
in th e his tory of the or d , whi h con
a t ion s in gen era an d th e Un ited Stat es in
ern
In thi s
ook th e s u j e t of Ew an si on is
ar
dis cu ss ed in t he ight of thes e n ew con ditions
Stu dents of civi ization are attachin g m ore importa n ce
to phys i a con ditions n ow th an former y S ays Pro
n ew
b
.
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Willi
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ers ity :
The
am G Su mner of Ya e Un
fes s or
n otion that p rogres s pro eeds in the firs t in s tan e from
intel e t u a or m ora s timu i , or that progres s is real y
somethi ng in th e wor d of th ough t, an d n ot of s ens e,
lc
.
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b
ces or neglected clas ses
to teach and l v te i nf rior
c s did not wi
Th an c es to of t he pres t c ivilized
ch path Th y built it p
th i civilization by any
th ough c e tu ies of toil f om a foun dat ion of s urpl s
m te ial mea s which t hey won thro gh improvements
i th e in d us tri l arts an d i the econ omic o ga izatio
e
Civilization i s h ap ed by a many c
s as th e e
motives to which me a e s us c ep tibl
b t in d s t y
the way in whi ch men get thei living—
is domin ant with
M n is capable of reachi g a s pirit l
th e million
h that h e is c ontrolled by the l ofti t
el ev ation s
toiled fo y ars in th galley ; h e h as
motives
H h
h as led to th e m os t
dis appoin ting
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Prefac e
peak the word which woul d h ave lib erated
his body and c hained h is s p irit
He h as s hown hims el f
glorious ly s u perior to all ou t ward c on dition s to al l t hat
a pp eal s t o the fles h
Bu t th es e are th e s h in ing s pirits
that h ave revealed th e s plen di d p oss ibilities of h u man
nature ; they repres en t th e p oten t ia l rath er th a n th e
a ctua l in t he m u ltitu de
As y et t h e great bu lk of man
k in d live on t h e ph ys i c al p lane ; an d t h erefore, ph ys ic al
conditions , as y et, exert th e mos t powerfu l in flu en ces in
The m ovemen t is u pward an d th e
s h a pin g c iv ilization
We mu s t k eep
greater a ltit u des w ill s u rely be gain ed
the n obl es t i d eals c on s tan tly in m in d an d u n c eas ingly
s tru ggl e tow ard th em ; bu t a s s ob er men , dea l in g w ith
pres en t facts , w e mu s t ackn ow ledge that phys ical con
dition s s till d omin at e t h e n a tion s
New ph ys ic al c on d ition s an d t he in dus trial revolu tion
h ave c reat ed a n ew s itu at ion an d are p rod u c ing a n ew
worl d life, which is profou n d ly c h an gin g n at ion a l re
rather
than
s
—
.
.
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.
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,
lations
which
an d
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mus t inev it a y
ch an ge
n ation al
p olicies
I am in d ebted to Sen ator W il liam P Frye for pu blic
d ocumen ts ki n d ly s en t an d for in formation furn is h ed
I des ire als o to ack nowledge the cou rt es y of Ca p tain
A T Mah an th e emin en t w riter on n aval s u bj ects , w ho
read s ev eral ch a p t ers of th e b ook w hich trav ers e th e
fiel d in wh ich h e is a ck nowledged to be th e h igh es t
au th orit y , an d wh o was s o good as t o give me th e b en efit
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Diff
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t
o
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s a d t op ics to
i c eas e
CH APTER II
OUR NEW MANUFACTURING SUPREMACY
co q i g the h om ma k et th
Th
t p
c olo i l m k t the E op m k t Exc s
xp o t ove impo t S cc of Am ic
of
fac t es b o d ; ill t t i
m
t
W c omm d th c ditio of p m
c
o t; 4
1 Go l ; 2 I o ; 3 Low l b o
to m k ets
M
Ch p
w m t i ls ; 5 Acc
q t ed
Gl ds to
bot
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O r c omm c t o b c
h ip b il de s Th
Or go
A m ic
tom
To ag whic h p a s s
fo d op i io
Lo d B
Senat or Fry e
t h o gh t h e S u l t S i te M a i
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Contents
P
CHA TER
III
FOREIGN MARKETS A NEW NECESSII Y
I ts m u l tiplic at ion
Influ en ce of machinery
’ ‘
.
.
.
b tit tio of m ech ical fo m s c l
p owe H lf w y to th i d t ial m ill i m
P oblem of p od ctio olved ; t h t of di t ib tio
w it s ol tio P od ctio h i c s d m o e
Ho C
oll D W igh t
pid ly tha p op l tio
q oted E l g m t of m f ct i g pl n t
Co g tio m t follow f il
inevitabl
to i
fo ig
m k ts
c
s
New i ve tio
t h ow
me o t of mploy me t
Back t th s oil f ll ac i s
Th e
Efi t
y
d of
of appl y i g m chi e y t o
g ic l t
m k i g it
p t of o g i d i d t y Th
ti
o t of wo k m y
ot b c om
f me b t
m y b c om e
vol tio i t
Lo d M c l y
pp l to th twen ti th
t y
D g of
l g
mpl oy d
d d is
Th c omi g i d s trial c o flict
co ten t ed cl as s
CHAPTER I V
The
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THE NEW CH INA
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Eff c t of is olatio
I fl
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t i s
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Th e Chi
p eop le g eat
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Ch i o Jap
factor i t h wo l d f t e
R il o d
Cotton fac
Ch a g s s i c e 1 840
d i du tries s h ow n by
Cha gi g h bit
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s ta d
Eff ct o th Un it d St tes Commerc p s t
Five ew Ame ic as W u Ting
a d p o p ecti v e
Fang q oted
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C on t ents
P
CHA TER V
In t eres t in c an al I mp ort ant res ul ts
1 Geographic a l
Redu c tion of t h e s ize of the
earth by on e third
Pres ident Ha yes qu oted
.
.
.
.
-
c
V ll w
l q
bl
l
c
.
P cfi
c
c
c
c
Con n e ti ng t he Mis s ISSippi a ey ith th e a i c
2 Commer ia
Hen ry C ay u ote d Dis tan e,
time , an d os t s a ed
Creation of n ew om mer e
Wi iam H Se ard uoted Ta e of dis t an es
ra ti a y s hifted
a i
mi es
Hon A R
Co u h oun u oted
8
o iti a
Conn ectin g ou r two oas ts Sh ou d
be o n ed an d ont ro e d by our go ern men t
e
i e
u ote d
Commod ore
Eas tern c oas t of
es t ern
oa s t of
North America an d
Sou th
Ameri a Effec t on West In dies Captain ahan
u ot ed
Cu a
CHA TER
I
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c l
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P
V
THE NEW MEDITERRANEAN
P cific to b p eme i the tw n ti th ce t y
Populatio of P cific
That s premac y fi nal
lan d Expan io of th ce to t k e pl c i
d
ds D iel W b t q ot d New
t hese l
W T y lo
Ho
J m
Old W o l d comp ed
q ot d Res o ces of Al sk a N w $ l d
Ea t I dies t h Philippines J p
A s t li
il
Eff ct of t a s Sib i
d Sib i
China
tt q oted
Paci fic t de
Ho
Joh Ba
way
Prod ction of w o l d s t pl s by P cifi c l d s
H B t on and Will
Th om
wool gold s ilv
iam H Seward q oted
CHAPTER V II
THE NEW MEDITERRANEAN AN A NGLO SAXON SEA
Ma ila B y Be j ami Kidd an d
B ttl i
P of F a k l i H Giddi gs q ot d The s u
p eme q es tio of th t w tieth c t y
d
th e A glo Sax o
betwe
Res emblan c
8 Pow r
2 Growth
1 N mb ers
the S lav
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Con ten ts
P AGE
l
4 Ge i s for organization a d
5 Growi g oom
gove ment
Rad ic l c ontras t b t w e t he two ac es
The
R ss i n es s en tially As ia tic
W illiam D b
q oted R ss ia s aim Emil e d e La l y
q ot d Which ra ce to comma d the P cific ?
Pacific c oas t li
Si W lter Raleigh q ot d
b longi g to th t wo ces Im portan of
A glo S xo is l
i s i P c ifi c
d po
St
t gle imp ortan c e of H w aii a d Phil ippi es
C p tai M ah an Ho L A Th s to an d C om
modo
Melville q ot d Admi al Walk s
Op i io
Fo
of t he s i
A gl o S x on homes ra ged
a o
d t h e Pacific Th
h om es p otec t d by
w t ; thus s ved f om m ilitaris m Ne d of
m n avy
s p
P ovid n ce in the his to y of Pacific lan ds
CHAPTER V III
of ass imi ation
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A NEW WORLD
ll
w l
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Eflect of rail way , te e
The v i age
or d
So iety a ivin g organ is m
gra h , an d pres s
In du s try the fu n d am en t a fa tor in i i ization
i n t rod u ing me h an i a
rofoun d
of
efiect s
ivi ization
rodu ed a
New in d u s tria
o er
n ew n at iona
ife an d is rod u ing a n ew or d
i fe
Britis h em ire an i u s tration of n ew n a
tion al i fe
On en ess of the w or d ’s ife
A wor d pu i
o in ion
In ternation a l aw Na igat ion ru es
os t a Un ion
Wor d s y m ath ies The in t erde
A or d s en s i i ity
Far
pen den ce of n ation s
’
rea hin g
of
ru s s ia s
eff e ts
oun ty on
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Th i worl d life to be f th
d evelop ed Co
tal an d in te c o t i
t l
ti
ailway s y t ms
p oj ected Efiect of i t tio al competitio
t
N w worl d life c
righ ts
ew
an d
New d ge s
n ew d ties
Con tagious dis eas e
Bub o c pl g
Y llow fever
.
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nen
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14
Digiti
n
.
r
n
an
.
n en a
n ern a
e
u
er
c
by Mi
ros oft$
C on t en ts
W orl d
Powe s to
wo l d o d
for th e
’
r
s
r
more
as s ume
r
res
p on s ibility
er
.
P
CHA TER IX
P
A NEW W ORLD OLICY
’
t
n
d
o
f
W
as
hi
o
n
s
Fare e Addres s
A vi e
g
u ot ed
New
on dition s
Hon Ri h ard O n ey
’
i a e
Brief
s in e Was hi n gton s a d vi e w as a
re edin g
ha ters
o iti a is o a
s u mm ary Of
or d
on dition s
tion im os s i e amid t he n ew
in s e ara e from in dus tria
u es tions
o it i a
an d omm er ia in t eres t s
c
c
.
q
c
c
p c
c p
l
p bl
Pl cl q
p bl
l
c
c l
op e
to s
po ibl c o
Th
n ch o ed
1 We m y d ift b li vi g w
k
w
2 Po i ble to s ail i to thi
eck
less ly with f l ch t
xpo e t of t ditio l vi ws
M ch iav ll i th
Am i
S ch v i w
ch t d good o g A w
3 A t
im h al l b th
wo l d policy W h o
obl
t
A ew w o l d
w w o l d l if
mi i t y to th
ci c D v lopm t of m
Milto s
co
d opt
w p olitic l philos ophy
Tim e t o
id l
U e of fo c
A wo l d p olice
Sa
a d eth ics
o
to
o i g
Us e f fo c m y
ifi e of
I ll s t tio
N w
fo
be be vole t
ct of w
Cha g in ch
Cli g to
armies
f c ts
ide l b t ec og i
f
dom
d i d p d
Di ti c tion b et we
P og e of civ ili ti i v olv d
e c
i g f
d i c
dom
i g i dep e d c e
l tio s to th Philippi s P ctic l
O
q s tio i wh the Filipi o
c pabl f s lf
Tes timo y of exp t w it e s s
gove m t
d ty ; h ow to di ch a ge it Th liq o t af
O
c
fic with d ep e d ent
t d
t B itain a d t h U it d Stat
G
i g togeth er for Ch is tia c ivili at io
Em rs on
quote d
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ppl c bl
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.
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c u ra e
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en e
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an
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ns
n n
,
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e are a
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by Mi
ros oft$
es
n.
s an
e
.
EX PA N SIO N
U n d er N ew W orl d C o n d i t i on s
-
CHAPTER I
Exh au st ion
of
Our
Arabl e Public Lan ds
WITH nations as with individuals the
unin tended and unforeseen resul ts of ac
tions are Often vastly more import ant than
the Objects aimed at ; for instance the
Cr us aders going out to rescue the Holy
Sepulchre an d bringing back the seeds of
Eastern civ ili zation ; Columbus seekin g a
new route to India and findi ng a New
World In like manner the unexpected
an d wholly unintend e d results of the late
Spanish Am erican war are un speakably
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17
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Ex hau s tion of Our Arable P u blic Lands
stru ck the mighty blows which shape the
nation to higher uses
The nation emerges from the late war
with a new temper a new national con
s c iou s n es s a new apprehension of destiny
New responsibil ities confront us new pos
s ibil ities invite us new necessities compel
us But thes e new c onditions were not al
together unforeseen The essential change
which has taken place was rendered inevi
table by causes long at work and long since
recognized by many thoughtful minds
These causes are now seen to issue in new
conditions which must shape the futu re
course of the nation
Among the new conditions which con
front the new century is the exhaustion of
our arable public lands—a fact of bo th n a
tion al an d world significance
It is true that exclusive of Alaska an d
our new island possessions there are more
than
acres of vacant gov em
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,
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,
,
e
19
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expan s ion
ment land but the mad rush for O klahoma
and the Sioux Reservation W hen thrown
open to settlement a few years ago showe d
how little of the remaining governmen t
l and is arable
This land is by no means worthles s
M uch of it affords good grazing and is at
this moment supporting vast numbers of
sheep cattle and horses ; and much of it is
rich in minerals Moreover M ajor Powell
estimates that
acres can be re
claimed for agriculture by irrigation But
storage reservoirs and canals would be
required of such proportions as to place the
work beyond private enterprise ; while the
interstate character of irrigation problems
relegates any undertakin g on a large scale
to the General Government ; and t here is
no reason to believe that Congress w ill ap
propriate vast sums for the reclamation of
arid lands in the West so long as there are
many abandoned farms in the East which
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20
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Exh a u s t io n
of
Arable P u blic Lan ds
Our
can be had for less than the cost of the
buildings on them Practically therefore
our arable public lands are exhausted
1 Consider what this fact means to the
nation I t does n ot mean of course that
we are becoming crowded It will be many
centuries before the United States will be
as densely peopled as England It means
that great tracts of unoccu pied land have
passed into the hands of corporations and
of private owners and because they are no
longer free lands have ceased to attrac t
settlers It means that the energy and
capital which heret ofore have been devoted
to developing a con tinent will now be
turned in other directions
That we may better appreciate how great
is this en ergy it is w ell to remind our
selves of the mag n itude of the task a ecom
l
i
s h ed by the American people during this
p
cen tu ry n ow closing the prodigious char
acter of which was happily un known to
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21
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expans ion
those who on the Atl antic seaboard faced
the contin ent and the century together
With the triumph of the rail w ay time
rather than the surveyor s chain has come
to be the measure of distance and the
shrinkage of the continent makes it difii
cult for us to appreciate how e n dless were
the reaches of woodland and prairie and
mountain ranges which separated the A t
lantic from the Pacific a hundred years ago
We may now cover the distance from
New York to San Francisco in four days
four passive days of luxury A hundred
years ago— and indeed fifty years ago— that
journey exacted strenuous months of hard
ship I n the winter of 1 842—3 M arcu s
Whitman with a vision broader than the
continent and a purpose lof tier and more
un yieldi n g than the Rockies rode from
O regon to Washington in five months The
earth ha s become quite too small to express
a straight a w ay journey of five months in
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22
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Exh au s tio n
of
Our
Arable Public Lan ds
the ter m s of modern railway travel Suc h
a trip would demand a continent
miles broad to make room for it ample
enough to wrap around the earth four and
a half times Such a j ourney however
would be only a holiday compared with
the undertaking of crossing the continent
duri n g the first half of the nineteenth
century
A h u ndred years ago our population of
was a thin fringe along the
Atlantic slope and O hio was the far fron
tier Consider what has been done since
then Homes have been built a n d fur
n is he d for
people
M ore than
four and a half million farms have been
brought u nder cult ivation
For forty
years there was an average of
acres
of wild land subdued daily Half a thou
sand cities have been built Millions of
miles of roads have been opened Count
less mills and factories have been erected
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23
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expan s io n
and equipped
Seven hundred and
seventy five thousan d miles of telephone
wire have been strung a n d more than 800
000 miles of telegraph
With the railways
which have bee n built we could parallel
every track in all Europe and then have
enough over if we could use the equator
as a road bed to girdle the earth Twenty
nine great commonwealths have been or
gan ized an d equipped with all the a p
i
a n ces
and
l
u sage s of civilized society
p
the average area of these same common
wealths being considerably greater than
that of E n gland and Wales
It has taken thousands of years to make
Europe but on this continent as vast an
area has been brought un der the yoke of
civilization in one century Referring to
what Americans h ave accomplished Sir
Henry M Stanley says
Treble their
nu mber of ordinary European s could not
have surpassed them in what they have
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,
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$
.
24
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Exhau s tion
of
Our Arable P u blic Lan ds
done The story of their achievemen ts
reads like an epic of the heroic age
Science now measures th e energy of a
nation i n cluding hand horse and steam
power
Not including electrical w in d
and water power the En glish statistician
M ulhall estimated our energy in 1 8 95 at
foot tons daily or more
than twice as much as that of Great Brit
ain and nearly as much as that of Bri tai n
Germany and France combined M ulhall
adds : If we take a survey of mankind
in ancient or modern times as regards the
physical mech anical and intellectu al fOrc e
of nations we find nothing to compare
with the U n ited States
It is not strange that this amazin g
energy applied to resources which are per
haps unequalled has made us the richest
nation in the world
Glance at the thirty years from 1 8 60 to
During this period the civil war
1 89 0
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25
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Exhau s t ion
of
Our Arable Public Lan ds
energy because these facts concern our
argument
The nation s energy has been chiefly
concen trated on the industrial con quest of
the con tinent and the exhaustion of the
arable public lands marks the practical
completion of that conquest and consti
t u tes the beginni n g of a new era in our in
Heretofore our grow in g
du s trial history
energy an d our waxing wealth fo u nd a
limitless opport unity within our own land
Now a limit has been fixed and our ever
increasing energy and wealth will fin d an
ever decreasing field for investment at
home This of course means that hence
forth they will increasingly go abroad
When many thousands of acres of wild
lands were being opened to settlement
every day and great railway lines were
being projected it created a strong de
mand for capital in response to which
about two thousand million dollars were
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27
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expan s ion
attracted to us from Europe Within a
few years that inflow of wealth has ceas ed
We now for the first tim e in our history
have a surplus of energy and wealth with
t he i n evitable result that they have begun
to flow outward
M uch of the work which has made the
century one of marvellous achievement
could from the nature of the cas e be done
but once B illions of money have been
put into permanent investments
the
splendid business blocks which will stand
for generations public works and ra ilways
Doubtless we shall build many new lines
of road d uring the coming century but we
are not likely to invest
that way A thou sand channels which
were open early in the nineteenth century
are n ow filled and closed We shall have
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.
On e
v
of
ou r
l
arge
lif
e - in s u ra n ce
c mp
o
an ies
re
c
p
ort s
in
.
Sou th Am eri a , C u ba,
e den , Pru s s ia, Au s tria , H u n
ran e , Ho an d , S
Ru s s ia ,
gary , W u rtemberg, S w itzerl a n d, It a y , an d Ser i a
es t m en ts
F
in Can ada , Cen t ral
c
ll
an d
w
l
28
z
Digiti
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
v
.
Exhau s t ion
of
Ou r
Arabl e
Pu blic
Lan ds
several times as much energy and capital
to invest duri n g the next century as we
have had durin g the last and they will
necessarily seek opportun ity in other
lan d s Precisely as England has for gen
been sending her son s and her
era t ion s
capital to every climate so we from this
time on shall be sen ding American brains
and America n wealth wherever energy
and capital are in demand thus extending
our interests over the earth
2 Let us consider now w hat the ex hau s
tion of ou r arable public lands signifies to
the world
Since prehistoric times the swelli n g
populations of th e Far East have roll ed
outward in ever widening waves For
thousands of years there was an u n occu
pied land toward the sunset At le n gth
the western bound of Europe w as reached
but there was still a New World In smal l
numbers at first and at long intervals the
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29
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expan s ion
adven turous colonists crossed the Atlantic ;
but d uring the nineteenth century the
pressure of population in Europe has sent
to our shores attracted chiefly
by our free lands Civi lization has now
crossed the continent ; an d on the Pacific
coas t the European met the Asiatic
There are no more New Worlds ; further
wes t is the East
O f course population will becom e more
dense in N orth America as it is doing in
crowded Asia an d in m ore crow d ed Eu
rope and immigrants will still come to us ;
but when the wave of migratio n encircle d
the earth it marked the beginning of a
n ew era in the movements of the race
The great migrations have been for
the most part along parallels of latitude
in the North Temperate zon e The ex
hau s tion of the wild lan ds of that latitud e
either by occupation or appropriation
means one of two things v iz a sharper
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30
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
.
,
Exhau s t ion
of
O ur
Arabl e P u blic Lan ds
competition betwee n the peoples of the
Nor th Te m perate zone or a movement
toward the tropics ; indeed it means both
and both h ave already begun
The latte r movement has not been a mi
rat ion but t h e acquisi tion on t h e part of
g
European Powers of vast areas in tropical
regio n s Within the last t w enty years som e
square miles— an area n early one
half greater than the contine n t of Europe
have been seized by European Powers in
tropical and subtropical zones After ages
of in differenc e the Powers sudden ly awake
to the importan ce of the tropics A French
political econ omist M Paul Leroy Beau
lieu says
Ei th er France must become a
great African Power or she will be in a
century or two but a secondary European
Power ; she will count in the world scarce
ly more than Greece or Rumania counts
in Europe
The German press is strongl y
Th C t l f th T p ic
$ t d by M K idd i
p 28
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,
$
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1
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uo e
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n
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on ro
.
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
o
e
ro
s,
Expans ion
advocating a Greater Germany
Italy a
few y ears since made an ex pensive venture
in Africa
Mr Benj amin Kidd thinks this acquisi
tion of te rr itory on the part of Germany
and France indicates the hope of repeating
in Africa t he colonial policy of Great
Britain whereby duri n g the past century
she has extended her au thority to remote
parts of the eart h But the expansion of
E n gland has been the expan sion of her race
She has colonize d her sons and daughters
France with a decreasing bi rth rate cer
t ain l y cannot be preparing to d ispose of a
surplus population O n the other han d
she is attracting immigration from neigh
boring states The Germ ans are a prolific
race and have been migrating for genera
tions but have never shown any interest in
the acquisition of colonies until they be
cam e a manufacturing people The fact
that Germany France and Italy pursue the
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32
z
Digiti
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Ex ha u s tio n
of
Our
Arable P u blic Lan ds
policy of restricted colonial markets serves
to explain sufficiently to the writer their
acquisition of tropical regions
This expansion is primarily an economic
phenomenon After the Napoleonic wars
European nations were
to co n cern
themselves with their in
affairs an d
the recuperation of their wasted resources
Scientific discoveries an d multiplying in
v en tion s by which m en utilized the forces
of nature as never before inaugurated
what might be called an expansi on 1 n w ard
The conquest of nature multiplied prod
u c ts and created wealth more than a dozen
s u bject peoples could have done While
the population of Europe increased fifty
per cent her manufactures increased three
hundred per cent fro m
to
This forced home upon
governments the i n creasing necessity of
foreign markets and open ed their eyes to
the com m ercial value of the n eglected trop
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Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Exh aus tio n
of
Our Arable Public Lan ds
between peoples of the temperate zone
between us and Europeans and between
the various European peoples ; but so far
as industry is concerned these differences
are liable to be largely removed The steel
and iron we once had to bu y of England
are n ow made in the United States A
thousand articles which England once made
for Germany the Germa n s now mak e for
themselves But there are good reaso n s
for believing that manufactures will n ever
be domesticated to any ext ent in the trop
ics Their inhabitants will n aturally get
their livelihood in the easiest way espe
c ia ll
y if that involves no chan ge A gric u l
ture and horticulture are much easier and
more l iberally rewarded in th e tropics than
in the temperate zones I n addition to
larg er crops two or more crops a year may
be gathered On the other hand most
kinds of manufactures will always be more
s uc cessful in the temperate zones tha n in
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35
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Ex pan s ion
the tropics because in the latter the ex c es
sive moisture of the atmosphere is inj u rious
to machinery and because tropical races
are deficient in mechanical ability
Only those races w hich have produced
machinery see m capable of usi n g it with
the best results It is the most advanced
races which are its masters Those races
which like the African and the M al ay are
many centuries behi n d the An glo Saxon in
development seem as incapable of operatin g
complicated machinery as they are of adopt
ing and successfully admi n istering repre
s en t ativ e gover n ment
I t is interesting and i m por tant to note
that the advan ced and the belated race s
We mus t
are not travelling the same path
not suppose that a belated race at a given
point in the path of progress is s u r
rounded by the same c on dit ion s an d beset
by t he same difficulties that a more ad
v an c ed race met when arrived at the same
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36
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Ex ha u s t ion
of
Our
Arable P ublic Lan ds
stage of development Nor must we im
agine that the belated race will some day
reach the s a me development as that of the
advanced race at the present time They
are travelli n g different roads which involve
diff erent condition s a n d therefore dif
The difference between
feren t results
races and civilizations is not simply one of
time and of degree but on e of kind
The negro for instance on emancipa
tion in the United States was thrown into
the midst of an advanced industrial sys
tem and of matured political and relig
ious institutions He cannot by devel op
ing them develop himself All he can do
is to accept the m and to adj u st himself to
them in a passive spirit Go back to the
time when the develo pment of our white
ancestors was at the stage represented by
the American negro to day The condi
tions of life then — physical industrial and
moral— differed profoundly from those of
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37
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
,
Expan s ion
the present time O ur Anglo Saxon an
if
we
call
him
Anglo
Saxon
a
m
oest e r
)
y
(
when emerging from barbarism did not
have all the tools and appl ian ces of a high
indu strial civilization awaiting his appro
i
n
He
was
driven
to
riation and u s e
p
v en tion by necessity which is its mother
He was n ot born i n to a highly organize d
society whose framework was law an d
whose atmosphere was liberty within l a w
His eye was not dazzled by pampering
luxuries within such easy reach that they
were ofte n chosen at the expense of whole
some necess aries The climate and all the
conditions of life were kindly severe He
was forced to stru ggle and that struggle
developed a strength and fibre of character
otherwise impossible It is those quali
ties slowly acquired throu gh long ages of
struggle and born i n Anglo Saxo n s to day
rather than the lands the riches the in
du s trial social and political institutions
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38
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Exha u s tio n
w hic h
i n to
of
Arable Public Lan ds
Our
they
born ,
are
that make
Anglo Saxons free an d mighty
Scientists tell us that w hen man became
su fficiently intelligent to i n ve n t a tool it
put a stop to the further development of
the hand
S ays Professor Dr u mmond
As the hand was given more and more
to do it beca me more and more adapted to
its work Up to a point it responded di
re ct l
y to each new duty that was laid upo n
it But o n ly up to a point There came
a time whe n the necessities became too
numerous and too varied for adaptation to
keep pace w ith them A n d the fatal day
came— the fatal day for the ha n d— when he
who bore it made a new discovery I t
was the discove ry of tools Henceforth
what the ha n d used to do and was slowly
beco m in g adapted to do bett er was to be
don e by external applian ce s So that if
anythi n g new arose to be do n e or to be
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p
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1 02
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Exp an s ion
better do n e it was not a better hand that
was now made but a better tool Tools
are external hands Levers are the exten
sions of the bones of the arm H am mers
are callous substitutes for the fist Kn ives
do the work of nails The vise and the
pincers replace the fingers The day that
cave man first split the m arrow bone of a
bear by thrusting a stick into it and strik
ing it home w ith a s t on e —that day the
doom of the hand was sealed
In the course of many ages the hand
might have been developed to doi n g many
things w ithout tools which it can n ow do
only with them By means of invention
the hand accomplished the desired object
much soo n er but at the expe n se of further
development
Something precisely like this would
seem to apply to the belated races when
brought into close contact with the ad
v anc ed races
Supplying them with tool s
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Exhau s t ion
of
Arable
Ou r
Public
Lan ds
and manufactures gives them many things
for which they would otherwise have
waited for ages but will probably serve to
arrest their development of mechanical
ability They will not become inventive
because they will not have to The be
lated races will have many helps which
the advanced races did not have ; but
helps are often hindrances precisely as
hindrances are often helps
Among races as a m ong individuals of
the same race there will be permanent
diff erences of temperament and tendency
of adaptation and skill
And these in
herent difieren c es together with those of
climate and of n atural resources will
afford a permanent basis for the o rgani
zat ion
of a world industry and a world
commerce
As w e have seen these differences will
always be most radical between the peo
ples of the temperate zones and those of
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CHAPTER II
Our
N ew
Man ufac t urin g Sup re m acy
nations long since y ielded to the
United S tates the first place in agric u l
ture We produce thirty two per cent of
the world s foo d supply t hough we have
only about five per cent of the world s
population
Russia is the next largest
producer ; an d she with eight per cent of
the human family supplies less than nine
teen per cent of the world s food
Europeans have been accustomed to
think of the United States as the world s
great farm ; to be suddenly aroused to the
fact that it has become also the world s
great workshop adm inisters a shock to our
competitors across the water and requires
TH E
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Our
N e w M an ufac t urin g S up re m acy
a readjustment not only of ideas but also
of methods and policies
The fir st great step was to con quer the
home market ; and our manufacturers have
been so intent on this that they have
hardly been aware of the existence of
world markets We have been good cus
t om ers of the European peoples ; and they
not knowing our standard of living have
not appreciated the fact that the large
bills of goods w hich they sold us were a
mere bagatelle compared with what we
produced and consumed at home
Thus our manufactures grew almost u n
noticed until we took the second step
which was to invade successfully the mar
kets of the British colonies an d those of
Asia and Africa which has now been fol
lowed by the third viz to dispute with
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As
l
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1 880,
l
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e n ou r
c
ch
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tota im
t o $667, 954, 000, ou r t ot a m an u fa t u re s
—
ly tw ic
n ear
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p
orts am ou n t e d
am ou n t ed
ou r
l
t ot a
to
c lt
agri u
u ra
l
Expan sion
the great manufacturing peoples of Europe
their ow n home markets
Speaking of
1 8 98 a German trade paper said :
O ne of
the most characteristic and at the same
time most alarm ing features of the past
year has been the invasion by American
competition not only of Canada M exico
South and Central America I ndia A u s tra
lia an d Japan but also all of the countries
of Europe invading even our old est manu
fac tu rin g centres
The financial panic of 1 8 93 and the
commercial depression which follo w ed
taught our manufacturers some wholesome
lessons The difli cu l ty with which they
marketed their goods laid upon them a
new necessity which proved fruitful of
many inventions and of more economical
processes In the sharp competition which
existed only the lowest possible price
could effect a sale and as the lowest cost
of production could be reached only with
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M anu fac t u ring Supremacy
O u r N ew
a large output the in evitable result was
the glutting of the home market This
forced our manufacturers to attempt
foreign m a rkets which their experience
since 1 8 93 enabled them to do w ith
success
The excess of our ex pe rts over our im
port s in 1 8 94—
5 was
the next
year i t was over
the next
nearly
the next
and while we had this enormous
0 00
balance in our favor all of the European
nations showed m ore or less of a deficit in
their balances of trade That of Germany
was
and that of England w as
The next year 1 8 98—9 our
bal ance was
The falling off
fro m the preceding year was in our agri
cultural not our manufactured products
The la tter have more than doubled in the
las t six years havin g risen from
in 1 8 99 while
1 1 8 in 1 89 3 to
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Expan s io n
the first eight months of the present fiscal
year sho w a large increase over the corre
s on din
p
g mo n ths of the preceding and
thousands of our factories are now runni n g
day and night
In 1 8 98 for the first time in our history
ou r manufactured exports ex ceeded
our
manufactured impor ts ; and with that year
our new supremacy as a manufacturing
nation may be said to have been recog
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The United States is now rapidly gain
ing a footing in the markets of the world
M ore than a hundred of ou r locomotives
are at work in Japan Russia has nearly a
thousand of them Lord Beresford found
American engines in use on the Shanhai
kwan Railway i n China An English con
tractor had taken Baldwin locomotives be
cause the English price was
with
twenty four months to deliver while the
American price was
with four and
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O u r N e w M an ufac t u rin g S u p re m ac y
half months to deliver We are n ow
sending our locomotives to M exic o Colom
bia Peru Chili Bolivia Brazil the Argen
tine and to Egypt ; and not only to Asia
Sout h America an d Africa but to Europe
also— Spain Italy France and at last to
England herself
Until 1 8 99 there had
been but one of our locomotives in Great
B ritain
We have now received orders
from practically every railway in the king
dom
We are also sendi ng many steel rails
abroad to Japan China Russia Asia Minor
and elsewhere Pittsburg works have taken
an order from Australia for
tons
against E n glish bidding and against the
same competition the Carnegies have se
cured an order from the Cape for
tons This company has agreed to deliver
to the Russian Government
tons in
two years and two months All of the
rolling stock rails sleepers and other ma
on e
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,
O u r N e w M an u fac t u ring S u p re m a cy
complete the work in one year for about
The demand for American mach inery is
a lready world wide
O ne firm has received
orders in a single month from England
France Germany Austria Russia Sweden
Belgium Egypt So uth Africa Australia
New $ ealand Patagonia the Argentine
Chili and Canada
We are sending a g reat variety of manu
factures to South Africa—agricultural im
m
n ts
l
e
e
carpenters tools screws c orru
p
gated sheet iron wire fenci n g ice manu
fa ct u ring apparatus office and house fur
and safes A writer states that
n it u re
nearly all the f u rniture in Preside n t K ru
ger s house bears American trade marks
The Kimberley diamond mines the largest
in the world use American machinery al
most exclusively because as the managers
say it i s cheaper and works better
O ur electri cal machinery is unequalled
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Expans ion
an d is going all over the worl d American
companies secured the contracts for equip
ping the municip al tramway lines of Glas
gow including the first thousand cars
These contr acts aggregate about
O ne of these com pan ies has con
00 0
tracts also in L on d on Bristol Shefli eld
and Dublin
It shou ld be borne in min d that on
whatever manufactures we send to Europe
we pay the freight als o whatever tariff
charges there may be and are then able
to lay them down for less than it costs
our European competitors to pro d uce them
There is reason to believe that Amer
ican manufacturers are to become the
masters of the world s markets and that
our supremacy is to be perm an en t for the
five prin cipal condi tions of su ccessful com
petition in open markets are all in our
favor Let u s look at them
1 In modern m an ufactures coal is ki n g
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O u r N ew M an u fa c turin g S up re m acy
and iro n is his sceptre
The coal sup
ply of E urope is distributed as follows :
Russia has
squ are miles ( said to
be of poor quality ) ; Great Britain
Germany
France
Belgiu m
Spain an d other countries
M uch of England s strength both on
land and sea comes from her coal which
is concrete power But her coal lies
feet below the surface in a temperature
of m ore than a hun dred degrees There
are prophecies that the supply will be ex
hau s ted in fif ty years ; and the price is ris
ing
Our coal lies near the surf ace and is be
coming cheaper The supply is several
times t hat of all Europe and is practically
in exhaustible W e have relied chiefly on
states east of the Mississippi to furnish us
with coal ; but excepting Minnesota it is
found in every state an d territory west of
the great river We have
s quare
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Exp an s io n
miles of coal measures twenty one times the
area of all the coal fields of Great Britain If
all England Scotla n d and Wales were one
solid bed of coal that would not equal
one half of our coal s u pplies as yet u n
touched
tons ; in
I n 1 86 0 we raised
and in 1 8 9 7 the out
1 8 90
put was
tons about one third
of the production of the world
2 This is the iron age or rather t h e age
of steel which is entering more and more
into construction of every sort I ron is
supplanting wood both on land and sea
It is supplanting muscle both of man and
beast This is an age of manufacture an d
machinery is of iron This is an age of travel
and railways are of iron This is an age of
commerce an d ships are of iro n It is an
age of great and growing navies an d
battle ships are of iron It is an age of
steam power and iron is its harness It
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Our
N ew M an u fac t urin g Supremacy
is an age of electricity an d iron is its
medium
England has had the high grades of iron
ore which are requisite for steel but she
now has to import them It is only a few
years since she co uld produce iron an d steel
more cheaply than we Now not only are
coal and iron cheaper at the pit mouth in
the United States than in Great Britain
but our processes of conversion are more
economical so that we can prod uce cheaper
pig though we pay higher wages Eng
land has held the iron sceptre of the
world but it is passing to us Some tw o
years ago the L on don Tim es said
In
more way s than on e the situation in the
iron and steel trades in Great B ritain is at
the present time peculiar and em barrass
ing America seems only to have made a
beginn in g in the iron an d steel export
trad e yet they have already exceeded Ger
many in machinery as well as pig an d
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Expan s io n
have nearly equall ed England Ame rican
machine ry is now kn own the world over
American nails are fast taking the place of
those from Germany and Belgium Ameri
ca n freight s eern s to have entirely monopo
l ized all steamers sailing for China
A generation ago whe n the Jersey Cen
tral Railroad laid steel rails it im ported
them at $ 1 5 0 a ton A few years since we
were expo rting steel rails at $ 1 5 per ton
The demand now enables us to export
them at a much higher figure
A generation ago a furnace which would
make twelve to n s of iron a day was a
wonder Mr Carnegie s great furnaces n ow
produce 5 00 tons a day ; and a bl ast furnace
was started not lo n g ago in Youngstow n
O hio whose capacity is 600 tons every
twe n ty four hours
O ur output of pig iron was only
tons in 1 8 60 I n twenty years it rose to
tons In 1 8 90 it was
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O u r N e w M an u fac t u rin g S u prem acy
t ons ;
and in 1 89 8 it reached
tons—al most a million ton s a m onth
which placed us in the lead of Great
Britain the next greatest producer by
more than
tons About one
third of the world s supply came from our
furnaces
O ur leadership in making steel is still
more marked The production of the prin
c i al countries of the world in 1 8 9 8—the
p
last year for which statistics are av ailable
was
tons ; of which we made
tons German y followed nex t
tons ; then E n gland with
w it h
tons which was but little more
than one half of our output
O ur supply of iron ore like that of coal
which is its complement is practically
inexhaustible In addition to the well
known deposits of the East the West is
wonderfully rich in iron Not a single
state w est of the M ississippi is denied it
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O u r N ew M an u fac t u rin g Supre m acy
of low w ages is a very diff eren t thing
from that of low labor cost The cheapest
labor may be the most expensive a n d the
highest priced may be the most economical
The introduction of machinery makes the
question of the cost of labor much more
than a mere question of wages
A fe w years ago a German expert after
investigating the shoe industry of M assa
ch u s ett s reported to his government that
he found the average wages of operatives
were $ 1 5 per week and the average labor
cost per pair of shoes forty cen ts ; while
si milar workme n in Germany received $ 4
per week an d the average labor cost per
pair of shoes was fift y eight cents In this
instance the German wage of sixty six cents
a day was forty fiv e per cent more ex pen
sive than the American wage of
The difference w as due to the use
a day
of machinery which oftentimes cannot be
successfully operated by the cheap laborer
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Expan sion
T he Consul General of the United States
at Yokohama reports to our State Depart
ment that watch making in Japan is not
profitable notwithstanding wages are only
twenty or twenty fiv e cents a day as again st
$ 3 a day paid to American workmen ; an d
lack of skill among the mechanics is one of
the reasons assigned
O n the continent a weaver usually r u ns
two looms while the more intelligent oper
ative in England may run four In the
U nited States it is not unusual for a weaver
to run eight or ten ; and in the case of the
Northrup loom it is said an expert can run
twenty four
Workmen in America are quicker both
in brain and hand than in Europe which
is due partly to a more stimulating climate
and partly to a better d iet O ur machinery
is usu ally superior but with the same
machine the American workman will turn
out more work than the foreigner
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O u r N ew M an ufac t urin g Supremac y
A nu mber of instances have already been
given of Americans taki n g contracts to
complete work in one h alf or one third of
the time desired by English con tractors I t
may be worth while in this connection
to quote from the remarks of General
Lord Kitchener at the opening of the
Atbara bridge on the Cape to Cairo
railway He said : As regards this mag
n ific en t bridge
it can fairly claim a rec
ord Every effort was made to place the
order for it in England but it was found
impossible to have it completed in the nec
essary time But where Englishmen failed
I a m delighted to find that our cousins
across the Atlantic stepped in The open
ing of this bridge to day is due to their
energy ability and the power they possess
in so marked a degree in turning out work
of this magnitude in less time than it can
be done anywhere else
America ns are an exceptionally inventive
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Expan s ion
people Yankee ingenuity is proverbial
Scientific discoveries are apt to find their
earliest practical application in this coun
try ; all of w hich bears on the cost of
production
Reducing all energy to a common stand
ard it is found that in the United States
the productive en ergy of each inh abitant
is
foot tons daily while in Europe
it is only 990 foot tons for each inhabitan t
This means that the working power of
Americans is equal to that of
Europeans
Thus the average American farm laborer
produces four times as much of food prod
u ct s as the average European farm laborer
O ne A m erican miner raises 400 tons of ore
annually the German 2 8 7 the En glish 2 8 5
and the French 2 1 0
This diff erence between peoples is due
chiefly to the diff erence between them in
the use of machinery
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,
O u r N e w M an ufac t u rin g Suprem acy
With the best tools wi t h the most s eie n
t ific and ingenious machinery with the
most intelligen t and nimble workmen it
becomes possible for us to pay higher
wages and yet enjoy the advantage of the
lowest labor cost
4 The fourth great condition of success
ful manufactures is cheap raw materials
O ur great extent of latitude and longi
tude affords us an unequalled variety of
climate and a corre sponding variety of raw
materials
Except luxuries we produce our own
food products and sell to the other manu
We supply about one
fac t u rin g peoples
third of the total output of the world s
useful minerals and metals Forty seven
per cent of the world s non tropical forest
products are American Russia who stands
next to us supplies only sixteen per cent
The world s consumption of cotton in 1 8 99
was
bales of which the United
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Expans ion
States produced
bales Thus
excepting fine wools raw silks and spe
c ific materials peculiar to limited
areas
n ature has made us practically independent
of the world as to raw material s ; and their
production is made cheap by the exceptional
efiec tiv en es s of American labor
5 The fifth great condition of success
in competitive manu factures is access to
markets O n this point it is necessary to
remark only that we lie midway between
E u rope and Africa on the east and Asia
and Australasia on the west while another
continent adjoins us on the south and when
the isthmian canal is cut it will emphasize
the advantages of our position
Now it is a remarkable fact that all of
these fundamental conditions of success in
m anufactures meet in the United States
and constitute a fivefold advantage which
like an outstretched hand can hardly fail
to grasp the Open markets of the world
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Our
N ew M an u fac t u ring S upre macy
There are other important tho u gh s u b
ordinate causes of American success—meth
ods which may be learned and character
is t ic s which may be imitated by our com
t
i
t
ors — but it is significant that four of
e
p
these five advantages which are funda
me n tal and decisive are as inalienable an d
perman ent as our location It is probable
therefore that our manufacturing suprem
acy will remain u n chal lenged
Thus the prophecy of Mr Gladstone
concernin g the United States uttered m any
years ago fi n ds its fulfilment He said :
Sh e will probably become what we are
now the head serva n t in the great hou se
hold of the world the employer of all em
pl oyed because her service wil l be the
most and ablest
It hardly requires the eye of a prophet
or of the son of a prophet to foresee that
ere many years the vast and increasing
exports an d imports of the United States
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O u r N e w M an ufac t u rin g S up re m acy
then came the substitution of iron ships
for wooden in the construction of which
we could not compete with the yards on
the Clyde and the Tyne for Great Britain
had long held the iron sceptre
But as we have already seen that seep
tre has now passed over to us and again
the advantage of cheaper building material
is ours That we have not lost our knack
at shipbuilding would seem to be hinted
by the perennial result of the contests for
the American cup ; and if that is only a
wooden argument on e that is steel
armored an d i n v u ln erable is furnished by
the battle ship O regon
This floati n g
fortress the material of which must n eeds
respond to changes of temperature
steamed from the North Temperate zone
across the Torrid well on to the Frigid at
the H em and then up to the Torrid again
—
a voyage equal to more than half th e
distance aroun d the globe—arriving at her
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Ex pan s io n
destination without having started a rivet
with her guns shotted and rea dy for
battle $ Here is a record unequal led save
by hers elf for after rendering signal ser
vices ou the ever to be re membered T hird of
July 1 8 98 she steamed back again to our
western coast and on across the Pacific to
Manila ; an d when she had cas t anchor in
waters which w ill ever reflect the glory of
the American navy Admiral Dewey cabled
to Washington : The O regon and Iris
arrived to day The O regon is in fit con
dition for any duty
No wond er that an
English admiral Lord Beresford ex
claime d : No navy on earth has a better
ship ; an d no ship in existence has such a
”
record
This vessel be it rem embere d was built
at the U nion Iro n Works San Francisco
W here our civilization is only h alf a century
old No wond er that the exploits of the
”
O regon brought to her makers heavy
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,
Our Ne w M anu fac t u rin g
Suprem acy
ord ers from the Czar followe d by a
contract plac ed with the
Cramps
O f course the building of a battle ship
is a very diff erent thing from the building
of a merchantman The former we have
mastered ; for the la tter we are being
schooled
It has already being pointe d out how
unnoticed by E u rope we achieve d manu
facturin g supremacy by producing for our
great home market In li ke manner we
are learning to build m erchant ships for
the world by building them for o urselves
O ur tonnage engaged in foreign traffic
is s o small that foreigners
( only
an d we ourselves gain the impression that
Am erican shipping is insignifica nt We
nee d to be reminded of our coastwise
river and lake carrying trade the tonn age
of which Senator Frye tells us is nearly if
not qu ite
and greater than the
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Exp ans ion
orrespon ding trade of France Germany
and England combined He adds
It
took last year nearly
tonnage to
carry ou r freight on the Mississippi al one
M ore shi ps sail the Detroit River than
enter Liverpool or London
The Suez
Canal which carries the commerce of the
world passed last year ( 1 8 98 )
tonnage while there were floated through
the l ocks at Sault Sainte Marie
in eight months This fleet moves an
tons of freigh
n u all y
To provide chiefly for this domestic
commerce we have over seventy shipyards
L ast year there were ships b u ildi ng in
them whose tonnage was estimated at
an d whose tot al value was $ 60
We are now in training and
when we enter on the struggle for the
world s shipyards we shall be ready
for it
O ur carrying trade like our m an u fac
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CHAPTER III
Foreign M ark et s A
N ew N ec es s it y
AM ERI CAN manufacturers have prac ti
cally gained control of the h ome market ;
but we no sooner achieve industrial inde
pen den ce than we become suddenly de
pendent As our manufactures increase
we shall become in creasingly dependent
for our well being on foreign markets
We have been so prosperous as a nation
during the past century without exporting
manufactured goods that many fail to ap
rec iat e the fact that a new necessity is
p
upon us
We call ourselves the masters of machi
that machinery
n ery : are we quite sure
is not mastering us ? As yet we have
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Foreig n M ark e t s a
N ew
N e c es sity
only begun to appreciate its profound and
fa r reaching influen ce
It sets the pace at
which we live A few men drive the
machinery and machinery drives all the
rest of us It is not only controlling in
du s t ry : it is redistrib u ting population ; it
is reorganizing society ; it is modifying
na tional policies ; it is reshapin g civiliza
tion
The multiplication of machinery is as
inev itable as if governed by a law of
nat u ral increase ; and especially is this true
amo ng a pioneer people like the Anglo
Saxon In a new country there is always
more work to be done than workmen to do
it A labor saving dev ice is therefore at
a premium A nglo Saxons have for gener
at ion s been on the frontier of civilization
By vi rtue of its training therefore the
An glo S axon mind n atu rally travels by the
hyp othenuse ; it insists on the short cut
though that involves tunneling a mountain
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Foreign M ark et s a
N ew
N e c es s ity
If the elevation of the standard of living
kept even pace with invention the intro
duction of machinery would create no
economic d isturbance ; demand and s u p
ply production and consumption would ex
ac tl
match
and
that
would
be
de
ghtfully
li
y
convenient for all concerned But changes
in the standard of living are always grad
ual while the advent of every invention
however slowly the idea may have been
evolved and perfected is always sudden
Every new application of machinery
means one of two things If the nu mber
of workmen remai n s the same the product
is increased If the product remains the
same the number of work men is reduced
The latter alternative has been so common
that machinery has often aroused the an
tipathy of the mob and still provokes the
doubt if not the protest of the phil an thro
pist
At the beginning of this discussion the
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Expan s ion
writer desires to record his firm conviction
that machinery is ben eficen t beyon d all
calculation I t has carried the m an u factu r
i ng peoples half way to the in d ustrial mil
l e n n iu m
Man is disting u ished from the
brute by his use of tools ; and for thou
sands of years the only power applied to
tools was muscular Water and wind were
earl y utilized for power but only to a
l imited extent
The sail ship had an im
portant influence on commerce and thus
on civilization But the windmill li ke the
water wheel was unequal to producing an
industrial revolution The one was too
unreliable the other too local ; so that up
to the advent of the steam engine the
power which d id the world s work was
muscular suppli e d by man or beast
Mechanical power has certain advantages
over muscular which make it one of God s
greatest gifts to man Muscles tire and
must be recuperated by rest and food The
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Foreign M ark e ts
a
N ew
N e c ess it y
steam engine can work day and night and
has no human wants Tru e it must be fed
but for its food it does not enter into com
petition with animal life Again muscular
po w er can be increased only slowly It
would require many years to double the
world s supply ; meanwhile mouths mul
And inasmuch
tiply as rapidl y as hands
as two pairs of hands could do little more
than provide the necessaries for one family
it was impossible for the world to grow
rich so long as its power was only m us cu
lar M ouths consumed almost as fast as
muscles could produce so that there could
be little accumulation Wealth might be a
massed by a few but usually at the expense
of the many A little lu xury cost a great
deal of poverty There was some l egiti
mate wealth in the world created for the
most part by commerce in which win d
power had been utilized but general ly
speaking down to the age of machinery
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Expan s ion
wealth was the resul t of oppression and
spoliation
B ut wi th machinery came a power which
could be indefinitely increased The only
limit to the world s supply is the demand
for it If occasion required we could in a
short time double our mechanical power
or multiply it tenfold and that too with
ou t increasing the number of mouths in
the world by one
Hence with the advent of m achinery
came a n e w possibility into the world
the blessed possibility of universal abun
dance There are o n ly two steps from
world poverty to world plenty The one
is adequ ate production the other is ade
quate distribution When the latter step
is taken the industrial millennium will be
reache d The first was taken when natural
forces were enli sted in the work of pro
duction It has now become possible by
means of machinery to produce more of
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,
Fo reign M ark et s a
N ew
N e c e s s it y
the necessaries and of the comforts of life
th an the world can co n sume The great
problem remaining is that of distribution
which if I mistake n ot is quite as mu ch
moral in character as it is economic
The problem of distribution is very com
plex and diffic u lt Not a little light how
ever can be thrown on it ; but it will be
a long time before the moral development
of the world will be such as to make ap
plicable the economic solution even after
it is fully thought out
Until the problem of distribution is
solved vast and increasing production is
by no means an unm ixed good I t may
cause industrial paralysis and wide spread
want When markets become thoroughly
glutted prices and wages fall mills an d
factories are closed a n d many are thrown
out of employment Thus a s u perabu n d
ance may cause under consumption be
cause men can not buy unles s th ey have
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Exp an sio n
something to buy with ; an d men ou t of
employment face star v ation in the midst
of plenty
We are now prepared to appreciate
the significance of the fac t that our pro
ductio n has increased far more rapidly
than our popul ation an d without doubt
will continue so to do During the last
half century our population increased
threefold while our manufactures in
creased eighteenfold And our present
manufacturing plant is decid edly larger
than is necessary to supply the home mar
ket Says t he Hon Carroll D Wright
It is incontrovertible that the present
manufacturing and mechanical plant of the
U nited States is greater— far greater
than is needed to supply the d eman d ; yet
it is constantly being enl arged an d there
is no way of preventing the enlarge
”
ment
l
Fo m F b 1 898 p 671
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ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
.
.
Fo reign M a rk e t s a
Nec es s ity
N ew
There is abundant reason for belie v ing
that continued enlargement is inevitable
Attention was called in the first chapter to
the fac t that while our capital is in creas
ing more rapidly than ever many of the
fields which have attracted it d u ring the
past century are now occupied In view
therefore of the superior advantages of
manufactures in this country pointed out
in the preceding chapter it is certain that
much of this superfluous capital w ill seek
investment in ma n ufactures
M oreo v er in our manufacturing and
mechanical industries the actual produc
tion of our present plant is far below its
possible maximum In the article quoted
above Mr Wright estimates that in 1 8 9 0
which was a normal year our production
was less than seventy three per cent of our
ful l ca pacity N ow we may reasonably
infer that as the very marked adva n tage
of running a plant up to its full capacity
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Fo re ig n M ark e t s a
N e c es s i t y
N ew
be twice as large as if only 6 00 tons had
been run
O ur laying hold of this principle was
one of the reasons why we were able to
enter European home markets ; and it
accounts for the fact that many articles
of American man ufacture can be bought
cheaper in Europe than here
S o great an advantage when competi
tion is sharp would m ake all the diff erence
‘
.
.
,
,
h will
lik th f mili ld
p t w m wh
lw y ld littl b
t y f th
m
ll i g g t m y
d m d h
l w c t
y by
t t m
t
h w v i c p bl f d m t t i
Th
t
m th
d y
900 t
600 t
p
p
p
M k t p ic
f th p d
m th
t
d y
p
At 600 t
d y th c t i $4 68 p
t
t
p
p
At 900 t
l vi g p fit f 28 c t p t
t
p
d c d t
l vi g p fit f 74 c t
d y th c t i
1
os
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on s
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s a e
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ea
p er t on
N ow
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th p fi t
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s re
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p e r m on t
ea
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es s
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74
en t s
es e
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a re
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ed
$
an
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er
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on s
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ro
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p er m on t
x 74
ru n p e r day
s
os t,
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en s
h wh
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If th e
th e
ton s
p er t on , m ak e $ 1 3, 320 in s tea d
t on s m i g t be s o d for
th en
l v p fit
ea
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of
Digitiz
c
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on s
r
a
n
p er day ; an d
en 900 ton s
t on s i s
,
So t
l
th e
reas e of
on
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er
en s
o
ro
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rem ain in g
of
on
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X 28
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ro
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er ,
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ean u
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t o m an y
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T is
c
by Mi
ros oft$
ro
h
s
l
in s tea d
Expan s io n
between success and failure ; and when gen
erall
y recognized must operate powerfully
to s timulate production up to f ull capacity
Again another reason for anticipating
that our production will continue to in
crease is the fact that it is stimulated by
competition
Sharp competition brings
down prices and the first effect of falling
prices is an enlarged output ; for if the
margin of profit is cut in two the output
must be doubled in order to sustain the
dividends So that until an actual glut is
reached the natural result of competition
among our own manufacturers and be
t w een them and foreigners will be a ten
den cy to stimulate production to the high
est possible limit of capacity It appears
therefore that our ever increasing produc
tion will render an ever expanding foreign
market n ecessary to o ur industrial welfare
The industrial depression which fol
lowed the panic of 1 8 9 3 resulted at length
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Foreign M ark et s a
N ew
N ec es s ity
in a glut of our home market and produc
tion fell far below our maxim um capacity
but even then our production was a third
greater th an our consumptio n —s o Senator
Frye tells us What if our manufactures
were stimulated to a point approximating
our possible maximum production and
then the doors of foreign markets were
suddenly closed against us by hostile legis
lation 9 Then would follow such a con
gestion of our home market and such a
paralysis of industry and suc h distress as
we have never known in our history
Furthermore the eff ects of invention
must be taken into account for as we
have seen it will not and cannot cease
even in a time of great industrial depres
sion
Indeed glutted markets are the
greatest stimulus to invention When the
great problem of the manufacturer is to
market his goods a n ew process or a new
machine which will dispen se with the
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Expan s ion
labor of a large number of men so
cheapens the product that he is enabled
to undersell his competitors and prosper
while other men fail Probably no period
in our history of the same length has pro
du c ed so many labor saving inventions as
the several years of industrial depression
which followed the panic of 1 8 93
In the plant referred to above a new ap
plian c e e n abled two men to put through
forty eight ton s of ore a day where pre
v ious l
y six men could put through only
eighteen tons At Homestead Pa I was
told in 1 8 98 that with about the same
number of men the outpu t was four times
as large as it had been in 1 8 92 In those
works the adoption of an electric crane
enabled one man to handl e the coal which
had required sixty men only six years be
fore
Inasmuch as in v entio n greatly increases
ro
d
uction
it
is
evident
that
many
men
p
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,
Foreign M ark e t s a
N ew
N e c ess ity
must be thrown out of employment by it
un less there is a corresponding enlargement
of the market
In East L iverpool O hio a potter ih
vented a machine w hich dispenses wi th two
assistants and enables the workman to turn
out 2 00 d ozen cups a day instead of 5 0
dozen As the company for which he
worked was unable to increase its sales he
was permitted to work only one day in
four and was laid off the other three O f
course a company adopting that machine
must either sell four times as many cups or
dis charge three quart ers of its men
We are tol d that the pneumatic atom
izer enables one unskilled laborer to paint
more freight cars than can fifteen skill ed
han d workers while with the eight pound
pneuma tic hammer the workman d rives
more nails rivets more boilers calks more
s eam s an d cuts more stone than can twenty
”
In making
m en with old er appliances
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Digiti
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c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expan s ion
shoes one man now does the work formerly
d one by s ixty In preparing material for
musical instruments machinery makes a
boy to day equal to t w enty fiv e men a few
years ago In the manufacture of paper
of steel and of certain grades of tinware
ninety per cent of the l abor formerly em
ployed has been displaced In the pro
duction of paper h an gin gs one man n ow
d oes the work which once required a
hundred In England one man w ith ma
chinery spins
times as much cotton
yarn as the hand workman whom the ma
chine displaced
Tables prepared under the supervision
of Mr Wright sho w that in forty lead in g
manufacturing industries taken together
the pro ductive power of the labor unit
was fift y per cent greater in the ninth
th an in the eighth decade ; and it is prob
able that the results of the late census
will show a gr eater increase during the
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Foreign M ark et s
a
N ew
N ec ess ity
past ten years than during an y like period
preceding
It is true that machinery not only dis
places labor but also creates it ; and
whether it displaces more or creates more
is a debated question But those who take
the latter position acknowledge (what is
quite obvious) that for the time bein g it
throws many out of employment M any
thus displaced are skilled work m en who are
too old to acquire new technical skill and
are forced back into the class of unskilled
labor thus crowding ranks already full
and involving in hardship many more than
those who are directly thrown out of a job
It was remarked in the second chapter
that the first stage of our manufacturing
development was the gainin g of the home
market which stage continued almost u p to
the present year During this period the
introduction of new machinery threw com
parativ ely few out of employment Instead
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Fore ign M ark et s
N ew
3
N ec es sity
laid on us a new necessity I f we do n ot
secure foreign markets or in other words
if our markets do not contin ue to expand
the progress of invention will throw men
out of e m ployment as never before
The economic results of such an ex peri
en c e would be serious e n ough but it wo ul d
also be attended by social and political con
sequen ces of the gravest character Men
who are long idle whether that idleness is
voluntary or enforced usually degenerate
both physically an d morally And if to
idleness is added want mischief is doubly
sure to follow Want w hen it is wide
enough and desperate enough becomes rev
At this poi n t a multitude of
ol u t ion ar
y
social philosophers come forward w ith a
remedy as sure as it is simple
Here is
the idle land ; here are the idle men Put
”
the two together an d the problem is solved
T he suggestion is even more s imple than
its authors suppose
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Digitiz
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Expan s io n
In the age of homespun idle men coul d
be provided for so long as there were idle
acres and each family could live in a little
industrial world of its own ; but that age
passed forever when agriculture becam e a
part of the world s organized industry and
so came un der the law of supply and de
mand
O nce the skilled handiwork of the
farmer and his wife provided for all the
common wants of their household and
made them industrially independent Now
they raise produce for the market and w ith
the proceeds buy everyt hing but their food
— and much of that He cannot sell u nless
the world wants to bu y and the amount of
food that the world can eat is limited
No one would think of solving the prob
lem by setting all the idle men to making
pig iron because that would produce an
oversupply and ruin the market It is
just as possible to overstock the food
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Digitiz
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ros oft$
Fo re ign Mark e t s
3
New Ne c es s it y
market as the iron market It has been
done repeatedly and much to the detri
ment of the farmers notably in 1 8 8 8
But some one says : The cases are n ot
parallel because men cannot eat pig iron
They could at least get their food by going
back to that most natural most ancient
and most honorable occupation— the culti
vation of the soil
But men do not live
by bread alone They must have clothing
furniture appliances How much food
could m en get out of the soil without
tools
I f the labor problem is to be solved by
the return of idle men to the soil one of
three thin gs must take place They must
sell their produce in open market and with
the proceeds provide for the thousand wants
of the modern civilized man ; or they with
their wives must learn a hal f dozen trades
apiece th at with their ow n hands they may
provide for their own wants as their fore
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Digitiz
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Expan s ion
bears did ; or they must go with these
wants unsupplied Let us glance briefly at
these alternatives
1 In order to supply the many wants
of modern civilized life as they have been
in the habit of doin g by purchase these
men newly brought to the soil must gain
the market But how shall these former
mechanics compete successfully with farm
ers to the manner born 2 As well might
the farmers go into the cities and expect
to compete successfully with artisans at
their own trades Agriculture is becoming
more and more of a science demanding
special traini n g
V ery w ell then it is said
let u s
train these men and so make them success
ful farmers
L et us suppose that this
more than doubtful expedient succeeds
Take
idle men from our cities and
put them on the soil They succeed in
getting the market but onl y by crowding
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ros oft$
Fo reign M ark et s a
N ew
N ec es s ity
other farmers out of the market
The world isn t goin g to eat several hun
dreds of millions of bushels of produce in
addition to its presen t consum ption simpl y
to oblige
farmers I t is true peo
ple starve but it is not because the world
lacks food ; it is bec ause starving people
lack means wi th which to buy the food
The lack is not of production but of dis
t ribu t ion
To increase production beyon d
the m eans of distribution does not help
matters one iota As has been shown it
even reduces con sumption
If therefore the
men taken
from the city succeed on the farm they do
so only at the expense of
other
m en whom they drive from the farm to
the city
We must recognize the fact that men
have left the farm for the city because
forced to do so by economic conditions
which are imperative To produce our
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Digitiz
ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
Ex pan s io n
gricultural staples in 1 8 70 one man w as
employed to every seventeen acres culti
v ated ; in
1 8 90 there was o n ly one to
every twenty six acres If the s ame meth
ods ha d been employed in 1 8 90 as in 1 8 70
there would have been required
more farm laborers than actually foun d
employment on the farm This means that
the application of machinery to agriculture
durin g those twenty years forced
men ( in addition to their families ) to live
in the city who w ould otherwise have li ve d
on the farm
We might a s well advise men to stay in
the factory notwithst an ding they are dis
placed by machinery as to ad vise them to
remain on the farm notwithstanding they
are displaced by machinery In each case
the machinery becomes the mas ter of the
men
f ll
di c
i
f th
Fo
ff ct
f m ch i ry o
di t ib ti
f p p l ti
th
th
th
Tw
Ch p II
t i th C t y City
a
,
-
.
-
.
.
.
‘
.
1
e re
e
r a
u
s r
en ur
u
er
s
on o
u s s on
o
$
,
u a
a
.
o
e e
on ,
e
s ee
.
96
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
s o
a
e au
or s
'
ne
n
en
Fo reign M ark e ts a
N ew
N e c es sity
Thus it appears that un der existing
economic conditio n s men cann ot go from
the city to the farm without dri v i n g as
many m ore from the farm to the city
which contributes nothing to the solution
of the problem
2 The second al ternative is that these
new farmers and their wives learn a half
dozen trades each so as to be able to sup
ply their wants without eit her selling or
buying But that would be goi n g back
into the age of homespun and th at is n ot
the direction in which the world is mov
ing The division of labor has at the
same time w on derq y multiplied the
number and improved the quality of the
comforts of life Indus trial progress is
from indivi dual to organized in dustry
Progress brings its problems which must
ever find their solution in more progress
The backward look never sees the way out
Economic laws are as com pulsory as
,
.
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,
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,
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,
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97
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Fo re ign M ark e ts
N ew
3
N e c es s ity
Here then is the situation The arti
san thrown out of employment by the
progress of invention can n ot go back to
the idl e soil He cannot become a farmer
but be can become a r ev olu ti on is t The
harnessing of natural forces unharnesses
human muscles Without foreign markets
the new applications of machinery will
transfer regiment after regiment from the
industrial army to the army of the u n
employed and the discontented
Let us
not forget that in 1 8 77 after a period of
long i n dustrial depression we had railway
riots in ten American cities ; and ball and
bayonet did their work amid incendiary
fires
O ur cities already contain quite
enough of social dynamite for the safety of
civilization
The twen tieth century city
is the point of peril
As to America
said Lord M acaulay
I appeal to the
twentieth century
To an American who
had sent him a Li fe of Jefferson he wrote
,
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,
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,
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.
,
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,
,
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-
.
$
.
,
$
,
’7
.
$
,
99
Digitiz
ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
Exp ans ion
Your government will never be able to
restrain a distressed and discontented ma
for
with
ou the majority is the
ority
y
j
governmen t The day will come when in
the State of New York a multitude of
people not one of wh om has had more
than half a breakfast or expects to ha v e
more than hal f a dinner will choose a
legislature
Either some Caesar or
Napoleon will seize the reins of govern
ment with a stron g hand or your republic
will be as fearfully plundered and laid
waste by barbarians in the twentieth cen
tury as the Roman Empire was in the
fi fth : with this diff erence that the Hu n s
a n d V andals who ravaged the Roman Em
pire came from without an d tha t your
Huns and Vandals will have been engen
dered within your own country and by
”
your own institutions
Enforced idleness and hunger are capa
able of breeding Hun s an d Vandals even
.
,
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,
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,
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,
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1 00
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Fo reign M ark et s a
N e c e s s ity
N ew
in this age a n d land of plen ty
And idle
ness and hun ger would certainly follow
the cutting off of foreig n markets
England was once the workshop of the
world France and later Germany de
cided to supply their own home markets
They succeeded and n ow like the United
States they are seeking outlets for their
surplus products During the last h alf
century European man ufactures have risen
from
to
This increase of production has led the
European Powers to acquire tropical re
gions nearly one h al f greater than all
Eur ope But while European m an u fac
tures were increasing threefold ours in
creas e d sixfold and we too must find an
outlet
All this means that the great m an u fa c
turing peoples are about entering on an in
du s trial conflict which is likely to be much
more th an a thirty y ears war and like
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Digitiz
ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
Foreign M ark et s a
N ew
N e c e s s it y
competitive manufactures I t is
not the ultim at e way out of course for it
cannot continue always there are limits to
this earth of ours an d we shall not estab
li sh an interstellar commerce But the
ultimate is a long way off and does n ot
concern us in this discussion Industrial
expansion is a present necessity and will
continue to be until the nations learn to
substitute industrial c o operation for ind u s
trial competition
c es s it
y to
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Digitiz
ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
CHAPTER IV
The N ew C hin a
‘
W H EN a nap of some thousands of years
comes to an end it is an event worth
noting especially if the awakening be that
of a giant
A s long ago as the seventh century
Confucius face was set toward the
B o
,
.
’
.
.
,
h ch pt w w itt b f th p
t
tb
k
h d cc
d
I
i
w iti g it
C hi
f
Th v i l c
f th
pp it i t f ig which i w
h w i t tim y t t h wid xt t f f ig i fl c
tb
t i
Th i
ly t m p y i t pt i i th
f m ti
f Ch i
Th ch g
which w ll b
t
will c t i ly c t i b t p m bly d th di
g
f th
lli d P w
ti
t b f g tt
It m t
th t m
li t d
y Ch i
i
d
i pi d by i t
pi it Th
b h lf f p g
v l f t h im p v m t i t d c d by f ig
h
b
c g i d by m y d i v t i
c f d d
htd
l dy b c m
c it i F i t c m d
m il it y w p
Chi
will v g b ck t
; th
1
T is
n
na
o
er
a
o
o en e
e
s
a
n
s
s a
ran s or
on
on o
on
on o
e a
o
no
e
a
a ue
o
n
e
o
ro
e
n ze
a e
a rea
e rn
a re
ar
a
ers
o
ea
e
o
r
n
s
ore
es
a
rea
n
n
on
er
no
u en
e.
n
a re
un
.
e
e
e
e
rec
.
en
,
a
an
a re
ns
n ro
an
e
n e s e a re en
re
es
.
n es e
c
by Mi
ore
on s on
a
1 04
ed
s s
e
u
n no
n e es s
e
on s
Digitiz
or re
n erru
re s u
ou
re s en
n ers
o
en
an
u
en s
an
ore
orar
e
e
res s a n
e
o
e e
n u e,
or
ro
een re o
e
e
n o reas on
on
na.
er a n
e
os
on
un
us
s ee
o
s
e ore
en
.
e o
u rs
a
r
u rre
o
es
ou
as
ros oft$
e
r
e
.
n ers
ea re
or
n s an
ne
er
o
s e
e,
a
as
an
o
o
Chi n a
T h e N ew
past He boasted that he invented noth
ing complained that the times were de
cadent and advocated reform by returni n g
to the customs of the ancients The
Chinese place the begin n ing of their fir st
cycle some 2 000 y ears before Confucius
and as this sage has been
( 2 63 7
accepted by all succeeding generations as
their supreme teacher we may reasonably
infer that the Chinese have been looking
backward ever since his day at least
About the time of Confucius King
Josiah was prosecuting his reforms in
Judah If the latter reformer had paid a
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
h i tiq t d m Th i v l t h
d m il
f
t l g ph h v
t
f i t t
g ht t h m th v l
mm
ic t i
P ki g
b tw
d t h d i t t p vi c
Th 350 m i l
f
i lw y i
p t i f m t im
w d t by th h t d f ig d vil b t by th Chi
m t by which t h
c t ct d d i
G v
o d w
c t ll d
M d
civili ti h b
l dy dmitt d d
t b c t
t
Th
lib t d g i
v gi b
I l k f
th
f lfill m t f G
lG t
im p i
d
p ph cy t h t i l t h h lf c t y E p will b
c m pl i i g f th t
pid dv c f Chi
t
e r
ua e
an
ra
e e
co
a
un
a
,
no
on ro
o
no
e
o
ra
a
n
,
e
n
ou s an
e
a ue o
an
e
era
o
ore
a e
e ra
r a
or s o
”
ro
n
e
on s ru
es
.
e , are
e
u
,
as
n s an aneou s
s an
on
e
es o
n es e
an
e
s
.
za
as
r s on e
ro
se
n
e
,
ern
e
ee n
e
en
o ern
e r
.
e
e
es o
ne
s
au
e
on
e
o
ar
e
a n n
ou
.
oo
.
a
o
n
e
on
as
een a rea
e
era e
or
e
an
es s
oo ra
en e
u
a
a
en
a
an
e o
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
e
can n e
o
en u r
1 05
Digitiz
a
,
an
er a
en era
u ro
na
.
c an
a n
ran
e
e
’
s
e
The N ew
Chin a
Probably several causes c o operated to
arrest the dev elopment of Chinese civiliza
tion An obvi ous and efficient one w as
her geographical isolation Hemmed in
by an impas sable ocean on on e sid e and
by almost equall y imp as sable deserts and
mountain s on the other three she became
a worl d by herself Civilization like matter
has its law of inertia and if at rest re
mains at rest without some external im
pulse Isolation means stagnation
For many centu ries China s knowledge
of the outside world w as confined to the
savage aboriginal tribes on her frontiers or
inhabiting the islands which fringe her
coast So that the record of L ord
M ac artney s embassy in 1 792 passed into
Chinese history as Barbari ans bringing
tribute to China
Why shoul d she accept ideas from
barbarians ? Why should she ch ange
when she had already reached a celestial
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1 07
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ed
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Expansion
perfection ? China s exclusiveness has kept
her ignorant ; her ignorance has kept her
self s atisfied ; her self satisfaction has kept
her conservative
But contact with the world has slowly
done its work and at length in the Chino
Japanese war Japan dealt her a blow whi ch
fairly cracked her shell of insuff erable self
conceit and let in some nineteenth century
The result of that war forced on
li ght
every Chinaman who could reason one of
two conclusions viz either the Japanese
whom the Chinese had always despised
were s uperior to themselves or the western
civilization which the Japanese had adopt
ed was in some respects superior to their
own The latter alternative was the less
humiliating of the two and was therefore
accepted
Thus many eyes were opened to see the
value of the material side of western civili
China may be indifferent to our
zation
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1 08
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Th e N e w
C h in a
literature and art careless of our culture
and hostile to our social and political ideals
as well as to our religious faith but it has
become impossible for her to be indifferent
to the power or to the m aterial prosperity
of western civi li zation
The practical
Chinaman appraises these at their par
value He has only to recognize them
fully to grasp after them eagerly
We hear Chin a referred to as one of the
”
dying nations as sufferin g dissolution
or vivisection
but it is well to remem
ber that whatever becomes of the Chinese
government the Chinese p eop le are to re
m ain and are destined to become a t rem en
d ous factor in the world s future The
nation has become feeble and the govern
ment imbecile but the people are wonder
fully vi tal
I n Central and South America there
were once high civilizations and powerful
peoples now extinct When Assyria and
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1 09
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
T he N ew C hin a
temperature below zero or at a hundred in
the shade— and all this on a poor diet
Such a people can never be stamped out
Notwithstan ding wars pestilence famine
and flood they have multiplied as have no
others and continu e so to do under the
pressure of population on the means of
subsistence Doubtless with the increase
of transportation facilities which are the
only adequate provision against famine
and w ith enlargin g m anufactures an d com
merce the population will expand
O ne who takes account of world move
ments must reckon w ith Chin a ; an d what
is m ore he must reckon with China a w a k e
The great change is already well un der
way If we would appreciate it we must
compare the China of to day not with Oc
peoples but with the China of
c ide n tal
sixty years ago
In 1 8 40 her every port was eff ectively
closed No foreign consuls were recog
.
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ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
Expan s ion
n ized,
and diplomats who desired to reach
the emperor could do so only through a
tedious and humiliating process
Foreign
”
d evils had no rights which Chinamen
were bound to respect After the opium
war and as a result of it a treaty w as
signed in 1 8 42 by which subjects of Great
Britain were permitted to enter for resi
dence and commerce the one city of Shang
hai This first door opened reluctantly in
1 8 43
Soon like treaties were made with
other powers ; and in 1 88 9 forty six years
later sixteen other cities had bee n added
to the list of treaty ports all of which were
on the coast Since 1 8 95 the number has
increased rapidly and now there are cities
scattered all over the empire some of them
thousands of miles from the coast where
foreigners may resid e and trade Early in
1 898 an edict was issued which permitted
foreigners armed with official passports
to travel to all parts of the empire either
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Digitiz
ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
C hi n a
The N ew
for busines s or pleasure This was soon
foll owed by an oth er permittin g foreign
steam vessels to navigate the rivers of all
prov in ces whi ch have treaty ports ; so that
it has now become possible for foreign
goo ds and foreign influence to penetrate to
the remotest parts of the empire
It is onl y a few years since the first rail
way built in the empire was purchase d and
d estroyed by the govern m ent Now fran
chis es are freely granted ; 3 50 miles are
in operation 2 2 70 miles are being built
an d 3 5 77 miles more are projecte d
China ought to be a very paradise for
railroads
Here is a populous coun
try ful l of great cities and yet almost
d estitute of anyt hing that can be cal led
road s Chines e highways are the worst
on earth The rivers supplemented by
the great canals now in bad repair have
been the chief arteri es of trad e O verland
traffic has d epend ed on coolies ponies,
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Digitiz
ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
The N e w
Chin a
start unless fear or prejudice prevents
their use of which no sign has appeared
I ndeed the people ride back and fo rth
for mere pleasure in wondering and
delighted crowds
With the passenger car supplanting the
sedan chair and the s teamboat displacing
the junk conditions are prepared for almost
any in novation The many applications
of electricity are being made The tele
graph connects most of the great cities with
each other and w ith Peking Science that
modern miracle worker and China have
been introduced Chin a to whose birth
the Christian era d oes n ot reach half way ;
China already aged when R ome was
founded ; China whose locks were gray
when M oses led the children of I srael out
of E gypt Think of China more ancient
than Abraham now traveling by light
riding in electric cars and
n ing express
on bicycles talking by telephone and read
,
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$
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115
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expans ion
ing Confucius by an Edison incandescent
lamp What startling in congruities what
juxtaposition of East and West what con
foundin g of the compass what confusion
of the centuries $ The impossible has
transpired The faculty of wonder is par
We
can
never
again
be
surprised
al zed
y
The Imperial Chinese post office was
opened in 1 8 9 7 and China has now joined
the Postal Union of the world
Clocks and watches are seen every
where ou the coast and are found far in
land whi ch signifies that time is beginning
to be of some worth in China
O ld cash of which it takes seven
pounds to make a doll ar s worth is giv
ing place to silver coinage which indicates
larger transactions and possibly some rise
in the standard of living
The following table containing a very
few of the principal articles of import is
of interest because it shows the increase
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Digitiz
ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
China
The N e w
in twenty years and because their char
acter indicates change in habits an d in in
,
du s tries
.
Art ic les
h
p
Fl
ou n ds
ou r,
c
p
rea d ,
Cotton t
.
ou n ds
.
x
M a t h es g ros s bo
Iron
p
,
an d
ou n d s
m an u fa
N 0 dat a
ct
9,
es
u res of
.
c
i ron ,
ll
ll
K eros en e oil , Ameri an , g a s
Kerosen e oil , Ru s s ian , g a s
SOME
ITEMS
N 0 d at a
N o data
. .
.
OF EXP ORT
FROM
86, 924, 000
THE UNITED
S TATES TO CH INA
.
c
Arti le s
p
c
.
Book s , ma s , etc
Ca rriag es , a rs , et c
in s tru m en ts ,
S i en ti
c
fic
l
.
.
l
te
e
Tot a iron an d s teel
Prin t in g a er
-
pp
.
l
Sa t
W ood
,
an d
manu fac t u res
of
.
The above items an d facts are prophetic
of changes infinitely greater yet to come
.
117
z
Digiti
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
The N e w C hin a
countries the education of women is a
great i n novation but a Chinese ladies
school where Western learn ing is to be
taught has been started by the gen try at
S han ghai In this same city a m u ltim il
l ion aire Chi n aman l eft his wealth to found
an institute for boy s I t is to be m odeled
after such America n institutions as the
Pratt of Brooklyn and the Drexel of Phila
delphia
A n imperial edict has been issued put
ting Western learning on a par w ith Chi
nese lite rature as a condition of obtaining
degrees The officials of the empire are all
drawn from the literati so that to change
the ideas of the Chinese students is to
transform Chin a
This class is being strongly influenced
by the wide distribution of literature
Says Dr W E Griffis : Billions of pages
of gospel tru th of scientific information
an d of po ular knowledge on almost every
p
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Digitiz
ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
Exp ans ion
conceivable department of human progress
have thus been scattere d broad cast all over
China
Nearly a million copies of the
Scriptures or portions of them are sol d
annually The A merica n Presbyt erian
Mission Press at Shanghai issued las t
year
pages of religious litera
ture
Native newspapers are springing up
five having already appeared in Shan ghai
Such instrumentalities set in motion n ew
intellectual currents which g rad ually u n
In
dermin e superstition an d evil cus tom
eviden ce the rapid progress of the anti
foot bindin g movement may be cite d
Many are signing a pledge not to bin d
their ow n daughters feet nor to marry
their sons to those who have sm all feet
The Dowager Empress Tsi An can im
prison the young Emperor (an d in so d oing
she illustrate d David H aru m s version of
Th Ou tlook 24 D
1 898 p 1 008
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-
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’
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’
e
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ec
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,
1 20
z
Digiti
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
.
.
Chin a
The N ew
the golden rule i e she did to the Emperor
what he was intending to do to her an d
did i t firs t) but she cannot imprison th e
spirit of reform which is abroad in the
land and which had taken possession of
the y oung r u ler
Says a correspondent of The M i s s ion a/ry
Such radi
H er a ld w riting from China
cal and tremendous changes ha v e never been
devised or thought of in the same length
of time in any country of the world
People may well rub their eyes in view of
wh at a Chi n aman can do when once he is
and in earnest The leaven is
a roused
w orking and no one can believe that this
reaction is to be permanent New ideas
are out among the people in distant places
and they will bring forth their fruit in its
season
The nineteenth centur y has been crowde d
with marvels of which the resurrection of
F b 1 899 p 50
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1 21
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The N ew
China
Japan and that she desires to do so is
indicated by the fact that she has placed
one hun dred and fifty selected students in
the care of the Tok io government to be
educate d in Japanese universities
The edge of the wedge of O ccidental
civilization is now well entered ; and u n
less there is a revolution precipitated by
the Manchus in order to perpetuate their
waning power with the result of abrogat
ing treaties and massacring foreigners that
wedge will be driven to the head And
in case of such revolution the Great
Powers would certainly assum e control
and the regeneration and development
would proceed under their direction So
that in either case China wi ll be trans
forme d
Thus far the writer has sought to estab
lish the certainty an d to make obvious the
fact of China s awakening It remains to
show what will be the effects of this
in g
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Expans ion
awakening upon China herself and upon
The quickeni n g to new life of one
quarter of the human family Could not
f ail of profoundly influencing the world
Its results in the social intell ectual and
spiritual life of the nations mu st be great
and its disturbance of the political bal ance
may have consequences beyond calcula
tion The writ er hopes to discuss these
topics in a later volume ; his present pur
pose is confined to the commercial s ign ifi
cance of the new China
The most obvious result of this awaken
ing will be the development of China s
wonderful resources The deposits of coal
and iron in the provinces of Shensi and
Shansi are believed to be the most valuable
in the world They cover an area of about
2 5 0 mil es by 5 0 miles and it has been
estimated by a high authority that they
contain enough anthr acite coal to supply
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The New
C hin a
the world at the present rate of c on s u mp
tion for two thousand years England
will penetrate this regi on with a railway
and has secured a concession to work this
vast wealth for sixty years Iron ore is
widely distributed and gold is found in
many provinces Mr Colquhoun says
The mineral wealth of China is perh aps
the greatest of any country on the world s
surface and is yet hardly touched
The openin g up of her mines will de
v el o
the
iron
industry
and
thus
facilitate
p
the extension of railway systems which
will stimulate manufactures and commerce
throughout the empire
What will take place in China may be
reasonably inferred from w hat has already
taken place in India Says Mr Colquhoun :
There has been in India an expansion of
commerce which forty years ago would
have been considered impossible The im
ports and exports in that time have risen
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The N ew Chin a
Sir Thomas Jackson manager in chief
of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking
Corporatio n w ho has been in Chi n a for a
ge n eration said recently that the nation
was on the eve of a commercial develop
ment that in its magnitude could not be
estimated All that was required he m ain
t ain ed to bri ng enormous prosperity to
China was to open it up by means of
railways and waterways Then it would
show a development that would astonish
the nations
Such a development must greatly in
crease wealth which will inevitably either
elevate the standard of living or raise the
birth rate or both
As we have seen the factory system has
al ready been introduced With abundance
of raw materials an d an exhaustles s supply
of cheap labor there w ill be a great manu
fac tu rin g development
Now machinery does two things : it
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Expansion
forces a movement outward an d another
upward that is it creates commerce and
elevates the standard of living My ma
chin e m akes cloth for a hundred men but
I cannot wear a hundred coats I want
other things besides clothes
n inety nine
and I would better be spending my time
making one of each than in making ninety
nine useless suits unless I can ewchwn ge
My loom therefore compels me to fin d
ninety nine other men w ho want cloth and
who in exchange for it will give me the
other things I n eed Thus
n inety nin e
the factory c om pels commerce If my
factory makes goods for a million then I
am driven to fin d a million who want my
goods Every enlargem ent of my factory
therefore enlarges the circle of commerce
until at length the latter fill s a great
circle of the earth and freight trai n s cross
continents and steamships traverse oceans
to effect the exchange
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The N e w Chin a
But there is a movement upward as
well as outward When I wove by han d
I of course did but one man s work I
wove one day for the shoemaker and an
other for the farmer and each worked a
day for me— one pegged and the other
planted ; and I had to give a hundred
days work to get a h undred m en to work
each one day for me But my power loom
does a hundred days work in one so that
now a hun dred m en work for me every
day and I have a hun dred times as many
things as I had before I therefore live
on a much larger scale And as many of
my customers learn to do their work by
machinery which multiplies their eff ective
ness many fold they also get large return s
for their labor and their scale of living
ri ses co rrespondingly
At the present time the standard of
living in China is pain fully low Thr ee
dollars a month or $ 3 6 a year would cover
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T he N e w C h i n a
of Japan in 1 8 98
was nearly
as large as that of China
We may reasonably infer that if Chin a
were as far advanced as Japan her com
merce would be as much greater as is her
population That is her foreign trade
would reach the enormous sum of
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A large increase of population by in
creasing demand stimulates manu factures
and commerce What a tremendous im
e t u s it would give to the world s indus
p
tries if another America peopled wi th
like ourselves should rise out
of the Pacific O cean $ To raise the standard
of living in China to the average standard
in the Uni ted States woul d be equivalent
to the creation of five Ameri cas
Raise the Chinese standard of li v ing
fift y per cent and com m ercially speakin g
it would add
to the world s
population
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Expan s io n
We see then what the awakenin g of
Chin a means to American commerce O ur
share of the Chi nese trade is next to that of
Great Britain and rapidly increasing Our
proximity to Eastern Asia and our adv an
tages for manufacture pointed out in Chap
ter 1 1 should ultimately give us the first
place in China s foreign commerce
At the annual dinner of the American
Asiatic A s s oc iation W u Ting Fang Chinese
mi n ister to the United States said
We all know that China is one of the
greatest markets of the world with a popu
lation of
that must be fed
and clothed and mus t receive the n eces
s aries of life
She wants your wheat your
cotton your iron and steel and your manu
fac tu red articles of the New England
States She wants steel rails electrical
machi n es and one hundred other things
that she cannot get at home and must get
abroad It is a fine fi e ld for American in
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The N ew Chin a
du s try
to fill these wants It is particularly
easy for you to reach China on account of
the fine high way you have on the Pa cific
and especially desirable that you do so
since you have become our next door
neighbor in the Philippines If you do
not com e up to your own expectation s and
meet this opportunity it is your own
fault
The new necessity of finding foreign
markets pointed out in the prece d ing
chapter together with the prospect of
doors closed against us in continental
Europe and bolted with a prohibitory
tariff lays stron g emphasis on the value of
China s open door and the necessity of
keepin g it open
d whe n we remember that our new
An
necessities are precisely complementary to
Chi n a s new n e
is not difficult to see
a providen tial m eaning in the fact that
with no design of our own we have be
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Th e N e w
I s thm ian Can al
A CON TI N EN TA L wall n early 90 00 miles
long forbade Columbus to realize his bold
vision of reaching the Far East by sailing
west
For four hundred years m en have dreamed
of piercing this wall thus savi ng a third of
the distance in circumnavigating the globe
In 1 55 1 the Spanish historian Gomara
urged on Philip II the i m portance of cut
ting the isthmus Two hundred years ago
one of the celebrated freebooters who
then ranged the Spanish Main exclaimed
The spoil of Granada I cou n t as n aught
beside the knowledge of the great Lake
Nicaragua an d th e rou te betwee n the
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Expan s ion
northern and southern seas which depends
upon it
An attempt to gain possession
of this route was made by Nelson in con
junction with a land force in 1 78 0 but
Spain had so well appreciated the import
ance of the position that she had fortifie d
it with a series of a doze n strong works
and Nelson failed When Napoleon a sked
his ministers whether he should cede
L ouisiana to the United States Decres
replied : If the Isthmus of Panama is
cut through some day it will occasion an
immense revolution in navigation so that
a voyag e arou n d the world will be easier
than the lon gest cr u ise to d ay L ouisi ana
w ill be on the line of this new route and
its possession wi ll be of inestimable value
Don t give it up
The subject of an interoceanic canal is
world wide in it s importance M any
nations have interested themselves in it
many men have given themselves to the
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I sthm ian Canal
Th e N ew
study of it ; many volumes have been
writte n on it ; man y lives have been s acri
ficed to it ; many million s of gold have
been spent for it O ver n o portion of the
eart h s surface has the en gineer s lev el been
so repeatedly ru n And now what the
ages have waited for the new century is
about to witness What the gen ius of
Columbus failed to find the ge n ius of
modern science is about to create
From this new world condition will fol
low important results geographical com
Let us glance at
m ercial and polit ical
each
1
Geogr ap hi ca l — Students of history
and of its ph ilosophy are n ow allowing
greater weight than formerly to the in
flu en ce of physical causes an d of material
conditions in the evolution of civilization
and in the shaping of national character
and life
Geographical conditions have
d eterm ined food dress occupations cu s
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,
I s thmian Can al
The N ew
Canal will be the m ost important geographi
cal event since t he discovery of Australia
and will reduce the size of the earth at
the equator by one third No other shi p
canal ever constructed n ot even the Su ez
can compare with it in economy of sailing
distances From London to Canton the
Suez saves 3 30 0 miles and to Bombay it
saves 4 32 5 whil e the Nicaragua Canal will
save from 5 0 00 to 80 00 miles to most ships
passing through it Between L ond on and
San Francisco it saves nearly 72 0 0 miles
almost one half of the distance ; between
New York and San Fran cisco it saves
miles more than two thirds of the
distance Said President Hayes
An
interoceanic canal across the American
isthmus will essentially change the geo
graphical relations between the Atlantic
and Pacific coasts of the Un ited States
an d between the United States and the
rest of th e world
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Ex pa n s ion
This canal will practically project the
Paci fic coast into the heart of the c on
t in en t an d make it possible to steam fro m
Pittsb u rg to Hong Kong and f rom O maha
to Sydney The M is s issippi valley which
has an area of
square miles is
con siderably larger than the whole of
Central Europe Because of its magni
tude combined with its inexhaustible
fertility its great variety of products the
energy of its people its 5000 miles of
waterway navigable for steam and the
southward flow of its great central artery
this is co m mercially and politically the
mos t important valley in the world ; and
i t s connection with the most important
ocean is a geographical change of prime
importance Sea going vessels may yet
pass from Chicago and Duluth down the
Mississippi to the Pacific
2 This brin gs u s to the com m er ci a l sig
n ifican ce of the ca n al
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The N ew
Is thmian Canal
Referrin g to the project of cutting the
isthmus H em y Clay when Secretary of
State ( 1 8 25 ) said : The execution of it
wil l form a great epoch in the commercial
”
affairs of the whole world
It will h ow
ever mean more to American commerce
than to that of any other nation
From New York to San Francisco by
way of Cape Ho rn the distance is
miles ; by way of the Nicaragu a Canal it
60 savi n g over
will be only
miles
in di stance and fift y days time by freight
steamer between these two points with a cor
respond ing economy between other points
on the t w o coasts
Where two thirds of the time and dis
tance are saved there is a proportion ate
savin g of depreciation of value of repairs
of the chances of loss and therefore of in
surance on v essel and cargo of interest on
the investment of wages an d of provision
ing That is there is an econ omy of two
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,
T he N e w
Is th m ian Can al
is so rich The su ppl y of the Eas tern
States is being exhausted Cheap transpor
t ation between the two sectio n s of country
will be a great blessing to both but the
trade wil l n ot bear the long voyage aroun d
the Horn Cuba has attempted to import
Pa cific coast lumber but it proved too ex
p en s ive As soon as the canal is cut lum
ber for building purposes will become an
exceedingly important article of commerce
between the two coas ts I t is estimated
by lumbermen that the openi n g of the
canal will add $ 2 to the value of every
thousand feet of lumber standing aroun d
Puget Sound The forests of Washington
alone contain 1 7
feet of uncut
yellow and red fir If the above estimate is
a reaso n able one the value of the forests of
Washington will be enhanced
by the can al The supply in O rego n British
Colum bia an d Alaska is much greater Of
this entire region William H Seward said
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Expan s io n
I t seems destined to become a shipyard
for the supply of all nations
The wheat of the Pacific Coast seeks the
European market but it is four months or
more in transit around the Horn with
possibilities of rise or fall in prices which
makes the trade as much a gamble as
any hazardous game of chance When the
time is reduced to twenty fiv e days steam
ing it will beco m e a mercantile transaction
with fairly assured profits
Distances from points on the Pacific
coast around Cape Horn are somewhat
greater to New York than to L iverpool ;
and the rich trade of the western coast of
Central and South America goes chiefly
to Great Britain and Germany
When the isthmian canal is cut all this
will be chan ged
Distances will then be from
miles to
miles in favor of New
York which with our facilities for manu
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Is thmian Can al
The N ew
facture will give us the markets of that
coast
.
DISTAN CES
VI A
N I CAR A GUA CAN AL
From
To New Y ork
F ci c
Ac p lc
G y q il
C ll
V lp
i
San
a
ua
a
a
ran
u
a
mi
s o
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v
To Li
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erp ool .
m il es
es
o
u
ao
4, 700
ara s o
7 448
,
The Southern States will have a still
greater ad v antage as New Orleans is 71 3
miles nearer than New York to the canal
There are in Alabama inexhaustible m ines
of the finest coal and so easily worked
that coal can be lan ded on shipboard at
a ton There is bu t little
M o bile for
coal on the Pacific coast and that of an in
A few
ferior quality and high priced
years ago it cost from $ 9 to $ 1 2 a ton
Steamers passing through the canal will
require
tons of coal a year which
will be furn ished by Alabama
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Th e N e w
I s thmian Canal
is o ur great granary and the new water
way will connect it w ith more th an half
the population of the globe
Thus the n ew isthmian canal will give our
Pacific coast access to European markets
an d our Atlantic and Gulf coasts access to
Asiatic markets
New York is 1 50 miles farther than
L iverpool from Cape Horn This fact of
course makes Live rp ool 1 50 miles nearer
than New York to all ports on the eastern
shore of the Pacific Again Liverpool is
as m uch nearer tha n New York to all
points in the western Pacific as Liverpool
is nearer than New York to Gibraltar
miles
That is to
w hich is about
say as between N ew York an d Liverpool
the Pacific is commercially speaking an
Englis h ocean
Look now at the eflect of cutting the
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A
Re
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cc
ordin g
a tion s of
bl
is s u e d by t h e Committe e
Un it ed Sta tes S e n ate
to t a
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1 47
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on
F
oreign
Expan s ion
Nicarag u a Can al
New York will be
miles nearer than L iverpool to its
eastern entrance The following table
shows the advantage of New York com
merce v i a the Nicaragua Canal over that
of Liverpool v i a the Suez :
.
From
To Ne w Y ork
mi
l
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v
To Li
e rp ool .
m il es
es
1
Thus New York gains the advantage by
1 1 8 miles ( one day s sail ) to Shanghai
abo u t
miles on the average to the
ports of North China and from 8 72 miles
4 8 to the p ri ncipal ports of the cen
to
tral and western Pacific
The canal thus moves the line of equi
distance from San Francisco to Shanghai
miles So that commercially speak
th
h t t t
Vi N ic
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1 48
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rou e
.
The N ew Is thm ian
C anal
ing the Pacific is practically shift ed the dis
tance of its entire width— a fact of s tu pen
dous importance This ocean is to bear
the great bulk of the world s future com
merce as will be shown in the next chap
ter ; and so far as distances are concerned
which in close competition are decisive the
Pacific will be transferred by the Nicara
gua Canal from the commercial control of
England to that of the Unite d States
The isthmian can al is the gateway of
the Pacific and opens u pon
people whose imports in 1 898 were $ 1
The commerce of the Pacific
is to increase indefinitely and unl ess all
signs fail the U nited States will command
the greater part of it What this means
to us will be better appreciated if we re
m ember that now o n ly about six per cent
of our expor ts an d imports pass through
Pacific ports
The distinguished Englishman , Hon
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Is t hmia n
The N e w
Can al
So long as our manufactured goods were
marketed at home our need of the can al
was not imperative ; but now that we have
entered into competition for the world s
m arkets a ccess to those markets (the fifth
fundamental conditio n of success discussed
in Chapter
becomes essen tial an d so far
as distance is concerned it will be secured
by the interoceanic canal
Europe is washed by one ocean America
by two O f these great world highways
which neither have to be built nor repaired
one has hithert o been closed to us With
that opened the Un ited States will be
midway between the markets of the world
3 It remains to consider briefly the
political bearing of the N icaragua Canal
I ts most obvious political effect will be
in uniting our coast lin es and in bringing
the most remote portions of our territory
into much closer relations Says Mr
Colquhoun speaking of the canal : I t
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Expan s ion
will bind toge ther the remote sections of
that immense country a s similate its diverse
interests go far toward solving many dif
fic ul t problems and make the United
States still more un ited
Virtually the canal will be as President
Hayes said in one of his messages a part
of the coast line of the Un ite d States
a n d a portion in which we shall be vitally
concerned The Un i ted States Govern
ment therefore ought to control and pro
teet it An agreement of t he Powers
joi ntly to guarantee the neutrality of the
canal would be in utter disregard of the
Monroe Doctrine and in violation of the
principles on which it is based As well
might we put our coast from New York to
Philadelphia under the j oint protection of
the Powers That strip of coast is far l ess
vital to us than the canal
The can al must be ours and we must
have a navy strong enough to protec t it
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The N ew
Is thmian Can al
By closing it a foreign Power with this
single blow would cleave our two coasts
miles asun der
The neutral izatio n of the S u ez Canal is
urged as an exam ple for us But Gibraltar
and Aden are not neutralized By these
strongholds and by virtue of the supre m e
navy based upo n them Great Britain
commands the entrance of the Me diter
ran ean an d that of the Red Sea and there
fore commands the canal
I t may be added in this connection that
in the possession of Jamaica Grea t Britain
holds t he stron gest n aval position in the
Car ibbea n Sea It is a matter for con
grat u lation that this position if we
can not command it ourselves is in the
hands of a power likely to remain always
friendly
It is evident as Gen Tracy said when
Secretary of the Navy that witho u t the
canal we must maintain two in depen
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I s thm ian Canal
Th e N ew
With a map before the reader it will be
observed that the eastern coast of North
America and the western coast of South
America are d irectly north an d south of
each other Both lie between 70 and
80
west longitude and Valparaiso is
directly south of Boston South America
has seemed v ery much out of the world
but the canal will bring these two
coasts into close relations The principal
port s of the western coast of South
America will be from 60 to 1 700
mil es nearer to New York than to San
Francisco
These regions of South America have
rich undeveloped natural resources and a
sparse population and they are brou ght
by the canal into close relations with the
ri chest and most densely peopled portion
of the Un ited States A large part of the
superfluous and rapidly increasin g energy
and capital of the latter country to which
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Expans ion
attention was called in Chapter I can
hardly fail to be applied to the de v elop
ment of the former
Peoples have common ly m igrated on
lines of latitude because unoccupied land
to the westward afforded opportu nity
and further because move m ent in that
direction causes less variation in climate
than the same distance traveled n orth or
south It should be remembered in this
connection that the proximity of the Andes
to the Pacific coast aff ords a c hoice of alti
tude which together with a great extent
of latitude shou ld make it possible to find
almost any desired climate alo n g the west
ern coast of South America matching that
of a given latitude on the Atlantic coast of
North America Thu s infl u en ces which
have hitherto caused westward migrations
will be likely after the canal is opened to
stimulate a movement of population and
of capital southward That political re
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The Ne w Is thm ian
s u lt s
Can al
would follow such a movemen t can
hardly be doubted
Again the isthm ian canal wi ll give to
the West Indies a com m ercial import
ance which will involve political con
sequ ences
For some hun dreds of years these
islands were the principal source of tropi
cal products an d during the Napoleon ic
wars furnished Great Britain with one
fourth of all her commerce But misrule
as vicious as ignorant tyranny could de
vise and other causes have paralyzed their
industries and depleted their commerce
until now it is insignificant The canal
however will focus the commerce of the
world in the Caribbean Sea Toward it
flow three great rivers the Hudson the
Mississippi and the Amazo n which as
tributaries to the canal must pour their
commerce through this sea whose islands
will become ports of call
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The N ew
Is thmian Can al
Captain A T M ahan whom the L on don
Ti m es describes as the most disti n guished
livin g writer on n aval strategy and whose
u tterances s how the insight of
the phi
l os oph er and the wisdom of the statesman
says : I n the cluster of island fortresses
of the Caribbean is one of the greatest of
the nerve centres of the whole body of
European civilization
and refers to the
Archipelago as the very do m ain of sea
power if ever region could be called s o
He continues : Control of a m aritime re
gion is insured primarily by a n avy ; sec
on daril y by positions suitably cho s en and
spaced one from the other upon wh ich as
bases the navy rests and from which it
can exert its stren g th At present $writ
ten in 1 8 93 ] the positions of the Caribbean
are occupied by foreign powers nor may
we however disposed to acquisition oh
tain them by means other than righteous ;
Th I t
t f Am ic i S
P w
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o
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made when public opinion is conv inced
that we need them and should not exert
our utmost ingenuity to dodge them when
flun g at our head
In the n ew stadium of history on which
the world is just entering the tropics will
have new importan ce— a fact so thoroughly
appreciated by t he European Powers for
the past fifteen years and so thoroughly
neglected by ourselves There was good
prospect that our appreciation would come
too late to avail us anything when the
world had another illustration of the say
ing that Providence cares for children
fools and the United States Without
our forethou ght or desire and even against
the active opposition of many as well
meaning as they are well mistaken Hawaii
the Philippines and Porto Rico drop like
windfalls into our hands O ur possessions
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e r,
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pp
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1 02, 1 03
.
Th e N e w
I s thmian
C an a l
cannot be any too extended in the Carib
be an Sea provided only they come to us as
Captain M ahan says by righteou s means
If an y other great Power had been in
our place Cuba would have been hers
generations ago This must not be under
stood to imply that we should close ou r
hand upon her n ow that she lies in our
palm O ur pledge to her and to ourselves
is sacred and must be so held though its
redemption will be incomprehensible to
the world
I know a little girl w ho in the summer
of 1 8 9 8 ran i n to the house sayin g
Papa we ve been playing Spain
Why how could you play Spain
child
O h you see I was the Un ited States
and M adeline she was Spain and little
Paul he was Cuba ; and w hile Spain was
flat on her back I picked up Cuba and ran
away
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The N e w M edit e rran e an
of years the M editerranean
the Midland Sea—was the center of the
world s commerce wealth and power With
the discovery and development of the New
World that center was transferred to the
Atlantic Durin g the twentieth century
it w i ll pass on to the Pacific which will
become and remain the M idland Sea —the
New M editerranean— of the world s f u ture
I n some directions there are no limits to
possible progress We can see no end to
the chan ges which will come from new
conquests of natural forces but we easily
foresee the end of the great movements
which hav e sprung from geographical dis
FOR thousands
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Expan s ion
There are no more undi scovered
countries The westward migration of
peoples an d the succeeding march of em
pire reach their li mit with the O ccident
Through the Golden Gate we look out
upon the O rient The scepter of the world s
power has ever passed to a younger hand
Beyon d the young Republic is the decrepit
East
The cutting of the Isthmian Canal w ill
be the last geographical event of the first
magn itude There are no more isthmuses
the severing of which would shift the com
merce of the world The Suez Canal gave
England an immense advantage
The
N icaragua Canal will transfer that adv an
tage to the United States with the cer
tainty that it cannot again be shifted by
any geographical cause The commercial
supremacy of the Pacific will be final
Commerce depends first on population ;
and other things being equal the greater
i
c ov er es
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The N ew M edit errane an
the population the greater will be the com
m erce
L et us look then at the present
an d prospective populations of the lan d s
which border on the New Me diterranean
Their present numbers are estimated at
one third of the human family ;
and if we include India to which the com
merce of the Pacific has easy access the
figures rise to nearly
or more
than one half of mankin d Commerce de
pends, secondly on resources whi ch must
be considered in connection w ith pros pec
tive population
Such are the room and resources of these
Pacific lands as to insure their becoming
much more popul ous It is a striking fact
that of the great undevelope d an d habit
able portions of the earth all except Africa
are ran ged around the Pacific—Alaska
Canad a our great West Central an d South
America A ustralia s ome of the larger East
In dia Islands and Siberia Thu s most of
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The N ew M e dit e rran e an
progress of weal th and popul ation in the
”
Unite d States
Science without resorting
either to imagination or to wild conjecture
afford s a basis for a reasonable estimate
Geographical d ifferences which need not
detain us give only a scant supply of rain
to the O ld World and an abundance to
the New Accordingly the greatest river
s ystems are here and the only g eat d eserts
there We must not be surprised there
fore that the geographers fin d as much
arable lan d in America as in Europe A sia
and A fri ca combined viz about
squar e miles The Enc yclozycedi a B ri ton
Paradoxical as the fact m ay
n ice says
appear we are satisfied that the new con
tin en t though less than half the size of the
old contains at least an equal quantity of
u seful soil and much more than an equal
”
amount of productive power
It con
tinnes wit h the following a s tonishin g state
V l I p 71 7
Am ic
A ticl
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Expan s io n
me n t which is based on scientific data
If the natural resources of the American
continent were fully d eveloped it woul d
aflord sustenance to
of in
habitants
Even if incredulity cuts these
figures in two in the m iddle they would
still make America capable of supporting
more than the present popu la
tion of the earth
The above estimate of arable land in
North America excludes most of the region
north of latitude
in which vast re
sources have since been discovered Hon
James W Taylor American Consul at
Winnipeg who has for years been an
authority on the great North west says that
the western half of Canad a together with
Alaska are equal in area to Englan d Ire
land Scotland Denmark Norway Sweden
Belgium Holland an d most of Germany
and Russia in E urope
And the pro d uc
tiv en es s of the American a rea
he ad d s
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,
The N e w M edit erranean
would s urpass that of the European one
T here are in these sections of North
America fully
acres well
adapted to wheat cul ture
The E u ropean
countries w hich Mr Taylor n a m es have a
popul ation of
Alas ka also has food resources of which
Mr Taylor makes no mention In its
waters salmon abound in almost incredible
nu mbers while the cod is stil l more abu n
dant We are assured that the cod banks
of Alaska are by far the greatest in the
world T he Hon William S Dodge esti
mates that their extent is about
miles
a sea frontage comprisin g one
gran d reservoir of fish sufficient to employ
The grazing resources
thousands of men
of Alaska will also sustain many cattle
It therefore seems reasonable to suppose
that whatever the u ltimate population of
the continent may be the time will come
when it w i ll support more inhabitants
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Th e N ew M e dit erranean
ledge in the United States an d a lake of
oil are reported The timber wealth of
Alaska is perhaps unequaled and it is
peculiarly rich in yell ow cedar so re
markable for its durability both on land
and sea
Turn now for a glimpse at Australasia
New $ ealand whi ch is antipodal to Great
Britain and Ireland has an area onl y one
seventh less Two thirds of its surface are
suited to agriculture and grazing Some
acres are still under forest It
produces annu al ly some eight or ten mil
lion dollars worth of gold silver coal an d
Its agricultural and graz
oth er minerals
jing interests are much greater In 1 898
there were
sheep reported
New $ ealand has numberless streams of
pure water and a delightful climate admi
adapted to Europeans There is
rabl y
every reason to believe it w ill become
popul ous and wealthy
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Expans ion
The formation of the Austral ian federa
tion is an event of extraordinary interest
M odeled largely on our ow n political insti
tu tion s with a population of substantially
the same stock and n ot far from the same
number at the time of our national birth
occupying a territory very nearly as large
as our own speakin g the same language
having the same general ideals and civi li
Australia promises to become a
zat ion
great Pacific Power whose relations to u s
will be most intimate and important
Though the interior of A ustralia is tor
rid and has no such boundless possibili
ties as the Mississippi valley still the
resources of this great continent are vast
and varied an d capable of enriching a
great population
M etals abound in great variety The
gold and silver pro d uct of Australasia in
—equal to that of
1 8 9 8 was
Africa an d surpassed on ly by that of the
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The N ew M editerran ean
United States Since the discovery of
gold up to 1 8 97 inclusive an in complete
record shows that of this one metal A us
tral ia has produced
Tin
silver copper lead and iron are also prof
it ably mined
Up to the close of 1 89 7
New South Wales had raised coal to the
value of
Australia also supplies agricultural pro
duct s and has vast grazing interests re
port ing over
sheep which
together with those of New $ ealand fur
pounds of wool in
n is h ed
Large quantities of butter leather
1 8 99
tallow hides furs and preserved and
frozen meats are exported
The
inhabitants of the Au s
tralian colonies have accumulate d $ 7 000
of wealth or $ 1 750 per caput ;
while th eir foreign trade reaches the enor
mous sum of
a year more
than twice as much as that of Chin a
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The N ew M edit erran e an
Java Lu zon and Celebes are each about
the size of Ireland Eighteen more isl
ands are on the average as large as Ja
maica $about one half the size of M assa
c h u s ett s
] and more than 1 00 are as large
as the Isle of Wight
The total area is
square mile s somewhat less than
that of British India and the popul ation
When we consid er that the
average density of population is only 45
to the square mile while that of British
In dia is 22 9 it is evident that a large in
crease is possible Several of the largest
islands are occupied to a great ext ent by
savages and semi civilized tribes
The Phil ippines under the paralysis of
Spain s grip have had a foreign trade of
a year Hon John Barrett
former m in ister of the United States to
Siam says : Java the garden of the
East
and doing a foreign trade of
E cy cl p di B it
ic
1 881
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a,
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Expan sion
annu ally has no such la rge
extent of fertile areas as the Philippines
Und oubtedl y their population of
an d their trade are both capable of great
expansion
Jap an is densely peopled but her s cale
of li ving thou gh hi gh compared wi th that
of China is very low when compare d with
that of O ccidentals ; and as s he has wel
comed O ccidental civi lization and is be
coming a manufactur ing nation w e may
expect her stand ard of living to rise
rapid ly whi ch is commercial ly e quival en t
to a rapid increase of population
It has been show n in a prece ding chap
ter that the commercial possibilities of
China are al most boundl ess It will be
impossible to intro duce Western civiliza
tion without raising the s tan d ard of living
man y fold
Meas ur ed by wages it is n ot
one twentieth as high as our own If that
stan d ard should rise 2 5 per cent in 2 5
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The N ew M edit erran ean
years (one quarter of on e fold) it w ould be
c ommercially speaking
equal to adding
to the population
But in addition to a rising standard of
living there will und ou btedly be an actual
increase of population as there has been in
India since the intro duction of machinery
an d of railroads
It may be imagined that
t he population of China has already reache d
the li mit of possible density Far from it
China is only one hal f as densely peopled as
France We forget how vast is her terri
tory It contains but 95 to the square mile
while France contains 1 8 8 Great Britain
If China were as
3 1 5 and England 53 6
densely peopled as Japan she would have
nearly three times her pres
ent population ; and she is capable of sup
portin g a den ser populatio n than Japan
because she is vastly richer in natu ral re
sources
Pass on now to the north and complete
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The N e w Medit e rran ean
will flow eastward upon the waitin g land
as immigrants poure d into our great West
a few years ago We were wonderfully
generous with our free lands but the Czar
is far more bountiful He ofiers to every
Russian family that migrates to Siberia
from 2 00 to 3 00 acres of good land a loan
of 60 0 roubles for thirty two years without
interest agricultural implements at cost
and exemption from military service while
free transportation is furnished to nee dy
famil ies
What must such an offer mean
to the millions of peasants who half starve
every winter in European Russia $
Long before the close of the twentieth
century Siberi a will have a great popu la
tion which will be tributary to the Pacific
In our rapid survey of the land s w hich
bound the New M editerranean we have
foun d three conditions (1 ) The countries on
the north east and south west are vast conti
Th N w P c ific p 31 7
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Expan s ion
capable of sustaining a vast popula
tion but now only sparsely settled (2)
Scattered over the Pacific an d gathere d in
a windr ow on the west ar e thousand s of
island s which lyi n g mos tly in the tropics
represent great resources Man y of them
inclu ding some of the largest are occupie d
by savages or s emi civilize d tribes Here
in d ue time civil ization will perform its
miracle of the loaves and fishes and feed its
thousan d s where now a handful of savages
are in want (3) O n the mainlan d to the
west are the swarming m illions of A sia,
whose standard of living will rise as they
are awakene d by the quickening currents
of Western influence
Each of these three conditions is pro
phetic of an enormous increase in the com
merce of the Pacific
Says the Hon John Barrett : It s hould
be remembered that the foreign tra d e of
this wond erfu l Pacific A s iatic coast lin e
nen t s
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The N ew M e diterranean
that winds in and out for
miles from
Singapore to Vladivostok is valued at the
mi ghty sum of one billion dollars and yet
is only in the earliest stages of its develop
ment
This is tru e of Pacific com merce
as a whole though its total is estimated at
ann ually
Though the present products of Pacific
lands are hardly more than beginnings
they constitute an important proportion
of many of the world s staples
In 1 8 9 9 they pro duced
pounds of wool out of the world s total of
pounds We fin d that a
few of these new lands containin g only
six per cent of the worl d s population
produce twenty nin e per cent of the
world s wheat Again we fin d that in
1 89 8 Pacific countries yielded $ 1 7
in gold w hile all oth ers prod uce d only
A still larger proportion of
the world s sil ver comes from thes e lands,
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Th e N e w M edit e rran ean
It has I tru st been made sufficiently
evident that the greater portion of the
world s population will gather around the
N ew M edi terra n ean beca u se there is the
room for it and there are the resour ces
capable of sustain in g and enrich ing it
And by virtue of becoming the center of
the world s populatio n an d commerce the
Pacific will become the center of the
world s wealth and power San Francisco
is now
mil es from New York The
time will come when New York will be
miles from San Francisco
This will be the realization of what a
few far sighted men saw long since More
than half a century ago Baron von Hum
boldt predicted that the commerce of the
Pacific w ould in time exceed that of the
Atlantic L ater Thomas H B enton de
c l ared that
the dominion and empire of
the world lay alon g the route to the Indies
and with the country which controlled the
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Expan s ion
”
commerce over it
Willi am H Sewar d
who had the previ si on of the true states
man in a speech made in the Senate of the
United States in 1 8 5 2 said : Henceforth
European commerce European politics
European thought and European activity
although actually gaining force and Euro
pean connections although actually becom
ing more intimate will n evertheless rel
ativ el
y sink in import ance ; while the
Pacific O cean its shores its islands and
the vast region beyond will become the
chief theater of events in the world s
great hereafter
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CHAPTER VII
T he N ew M e dit erran ean
An glo Saxo n
an
-
Sea
S OM E months af ter the fateful battle in
M anil a Bay at a dinner in New York
given in honor of the English philosopher
M r Benjamin Kidd that gentleman re
marked : I n my judgment the gun fir ed
by Admiral Dewey in the Bay of Manila
was the most important histori cal event
”
since the battle of Waterloo
Following
him Professor Frank lin H Giddings of
Columbia University said : I find myself
compelled to differ from the distin gui shed
guest of the evening in hi s estimate of the
battle in M anila Bay In my j udgment it
was the most important historical event
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,
Sea
An An glo Saxon
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Hamlet from the play not to point out the
relation s of these two great races to the
New M editerranean
It is a profoun dly sign ificant fact that
the only powerful races which have a con
tin en tal coast line on this ocean that is to
be the chief theater of events in the
w orld s great hereaft er
are the Slav and
the Anglo Saxon
It is worth while in this connection to
note certain other resemblances between
these two races
( 1 ) They are about equal in numbers
(2) B oth are rapidly growing The ex
pan s ion of the A n glo Saxon both geo
raphically
an d numerically has been one
g
d ly t d ig t E g l i h
A gl S x
i
d b
t wit h t
di g f mili
p k i g p pl
p t t S ch
fi tt i g
which g i d iv lity d i g
i
c i vi l w
W ith tt di g d f th t h
t b
i ti cti v j dgm t whi ch w
li h d
g b t w ith
th S
th
l
c ll d v ry N th
ti l y t
di
F m wh t v St t h c m wh th
Y k
ch tt Ohi
I wa h
p
M
t d N w E g
l
d id
d N w E gl d civili tio
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$
ea
s
en
e
re
as s a
usa
e,
u
an
use
eas an
ee.
$
ou
ns
e
n
a e
o or
n
e
o
er
za
an
1 87
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Digiti
ed
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by Mi
ros oft$
ers a
o
e
a e
s
u
.
ur n
en
es a
as
en
or
e
a
res en e
n.
n
ro es s
e e
e re
,
na e
un
u
e
a
ern ers
ro
s or
s re ar
er
an
e
r u e,
ar
a ne
u
.
es
a
n
s an
as on e
n
as
o
roa
use
ar
er a
an
s
es , n o
eo
ou r
s
on
a
-
n
s
use
o
n
ern
e,
so
e
e
er
n
Expan sion
of the wonders of the c en tu i y of won d ers
During the same period the Sl av has ex
tende d his empire some
square
miles and his numbers have increase d four
fold Though his growth has not been as
rapid as that of his great rival he has been
thoroughly vital and aggressive an d his
elbows are constantly felt in his neighbor s
ribs
(3) B oth races have remarkable powers
of assimilation and they are the only races
that have which goes far to account for
their unequaled growth
A nglo Saxon
assimilation is best illustrate d by the
Un ited States into whose current of life
alien peeples and characteristics in one or
at most two generations sin k an d dis ap
pear lik e snowflakes in a river The his
tory of Russia aff ords a striking parallel
for m ore than one hun d red nations an d
tribes have sunk into this vast empire not
one of which has ever e m erged It should
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An Anglo Saxon
-
Sea
be observed however that while the
Anglo Saxon absorbs Europeans the Slav
absorbs Asiatics
Napoleon s saying
Scratch a Russian and you will find a
Tart ar is true He is really an Asiatic
W ith a Eu ropean veneer ; and this fact a o
coun ts for his character and for his career
Victor Hugo said Africa begins at the
Pyrenees
I t is even truer that Asia be
gins not at the Ural M ountains but at the
Gulf of Bothnia and the mouth of the
Danube
(4) Each race has a genius for organiza
tion and government : and they are the only
existing races of which this can be said
England s touch transforms chaos into a
well ordered state witness India and
Egypt In like manner Russia has had
unequaled success in controlling the wild
tribes of Central and Northern Asia
(5) Each race is in possession of a vast
territory capable of an enormous increase
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An An glo Saxon
S ea
-
S ax on should sink to the lev el of the aver
age Slav Anglo Saxon institutions would
perish If the average Sla v should rise to
the level of the averag e Anglo Saxon Ru s
sian institutions would perish
In fundamental principles in spirit in
ideal s and in methods they are d iametri
cally Opposed They do not repres en t
t w o d iff erent stages of development al ong
the same lines They spring from radi
cally different conceptions they aim at
radically diiferen t ends ; and the more
fully they are developed the more utter
will be their unlikeness and the more
inevi table their conflict
T he stupen dous struggle of the future
will be not simply between two Titanic
races but bet w een Eastern an d Western
civilizations For the Russian (a u nique
type) is an Asiatic who by l ong contact
w ith the West h a s been thoroughly vital
ized, has absorbed Western learning has
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Expan s ion
mastered Western m ilitary science and
who now without loosening his hold on
Eur ope is returning to Asia there to
Says William Dur
W ork out his destiny
ban who ha s spent much time among the
Russians an d who has sympathetical ly
studied their characteristics and their lit
eratu re
Russia does not covet India but
she does intend to appropriate and im
a in es that Providence has appointed her
g
to possess Persia Turkey Afghanistan
Tibet an d China This may sound like
a ridiculously large statement but onl y
those who are unfamiliar with Russian
literature c an deride it or question its
truth
The whole Russian nation is
deeply imbued with the dangerous notion
that Heaven specially favors Holy Rus
sia and specially despises all the rest of
1
the world
Russia has a religious mission to control
Th O tl k N v m b
4 1 899 p 592
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An
Anglo S axon
-
Se a
Asia ; an d the gen ius of the race an d its
geographical position unite to stimulate its
purpose of eastward an d southward ex pan
sion Russia can wait but never vacil
lates in her supreme purpose That pur
pose runs through the generations as a
thread runs through a string of beads
Her a dvance on China is a new ice age—a
slow resistless paral yzing movement from
the north Already has she gained Man
churia an d now controls nearly one half of
the Asiatic coast line of the Pacific the
whole of which is her aim
So m e years ago Emile de L av el ey e
wrote : A hundred years hence leaving
China out of the question there will be
t w o colossal powers in the world beside
which Germany England France and Italy
—
il
be
as
pigmies
the United States and
w l
Ru ssia
And these two colossal powers
will face each other across the arena of the
Pacific Which of the two will command
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,
A n Anglo Saxon S ea
-
Look at the map From Behring Strait
down to the boundary of Corea in latitude
t h e Slav controls the north west coast
of the Pacific Exactly matchin g it the
north eas t coast from Behring Strait down
to the nort hern limit of California lati
tude
is under Anglo Saxon control
which also extends n ine degrees and ten
seconds furt h er south to the lower limit of
California Strategically Russia s growing
influence in Corea and her possession of
Port Art hur may well ofis et our com
mand of the California coast We see
then how important in the scales are the
An glo Saxon island possessions in the
Pacific
O ver Australia New $ ealand Tasmania
Fiji Hong—
Kong and parts of Borneo and
New Guinea floats the Union Jack while
the Philippines the Hawaiian group and
some smal ler islands are under the Stars
The importance of our small
a n d Stripes
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Ex p ans ion
share in these possessions is greatly en
hanced by their location
Consider Hawaii
M idway between
Un alaska and the Society Islands midway
be tween Sitka and Samoa midway be
tween Port Townsend and the Fijis mid
way between San Francisco and the Caro
l ines midway between Nicaragua and
Hong Kon g and on the route from S outh
American ports to Japan the central loca
tion of these islands makes their commer
c ial importance evident
Vastly greater is their strategic value to
the U n ited States L et that be expressed
by Captain M ahan the recognized authority
of the world on naval warfare and strat
e y
In 1 8 93 he wrote
Too m uch
g
stress ca n no t be laid upon the immense dis
advantage to us of any maritime enemy
having a coaling station well within
miles of every point of our coast line from
Puget Sound to M exico W ere there m any
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An glo Saxon
An
-
S ea
others available we might find it difli c ul t
to exclude from all There is however
but the one Shut out from the Sandwich
Islands as a coal base an enemy is thrown
back for supplies of fuel to distances of
or
miles—or between
and
going and coming—an impedi
ment to sustain ed maritime operations well
nigh prohi bitive I t is rarely that so im
portant a factor in the attack or defense of
a coas t line— of a sea frontier— is con een
trated in a single position and the circum
stance renders it doubly imperative upon
us to secure it if we righteously can
The commanding position of these islands
is effectively shown by Hon L A Thurs
ton as follows : In the whole Pacific
O cean fr om the equator on the south to
Alaska on the north from the coast of
China and Japan on the west to the
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Th e
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In teres t
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48
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Ameri
i n Sea Pow er, P re s en t
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an d
An
An glo Saxon
Se a
-
our nav y well remarks : It may safely be
said that on our globe there are no islands
whose strategic position with regard to the
area commanded eq u als that of Hawaii
And as if to leave no thing to be desired
nature provided Hawaii with Pearl Har
bor of w hich Admiral Walker says : I t
should not be forgotten that Pearl Harbor
offers strategically and otherwise the
finest site for a naval an d coalin g station
to be found in the whole Pacific
Turn now to the Philippines They lie
at the gateway of China and in the path
way of Oriental commerce Manila is only
6 2 8 miles from H on g Kong and is 8 1 2
miles nearer than Singapore I t is 400
miles nearer Chin a than is Yokohama It
lies directly on the route between Hong
Kong and Australasia
The chief d is
tributing centers of China Japan Corea
Siam An nam and the East Indies are as
near to Manila as Havana is to New York
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Exp ans io n
and the distributing centers of British In dia
and Australasia are nearer to Manila than
to any other great emporium
When we
consider that the imports of all these coun
tries are chiefly made up of goods w hich
W e can furnish cheaper than any other
country we get a suggestion of the possible
commercial f u ture of M anila with Ameri
can capital and energy to develop it
O ur possession of the Philippines has
enormously increased our national prestige
in China and throughout the East A mis
s ion ar
y recen tly returned fro m China tells
me that when Admiral Dewey destroyed
the Spani sh fleet in M anila Bay thousands
and tens of thousands of the most in telli
gent C hinese al l over the empire exclaimed
This means t he salvation of China This
mea n s that Chin a is not to be partitioned
This means that America is to be our
savi or
If our duty to the Philippines ( which
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An Anglo Saxon
Sea
-
will be consid ered in a later chapter) re
quired us to abandon them that would of
cou rs e be decisive with every right minde d
American But duty asid e and con sidered
simply as a question of policy it would be
insane folly to thr ow away the vast adv an
tage which the possession of these islands
places in our hand As I see it duty and
policy unite in calling us to retain them
Perhaps a supposition w ill help us to a
better appreciation of the political impor
tance to us of this archipelago : Imagine
some
islands great and small rich
with all tropical resources scattered up
an d down our Pacific coast and from four
hundred to fourteen hund red miles removed
with the most import ant of them all not one
quarter as distant from San Francisco as
are the Sandw ich Islands a/ ncl n
Woul d
them a ll w ater the R u ss i a/n flag
it mean anything to Russia an d her future 3
The possession of the Philippines means
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An Anglo Saxon
-
Se a
power
multiplied many fold by his military
skill and his genius for organization
I do not forget that Russia has once and
again befriended the United States But
I more than suspect that her motive was
hatred of England rather than love of free
ins titutions It is devoutly to be wished
that our friendship might be maintained ;
but two world powers aggressive expand
ing and representing civilizations whose
fundamental principles are diametrically
opposed must inevitably clash fulfilling
the prophecy of Lord Palmerston made
sixty years ago as to the fin al death strug
gle between absolutism and liberty with
the Slav on one side and the Anglo Saxon
on the other
Does it seem to any that the lands sur
roun ding this vast ocean are so far distant
from each other as to make the possibility
either of con flict or of c o operation too re
mote for serious consideration 2 Then re
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Expans ion
member that ever since time becam e the
measure of distance the Paci fic has grad
n ally shru nk until now it is only one half
as large as the Mediterranean w as in the
d ays of classic Greece For a 2 1 knot ves
sel can steam
miles from Cape Horn
to Yokohama— the longest diameter of the
Pacific—ih twenty days which is one half
the time it took the old Greek merchant or
pirate to sail
miles from the Pheni
c ian coast to the Pillars of Hercules
In View then of the strategic position of
the Philippines in the coming struggle to
abandon them because the d oing of our
duty there will involve fin ancial burd ens
an d grave responsibilitie s w oul d be trea
son to ourselves to the Anglo Saxon race
to humanity an d to Western civilization
Turn again to the map T here are six
Anglo Saxon famili es all of whi ch are to
be numerous and strong —Great B rita in
South A frica the United State s, Canada
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An
Anglo Saxon
S ea
-
Australia and New $ ealand Four of the
six are ranged around the Pacific on the
north east and south west while on the
north west the west at the center and scat
t ered over its broad surface at strategic
poin ts are many hundreds of islands under
the British or American flag Surely this
New M editerranean which in the twentieth
century is to be the cen ter of the world s
population and the seat of its power is to
be an Anglo Saxon sea provided only we
place on it an adequate navy
The im port ance of naval power is being
more fully recognized ; and to the Anglo
Saxon a navy of the highest possible effi
The prog
c i en c
y is an absolute necessity
ress of military science has rendered former
defenses obsolete
China s myriad mile
wall had it encircled the entire empire
could not have kept out the Japan ese
There is however a natural wall of defense
which cannot be mined or breached and
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An
An glo Saxo n
-
S ea
world would protect Anglo Saxondom
from all the armies of the world
Althoug h the United States ranks only
four th of the seven naval powers the com
bin ed navies of Great B ritain and America
are stronger than the remaining five taken
together ; and in the interest not only of
the English speaki n g peoples but of peace
also and of civilization this first rank
must never be lost
I n this connection it is worth remark
ing that while armies have often proved
dangerous to liberty navies have never
fallen under that suspicion In all the
world s history it is said no admiral has
ever seized civil power Navies m ay de
fend a lan d ; they cannot conquer it The
vast standing army which her thousands
of miles of lan d frontier compel Russia to
keep is perfectly in harmony with her
spirit of absolutism and will serve to
strengthen and perpet u ate that spirit On
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Expan s ion
the other han d the race which is the
supreme representative of civil and relig
ious liberty and in whose hands is the
keeping of the world s high hope of free
dom has no need to endanger its sacred
trust by a great stan ding army A force
sufficient for police duty is all that Britain
and America will require The Anglo
Saxon families are so placed in the worl d
that they can defend themselves command
the Pacific and accomplish their mission in
behalf of civilization by means of sea
power which may be increased to any
required degree of strength in perfect
harmony with their free i n stitutions
And has all this no providential mean
ing ? If God has any interest in human
airs is it not in progress and in civil
aflf
and religious liberty 3 When we consider
the part which the Pacific is to play in the
world s future how shall we account for
the wholly exceptional relations w hich the
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An
An glo Saxon
-
Se a
A n glo Saxon s sustain to it ? England had
no prophet statesman (greater than Peter
the Great) w ho centuries ago with mirac u
lous prevision read the world s future an d
seein g its best hopes for liberty at stake in
the far Pacific planned a colonization
scheme for the ages which shoul d place
that ocean under the control of the
race which is the special guardia n of
liberty
As there are forces at work in human
affairs which are mightier than human
power so there is an intelligence higher
than human knowledge which is guiding
human destinies The fact that Anglo
Saxons laid hold of what proved to be the
best portions of the earth— lands which
command the com merce the populatio n
and the power of the world s future and
lands which are defended from invasion by
n ature — was not due to the foresight of
any man or of any number of men
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An glo Saxon
An
-
S ea
the Pacific would have been very different
ly written
She prepared a gateway which
provide d for the needs of the New Medi
terranean but in the gate she set a time
lock which for centuries sho uld silently
resis t the nations until America s hour
should strike and into her hand mi ght
s afely be com mitted the key
B ut preparation for the twentieth
century d i d not end with the making of
the Isthmus Spain and Port ugal once
claimed by divine right to divide the
A merican continent between them France
once owned a lordly empire on the Pacific
T he d ouble headed eagle of R u ssia once
floate d over
m il es of North Ameri
can coast line Four times has Hawan
been under European flags—firs t the Rus
sian then the French then the B ritish an d
again the French For three hundred years
Spain d espoil e d the Philippines ; an d Aus
tralia the sixth great continent of the
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Expans ion
world was practically No M an s L an d
until the nineteenth century
How happens it that all these lands are
found under Anglo Saxon flags in the very
generation when the Pacific becomes de
Such facts
c is iv e of the world s destinies ?
are God s great alphabet with which he
spells for man his providential p u rposes
For a hundred years now blind men have
been quarreling with our national destiny
or with divine Providence They declared
that Jefiers on v iolated the Constitution in
the purchase of Lo u isiana ; they opposed
the purchase of Florida ; they were v ehe
ment in their opposition to the acquisition
of Texas and California they called Alaska
Seward s folly ; they rejected Hawaii
when off ered as a gift and would have had
Dewey sail away from the Philippines
leaving them an appl e of discord to the
European Powers or dooming them to
anarchy
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A n An glo Saxon S ea
-
But somehow notwithstanding the lack
of human foresight notwithstandin g huma n
blindness an d opposition these many diff er
ent lands belon gin g to many different
nations are foun d in a great world crisis
in the hands of one great race upon which
they co n fer decisive po w er
If there is no God in such history there
absentee
is no God an ywhere ; for an
”
God is for all practical purposes no God
at all
This race has been honored not for its
own sake but for the sake of the world
I t has been made powerful and rich and
free an d exalted— powerful not to make
but to serve ; rich not to make
s ubject
gr eater gains but to know the greater
blessedness ; free not simply to exult in
freedom but to make free ; exalted n ot t o
look dow n but to lift up
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A
New W
orld Life
and sympathies were broadened
until n ational life became the whole of
which men were a conscious part
When it required two or three months
to cross the Atlantic word from the O ld
World seem ed to the fathers as Washing
ton said like news from an other planet
But t he submarine cable and the triple
expansion m arine engine have reduced the
w orld to a neighborhood an d now we read
at breakf ast what happened in London that
same mor n ing before we get the gossip of
Thus our horizon has been
ou r own street
enlarged to t he measure of a great circle of
the eart h an d a world life is beginn in g to
be the great whole of which we are becom
i n g a conscious part
It goes without saying that this world
life is as yet very im perfect but such a
life fairly begun is another n ew a n d im
portant condition which confronts the n ew
centu ry
t eres t s
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Expan s ion
In
calling this worl d life new I do not
forget that since early times men have
dreamed of a world un ity through a worl d
empire and have measurably realized t heir
d reams by means of force U nder Rome
the world ha d one master but not one life
T he u nity which m en in stinctively felt
was necessary to a nation or an empire
they strove to secure through an enforce d
identi ty of custom of religion and of law
B ut such bonds are external an d being im
posed from without are mechanic al not
vital There was a unity in the Roman
world but it was made it di d not gro w
I t was the same kind of unity which exists
in a barrel which when its hoops are re
moved falls apart
We are beginning to see that society is
something vital—a living organism A nd
this is true whether it be the social organ
ization of a village or of a nation or of the
world In seeking the laws of social evo
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21 6
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A
lu tion ,
N ew W
o rld Life
therefore we must look for laws of
,
life
Now life abhors uniformity ; in all the
forests there are no two leaves precisely
alike Life loves harmonies and resem
blances but these imply differences U n i
formity means stagnation If identity of
law and language an d custom an d thou ght
could be enf orced throughout the wide
world it would be so far from a world life
th at it would not be even the first step
toward it If all the world thought alike
—even though that thought were good and
true— there could be no more progress in
the worl d until a differe n ce of Opinion had
been developed
G d f lfil l h im l f i m y w y
pt t h w ld
L t
g d c t m h ld c
.
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.
o
es
on e
u
s
oo
se
us o
s
n
ou
an
orru
a
s,
e
or
.
Life produ ces variety ; and it can rise to
higher forms only as it develops differences
An organ ism is impossible without differ
en tiation ; and the higher the organism the
.
21 7
Digitiz
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A
N ew W
orld
Life
or in the m agni tude of its effects These
d i ff erent causes have had varying values in
various stages of civil ization but there is
one cause which is constant because there
is one wan t which is absolutely universal
common to both sexes to all ages to all
classes of society to all nations to all
degrees of civilization and to all centuries
and that is s om ethin g to ea t This is the
one great necessity which forced life to
evolve into higher forms As life rises in
the scale it has an increasin g number of
wants and of motives ; and the higher the
type of man or of civilization the greater
W ill be the sway of the higher motives ;
but this one u n iversal motive is n ever lost
Here is a necessity that is new every day
in every life and must always be reckoned
with
Industry the first aim of which is food
is gradually widened until it supplies or
attempts to supply di rectly or indirectly
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Exp an s ion
all the wants of life ; hence the central
and vital position which i n dustry occ u
pies in every civilization an d the fact that
an important modification of the former
results in an important modification of
the latter Suffer two or three illustra
tio n s
When men live by the chase they are
savage When they begin to get their
living from domesticated animals they
take a long step upward But the civil
izat ion of pastoral peoples is primitive
and only such as is possible to nomadic
habits When m en begin agriculture it
attaches them to the soil makes a fixed
home and revolutionizes pastoral civiliza
tion
Again the introduction of machinery
revolutionizes industry and therefore s o
ciety producing as great changes in civil
ization as does the passage from pastoral
to agricultural pursuits
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An individualistic industry naturally
resulted from m uscular po w er of which
each man possessed his own Work was
done apart The family was the i n dus
trial world It was the age of homespun
There was but little interchange Com
merce was confined chiefly to luxuries
The community was composed of a large
number of units which were i n dustrially
independent of each other ; hence an indi
v i du al is tic civili zation in which the social
organization was simple and of a compara
t iv ely low type
With the introduction of mechanical
power all this was changed Workmen of
necessity gathered arou nd the source of
power ; the factory arose ; the organiza
tion of industry an d an ever increasing
division of labor followed O ccupations
were differentiated and became in terde
pendent precisel y as the various members
of the body are dependent on each other
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A New W o rld Life
with new condi tions new needs and n ew
possibilities of good and evil
The British empire as contrasted w ith
the Roman affords an excellen t illustra
tion of the n e w n ational life which has
become possible with the new industrial
civil ization The British empire though
extendin g vastly farther than Roman
agles ever flew is knit toge th er by bonds
vastly stronger than were ever forged by
Roman legions Though that empire is
scattered over the earth there is oneness of
life in it which was manifested at the time
of the $ ueen s Jubilee and again during
the w ar with the Boers British com
merce is more powerful than British arms
to hold that empire together Such an
empire woul d have been impossible in the
age of homespun The dev elopment of
the diff ering resources of the various colo
nies an d their exchange have produced
common in terests ; and the different mem
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Exp an s ion
bers of the empire have become needful to
each other Had the Boers been a part of
this great industrial organization the late
war would hardly have been possible
The Roman bond was imposed from
w ithout ; the Bri t ish bond of commerce
springs from mutual desire ren d ers mu tual
service and is mutual ly profitable It is
i nternal rather than external vital rather
than mech anical
and like all living
things it grows
Now this oneness of life which is well
developed in the British empire is well be
gun in the great world The widest diff er
en ces
of climate the greatest variety of
natural resources the marked variations of
races w ith their different nee ds differen t
adaptations and diff erent kinds of skill
all constitute a basis for a world industry
a world commerce and a world life the
beginnings of which are n ow quite obvious
and the perfection of which will insu re
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universa peace and the highest possible
measure of prosperi ty to every people
We have seen that organized life like
organized industry and commerce requires
variety ; but there must be unity in variety
Glance now at s ome of the s igns of the
oneness of life that is being developed in
the world
There has come to be a world public
opi n ion which is the natural outgrowth of
the daily newspaper Before the wide cir
culation of the daily press only a few per
son s thought of the same eve n ts at the
same time The news slowly made its way
from mouth to ear and from land to land
a n d had long since ceased to occupy one
par t of the nation or of the worl d before it
reached another part It is a new thin g
under the sun for some hun dreds of millions
of people to be thinking at the same time
of the same thin g— the assassination of a
sovereign or the envoys of the Powers im
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’
found in the Boers struggle to hold out
until the presidential election in the U n ited
States believing that a possible tur n in our
political tide woul d affect their settlement
with Great Britain
There has grown up a system of inter
national law which so far as it goes fu r
nishes a common standard chiefly ethical
to which all civilized nations are held by
the force of world public opinion
There are certain rules for the regulation
of navigation which have the force of law
all over the world
There is a world Postal Union the or
gan ization of which was a triumph over
many obstacles which seemed for a while
insurm ountable This Postal Union is at
the same tim e an expression of world life
an d an efficient means of further cultivating
that life
We are developing world sym pathies
A great calamity occurs—an Indian famine
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Expans ion
an A rmenian massacre a John s tow n flood
a Chicago fire—and at once streams of bene
faction aggregating hun d reds of thousa n ds
of dollars flow to those 1 n distress from
m any lands There is a human ity common
to modern times and peculiar to them
which shows consideration for man as m an
and is therefore as broad as mankind
There is no better il lustration of it than
that found in the change d treatment of
prisoners of war Grotius reflects the pre
ailing sentimen t of his time : A t the de
vastatio n of a province or the capture of a
city he thinks it right that children wo m en
old men clergy farmers merchants an d
other non combatants should be spare d
He allows that tradition and precedent are
against him but he claim s to be speaking
for the newer spirit He is doubtful whether
it is right for the victors to ravish the
women of captured places All precedent
he says establishes the right but he praises
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New W
orld Life
those generals that refuse to ex ercise it
Speaking as a lawyer boun d by tradition
he has to admit the right of the vict or to
slay al l prisoners taken in arm s but he
thinks that if heathen they might be more
wisely enslaved and if Christian they ought
to be only held to ransom )
This repre
sents the most advanced sentiment at the
middle of the seventeenth century Against
the dark background of history how shin
ing was A merican treatment of Spanish
prisoners in the late war $ O ur govern
ment at its own expense sent home across
the sea a wh ole army At Santiago over
a victory that electrified the world pity
tempered triumph an d the noble Philip
exclaime d Don t cheer boys ; the poor
fellows are dyin g
An d when Cerv era s
squad ron surrendered every energy of the
vi ctors w as devoted to re scu ing the d rown
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A
p il
A
r
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e an
der
Su t
h l
er an d
The Nineteenth Cen tury ,
in
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N ew W
orld Life
cr0 p reached the Atlantic seaboard the
supply in Great Britain together with all
then afloat and bound for British ports
was sufficient for only three weeks Europe
n ever
prod u ces enough wheat to supply
her own needs Her peoples are fed by
North and South America Australia and
Asia
Some
farmers in the
United States get their living by feeding
n early
European s every year
The price of a loaf of bread in London de
pends ou the prospects of the wheat crop
in this country the Argentin e I ndia and
Russia A single E n glish town has on sale
8 00 articles of foreig n foo d while English
ships carry many times 8 00 di fferent kin ds
of manufactured goods to foreign lan ds
Thus does the interdependence of different
nations create common interests and serve
to develop a common life
Again this world life is indicated by the
existence of a world sensibil ity such that
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Expan s ion
events or conditions on one side of the
earth produce effects on the other A fin an
cial crash occurs in the Argentine Republic
an d loud and prolon ged echoes are heard in
L on don and New York costing the latter
city it is said hun dreds of millions of d ol
lars The closing of Indian mints to silver
closes mines in Colorado A majority in
the American Congress vote Aye and
several thousands of persons are thrown
out of employment in a single Austrian
city Pilgrims at Mecca disregard sanitary
laws and cholera knocks at the gates of
England and America Russian peasants
li v e in filth and la gmpp e visits a curse on
millions in every land
The train of events which followe d
Germany s exporting of beet sugar a ffords
an excellent illustration both of the oneness
of the worl d s life an d of the political com
plications the constitutional and moral ques
tions which may attend an economic policy
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N ew W
A
orld Life
Prussia fostered the beet sugar industry
by a policy which amoun ted to offering a
bounty The prosperity of the West In dies
depended on the production of sugar cane
The resul t of the German policy was the
flooding of the British market w ith beet
sugar and in five years cane sugar fell one
half in value So great distress resulted
in the West Indies that the B ritish gov
ern m en t sent a commission to investigate
their condition The commission pointed
ou t the effect of the German policy w hich
had red u ced the islands from prosperi ty to
misery That policy threatened a further
red u ction of the industry
The con
”
sequences the report continues are likely
to be of a very serious character The
imme diate resul t would be a great want of
employment for the laboring classes
the public revenue would fal l off and the
governments
would be unable to meet
the absol utely necessary public ex pen di
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A
o rld Life
chain of cause an d effect whi ch is linking
all la n ds together and making isolation
more an d more im possible The new world
life makes the stranger my neighbor an d
my neighbor my brother
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Say
‘
n ot ,
It matte rs
n ot
t o me,
h w l i hi b h f
i t hi w d
hm wb
lif i w p hi lif i w f
t h th
v t g th
d ;
My brot
For
er s
n
e
en
o e
An d y ou
lv
or
es
rou s
he
ill , for g
m ust
s
u
an
e
s
oo
e
in
h
l
oo
e
one
,
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loom,
d or s ad
a
are a
,
rea s
e
are
’
s
s
,
er are
an d
For good
You r i
ar
s
s
ea
on
s
Y ou r
Wo
’
,
c
omm on
doom
.
Now the i n dustrial and commercial
changes which m a de a new worl d life
both possible and inevitable wi ll conti n ue
to promote that life more and more
The indus trial revolution involve d in
the transition from the age of homespun
to the age of the factory—which transition
may be said to have been complete d in
Englan d a n d the United States is j ust be
ginning in Asia and is in various stages of
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Expan s io n
progress in Continental Europ e —
will ulti
mately embrace the world no doubt with
the probable exception of the tropics Its
effects therefore in the world in general
may be anticipated by observing its eff ects
in England and the United States No
where else is the industrial organization so
complete and so extended and nowhere
else is the resulting commercial activity so
great The specializing of industry n eces
s itat es exchange
thus traffic is en ormously
stimulated by the factory system There
are move d in the United States forty tim es
as much railroad freight per caput as in the
remainder of the world This fact s u g
gests how vastly interchange and in t erde
pen den ce will increase as the industrial
revolution extends
M oreover there are now projected or in
process of construction continental an d
intercontinental systems of railway that
are unequaled The Cape to Cair o
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N ew W
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orld Life
road which represents splendid commer
cial comprehension and an engineering skill
no less brilliant will be only the main line
of a system whose branches will cover
Africa with a network of roads England
is also planning a line to run from Alexan
dria aro und the Persian Gulf through
I ndia and across China to Shanghai Ger
man and French capital is now constructing
important road s in A sia Minor and Syria
and Russia is seeki ng an outlet to the Per
sian Gul f The Siberian Railroad w ill be
miles from St Petersburg to Port
A rt hur— about twice as far as from New
York to San Francis co T his li ke the great
African road will ultimately be the m ain
line of a vast system When this road
which spans two continents is completed
it will be seventeen days from Paris to
Yokohama—j ust half the time now re
quired by way of the Suez Canal These
colossal lines the great systems projected
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o rld Life
not the strongest but rather the fittest for
survival w ill depen d more on social effi
The world
c ien c
y than on mere strength
is apparently to be d ivided among a few
great powers This tendency is of a ki nd
with th e absorption of small manufactures
by large the consolidation of small railways
into great systems and the massing of cap
ital in powerful combinations ; and how
ever much we may disapprove these ten
den cies they will doubtless ignore our
disfavor and consummate themselves
Before there can be a highly organized
national lif e there must be differentiation
and c o ordination This is the natural or
d er of development of world life as of all
other an d we may reasonably suppose that
the period of severe competition through
w hich we must yet pass will effect the n e
ces s ar
y specialization which must precede
the fi n al c o ordination It cannot be doubt
e d that when the worl d industry is com
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Expan s ion
organized there will be international
c o operation instead of internati on al com
petition
This new world life some of the signs
an d laws of which have been pointe d out
constitutes a new condi tion confronting the
n e w century which must be recogn ized by
nations as modi fying both rights an d d uties
T he closer contact of a higher social organ
ization limits certain indivi d ual right s
which many would call both natural an d
inalienable A man has a right to liberty
but to only so much as he can exercise
without infringing the rights an d liberties
of others In an individualistic civiliz ation
with a sparse population ind ivi duals ha d
certain rights whi ch in a social civilization
have ha d to give way to the goo d of socie ty
A family living al one on a prairie may wi th
impunity dispose of their refuse in a man
ner which in a city woul d outrage all sani
tary laws an d imperil the health of the com
l
e
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mun ity In an isolated local ity a man may
build his house of whatever material he
pleases But if he moves to the city or the
city comes to him and he undertakes to
build a woo den house where the common
safety requires that houses be of stone or
brick his liberty must be restrained He
cannot be permitted to exercise a liberty
which imperils the health or property of
others
In like manner when every continent
an d almost every country was a separate
world peoples coul d live very much as
they pleased and other peoples so long as
there was no encroachment had neither
right nor duty to interfere But all this is
ch an ged by the intimate contact and com
mon interests of the new world life which
now exists
T he popular notion in this country that
there can be no rightful govern ment of a
people without their consent was formed
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N ew W
orld L ife
out the civilized world History tell s us
that in A D 5 43 it carried off
vic
tims in Constantin ople in a single day
L ater in the century 5 90 it prevailed at
Rome an d spread thence throughout the
Roman world The Black Death of the
fourteenth century is believed to have been
the bubonic plague I t overran nearly the
whole of Europe and in some parts of the
continent the mortali ty was from two thirds
to three fourths of the population and was
even greater in England I t recu rred fre
quently in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen
t a ries in nearly all parts of Europe and has
appeared every century since It inflicted
great mortality in Persia in 1 8 77 and
broke out in Europe the following year
The present epidemic of the plague ap
and
Tonkin
in
1
9
3
a red in Ho n g Kon
8
e
p
g
It spread to M anila Hawaii where it was
necessary to burn ten blocks of buildin gs to
check it, and to Australia Notwithstanding
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Expans ion
most vigilant quarantine at various points
on our Pacific coast it entered San Fran
This is the first time it has ever ap
cisco
It
has
eared in the Western Hemisphere
p
also been reported from Buenos Ayres Rio
Jan eiro L ondon Glasgow O porto Alexan
d ria an d B ombay thus having made the
circuit of the world
It is not probable that this plague will
ever again be as fatal in civilized countries
as it has of ten been in the past because it
can be controlled by modern science A
few centuries ago when the most civilize d
peoples lived in besotted ignorance of
the perpetuity of the race
s anitary laws
no doubt d epend e d on the isolation which
then existe d If amid such unsanitary
c onditions there had been the close contact
of to day contagious diseases would prob
ably have s w ept the earth of its inhabitants
B ut many savage an d partially civil ized
races t o d ay are as filthy as the civili ze d
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peoples of a few hundred years ago Such
races then must be controlled by eu
lightene d nations both for their own sake
and for the sake of the world
Again the protection of property is a
function of government which w il l n o
doubt be given a larger construction by
reason of this n ew world life
The capital of the more wealthy and
powerful nations has been invested in many
of the remote parts of the earth Englan d
has investments abroad amounting to
scattered through alm ost
every land Germany has
in
South American investments American
capital as we have seen will flow abroad
in great streams in the future largely no
d o u bt to South America
In this commercial age business interests
are becoming so vast and so vital so com
plicate d an d so sensitive th at a serious dis
t u rbanc e in a L atin American state may
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CHAPTER
N ew W
A
orld
IX
Policy
ADMI RA L DEW EY s guns at M anila did
more than to sink the Spanish fleet ; they
battered down our Chinese wall of political
isolation
Washington in his Farewell Address
l aid down a rule touching our foreign re
l at i on s which was eminently wise for our
nation al infancy but which by reason of
our veneration for its author has been
glorified as a principle perpetually appli
cable an d accepted by three generations as
th e sum of political w isdom for our national
m anhood
Our long continued misapplication of
Washington s advice has created a temper
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Ex pan s io n
well expressed by the word s
Who cares
for abroad ?
As if the experience of other
nations could profit us nothi n g ; as if we
were qu ite superior to the natural laws
which have controlled the world s h istory as
if the wisdom of the past contained nothing
for us $ This temper is indifferent to O ld
World opinion and responsible for many
It has created a feeling of
bad man n ers
irresponsibility for the world s affai rs which
made it possible for us to stand by and
pusillanimously watch the unspeakable
T urk while in the broad daylight of n ine
t een th ce n tury civilization he butchered
more Christian s than suffered mar tyrdom
during all of the Ten Great Persecutions
under the Roman emperors
This national temper has so neglecte d
American citizens abroad as to invite for
them imposition Americans have had to
rely on the British flag for protection ; an d
instan ces are not lacking in which that flag
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A N e w W orld
has
P olicy
been worth more to them than their
ow n
.
At the time of the Armenian massacres
A merican citizens suff ered the loss of
their property and were placed in peril of
their lives by the Turkish soldiery and
yet in response to repeated dema n ds for
in d emnity made by our government the
Turk snaps his thumb and finger in our
face Why should an American mission
a man without a coun try ? A
ar
y be
missionary from Chi n a recently said to m e :
You will find that all American mis
sionaries are in favor of expansion
Why should not the American flag com
mand as much respect in the ends of the
eart h for those who claim its protection as
the British flag or any other ?
This national temper which so far as any
participation in the political life of the
world is concerned has made u s a hermit
nation is thus characterized by Hon
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A N ew W orld Policy
for a great nation to play in the affairs of
the world
The advice of the Farewell Address was
expressly based on our detached an d dis
tant situation
When that advice was
given we were isolated from the remainder
of the world both geographically and
economically ; an d political isolation was a
logical corollary Now all this is radically
changed The city of Washington is
nearer to European capitals to day than
they were to each other a hun dred years
ago ; an d the nation wh ich is the greatest
producer and con sumer in the world finds
economic isolation doubly impossible O f
course political isolation was doomed to
disappear with the geographic and eco
nomic foundations on which it rested
Reduced to its simples t terms Wash
Let us
ington s advice amounts to this :
mind our ow n business
admirable ad
A tl ti M thly M y 1 898 p 587
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Expan s ion
vi
ce for that age an d equally good for
this Then our business was confined to
this continent ; n ow it is in the ends of
the earth By all means let us mind it
We may ransack all history in vain to
find changes which c an compare in magni
tude or number with those which mark
the nineteenth century Had Adam live d
to the present momen t he would have
seen greater ma terial progress during the
past hundred years than during all his life
preceding There are new forces at work
in the world There are new conditions
new ideas new social ideals new n ec es s i
ties In brief there is a new civilization ;
and with the possible exception of Japan
nowhere in the world have these changes
been so vast as in the United S t ates In
addition to the changes which have taken
place during the nineteenth century and
largely as a result of them we find the
twen tieth century confronted by certain
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A Ne w W orld
Polic y
onditions quite new in the h istory of the
world which concern man kind in general
and ourselves in particular and w hich
were discussed in the preceding chapters
Attention was called in the first chap
ter to the astonishi n g development of en
er y and of wealth which have sub dued
g
the continent an d which to day make us
the mos t forceful and resourceful nation in
the world We have seen that with ever
increasing wealth and energy we shall
have at home ever decreasing opportunity
to i n v est and apply them Our young
men and our capital will therefore in
c reas in gly go abroad and be found w h er
ever undeveloped resources and sleepy
eighteenth century methods creat e an op
Thus Americans will in creas
portu n ity
in gly acquire in dividual and corporate
rights and interests all over the world
We have seen (Chapter II ) that our
new manufacturing supremacy gives every
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N ew W
orld Po licy
w ill
have a profound eff ect upon the
world and will confer on us the commer
c ia l scepter of the Pacific
We have seen ( Chapters VI and VII )
that the Pacific is to become the center of
the world s population commerce wealth
and power ; that it is to be also the arena
where the two great races of the future
will settle the question of free institutions
or absolutism for all mankind
We have seen that we are entering on a
new world life (Chapter VII I ) of which we
are an organic part and which creates new
necessities and new obligations which it
will be impossible to evade
Amid these changed world conditions
we could not maintain a policy of political
isolation if we would This is a commer
c ial age a n d commercial considerations are
the mainspring of n ation al policies It is
the supreme interests of nations or what
appear to be which shape their politics
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Expan s ion
both at home and abroad ; and in this d ay
industrial and commercial interests are eu
preme $ uestions of finance of tariff of
expansion of colonial policy of the open
door dominate politics national an d in
t ern ation al because they profoun d ly affect
industry and commerce The Far Eastern
question which con stitu tes a war cloud
on the world s hori zon considerably larger
than a man s hand is an industrial and
commercial question The vast contin eu
tal and intercontinental railway systems
which are bein g created illustrate the im
possibility of separating the political and
commercial interests of nations Great
commercial ente rprises like the Suez an d
Isthmian Canals cannot be divested of their
political importance Britain n ow has an
Indian empire because she once had an
East Indian Trading Com pany Englan d
rules Egyp t because E n glish capital is so
largely invested there It is idle to s u p
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A
o rld
Po licy
pose that we can be a part an d a princi
pal part of the organized commercial and
indu strial life of the world and yet main
tain a policy of political isolation We
might as well attempt to divorce cause
a n d eff ect
Political questions are as in
s eparable fr om industri al an d commercial
interests in the gr eat world life of which
we are so large a part as they are in
n ational life
”
But it is asked are there not serious
an d weighty objections to enterin g into
world politics ?
Certain ly
There are
serious and weighty objections to growing
old but growing old is inevitable unl ess
in d eed we die young Some might sug
gest serious an d weighty objections to dy
ing at any age and yet death is inevi table
O bjections however weighty wh en urged
agains t the inevitable do not count
It is qui te too late to a s k whether we
will expan d We are already expanded
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N ew W
orld Policy
both possible and desirable to continue or
to resume our traditional policy of isola
tion But if our recent acquisitions had
never been made if the Spanish American
war had never been waged expansion
would still have been the natural and ih
evitable resul t of the causes discussed in
the preceding chapters Should the nation
ref u sin g to recognize the radical changes
which have taken place durin g the nine
teen th century and ignoring the new con
dit ion s which confront the twentieth
imagine it could still pursue the policy of
the past tha t would be to drift u n c on
s c iou s l y out into the open sea of world
politics without chart or compass
But we may confidently hope that the
nation having left behind its chil dhood has
acquir ed some of the wisdom of manhood
And if we have not yet as a nation arrived
at well reasoned con victions touching ex
i
on we have at least shown the instinc t
an
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Expan s io n
of developme n t and as Professor Seeley
says : In a truly living institution the in
s t in c t of development is wiser than the
utterances of the wisest indiv idual man
There are many among us who share
neither this instinct nor these convictions
who command our entire respect Men are
worthy of all admiration who can stand
against popular clamor who prefer a good
conscience to glory either personal or na
t ion al ; men who when they believe t he
nation is entering on a mistaken and dan
erou s course cry out and spend themselves
g
to spread the al arm Such I believe ar e
the anti expansionists who have become
such not at the behest of party leaders but
as independent thinkers These men are
not one whit too con scientious nor one iota
too unselfish (tha t were impossible) B ut
they have I believe for m ed their judg
ments without taking into consideration
the great world facts which have been
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Policy
pointed ou t in the preceding chapters which
cannot be gainsaid and which are utterly
destructive of their conclusion that it is
possible for this nation to continu e its
traditional policy of political isolation
The n ew departure is already made It
is inev itable that we enter into the politics
of the world It remains only to ask
How ?
2 I t is quite possible to sail into this
to us unknow n sea recklessly and with a
false chart
Should we adopt the ambitious aims
and unscrupulous methods which have
been tradition al among the great nations
of the earth we should probably jus tify
the fears and fulfil l the predictions of the
anti expansionists
Machiavelli held that without the state
there could be n o civilization and without
civ ilization there could be no good of any
sort Therefore the state as the highest
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be subordinated to expediency ; as if a
Christian statesman mu st need s be a Dr
Jekyll an d Mr Hyde ; as if principles
might bind men individually and yet not
collectively ; as if God might be the Ruler
of na tions while yet nations are in depen d
ent of His law ; as if nations might be
and must be supremely selfish while indi
v idu al s are bound to be altruistic $
If men holding such political phil os o
phy and ethics were placed in ch arge of
the ship of state we shoul d indeed sail
out into a stormy sea wi th a false chart
an d w ith every prospect of disaster But
such men do not represent the American
people and hence are not likely to be ele
v a t ed to positions where they can do any
mischief
3 The remaining alternative is to u n
dertak e the v oyage before us with a true
chart which we may do with all good
cour age O r to drop our metaphor the
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Expan s ion
only wise course for us is frankly to recog
nize the change d con ditions of the world
and intelligently to adapt to them a new
world policy the aim of which sh all
be not national aggrandizement but the
noblest ministry to the new world life
I n the realization of this aim we must
be guided by
,
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EN L I G H TEN ED
AN
W OR L D CO N S CI EN C E
.
With a new world life the advent of
which was shown in the preceding chap
ter is comi n g a new apprehension of that
life Men have long held at least theo
ret icall
y that God made all nations of one
blood but in rece n t years there has come
to be a conception of the oneness of m an
ki nd so new that there must needs be
coined a new w ord to express it ; and n ow
we talk of the s oli da r ity of the race
The recognition of this fact is the begin
ning of a new world consciousness
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N ew W
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Not until we come to self conscious
man as we rise in the scale of being do
we fin d a conscien ce Con sciousness and
conscience are closely related and each
implies the other When therefore we
arrive at a world conscious n ess then a
world conscience becomes both possible
and necessary
When we become con
scious that our interests sympathies and
opportunities have become as w ide as the
world our conscience tells us that our
d uties have been expanded in like meas
ure Paul says : As we have therefore
opportunity let us do good unto all men
maki n g obligation commensurate with
opportu nity
A s the individ u al life organized in ever
wider relations is the basis of the com
munity life of the national life and of the
world life and as individual opinion is the
basis of publ ic opinion which by reason of
extending communication becomes national
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orld Policy
obli gation to the family and then to the
tribe was gradually enlarged to include
the nation B ut between different nations
there was for ages little evidence of an y
sense of moral obligation The onl y in
t ern ation al law was that of might
.
.
.
Th e g ood old
—th
S u fiice th th em
That th ey
s h ou
An d th ey
ld t k
ld k
a
s hou
pl pl
wh h v
p wh
m
e si
e
ee
an
e
o
l
ru e
a
e
o can
th e
pw
o
er,
.
In general s tatecraft was craft indee d
the crooked wisdom of unscrupulous
rulers Down to the nineteenth century
probably the question was rarely raised
whether a specific war between different
nations was j ust It is only a few gen
era t ion s since private citizens preye d on
the commerce of a frien dly state with
entire impunity commit ting d epredations
which now would condemn them to hang
Sir Francis Drake and
a t the yar d arm
Sir Walter Raleigh did not s cruple to rob
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Exp ansion
and kill Spaniards when England an d
Spain were at peace To ha v e dealt thus
with Englishme n would h ave been the
highest of crimes : thus to cripple in some
measure a people who had been at war
with their own a n d might be again was
close kin to the virtues
Govern ments have been supposed to
have no ends above the well being of the
state There was no greater nor higher
life t han that of the nation and therefore
no worthier end ; and to this end the good
of other nations has been promptly sacri
”
fic ed when
necessary or prac ticable ;
hence national instead of universal ethics
and a national, instead of a world con
science
But the same sort of conditions n ow
exists for the development of a world con
science which once produced the national
conscience Com
an d earlier the tribal
mu n ication common interests and oppor
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A N ew
t u n ities ,
W orld Policy
and therefore common obliga
tions which were once confined to the
narrow circle of blood relatives an d were
gradually expanded to include the nation
have now been extended to embrace the
world with the natural and inevitable
result that a new world conscience is
being developed whi ch is to govern the
new world l ife Jane Addams has wisely
said : We may make a mistake in poli
tics as well as in morals by forgetting that
n ew conditions are ever demanding the
evolution of a n ew morality along old
lines but in larger measure Unless the
present situation extends ou r nationalism
into internationalism un less it has thrust
forward our patriotism into humanitarian
ism we cannot meet it
This world life is something greater
than national life an d world good
therefore is something higher than na
tion al goo d and must take precedence of
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Po licy
a world conscience which as far as pos
sible shall hold the nations to an ethical
standard common to the world
Of course a Christian nation can adopt
for its ow n standard nothing less than
Christian ethics A government cannot
justly be called Christian unless it is con
trolled by Christian principles
The
state ought to be as M ilto n said but as
one huge Christian perso n age one mighty
growth or stature of an honest man
It goes without sayin g that no state has
as yet realized M ilton s ideal but has not
the time come to adopt and confess that
ideal ? And is there not precisely here a
sacred obligation and a noble opportunity
for our nation ?
God winnowed Europe for the seeds of
civil and religious liberty with which to
sow America and kept this soil virgin
until that seed could be developed se
l ec ted and transported that the new ex
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Expan s ion
self government might be
tried u nder the most favorable conditions
and the success of democracy here has
compelled the princes of Europe to reckon
with the peoples of Europe
Again has Providence prepared the
world for an upward step and for a new
experiment to be tried under the most
favorable conditions The time has come
for a new political philosophy and ethics
which will mee t the new worl d conditions
and satisfy the claims of the new world
life O n entering into the politics of the
world it w ill be practicable for this nation
to set up a new standard of national obl i
gation that will be consonant with the
individual conscience and to adopt politi
cal ethics which will not outrage Christian
ethics
We are not called to take this step as a
weakling compelled to follow the lead of
stronger nations in adopting the selfish
perim en t
in
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and therefore immoral standards which
have been consecrated by precedent and
hallowed by time That call comes to u s
in the recognized might of our manhood
Conscious of our stren gth we may bind
ourselves with the law of right and jus
tice aye an d of benevolence too with
out being charged with weak ness or fear
Unbound by habit and untrammeled by
prece d ent in world politics we may s et
for ourselves a new stan dard of n ational
obligation which shall recogn ize the new
world life of which national life is a part
and which the nation is bound to serve
with a purity of purpose for which it will
be held answerable at the bar of the world
conscience
L et this nation prove the practicability
of righteousness i h international affairs
let it demonstrate that the recognition of
world interests as supreme is the far thest
sighted wisdom the highest statesman
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A
nations
N ew W
orld Policy
send to them our official repre
s en tat iv es
and receive theirs ; in the
world s commerce we buy and sel l and get
gain ; we reap our full share of benefit
from the world s good order but w e have
been willing that other people should pay
for it We have left other nations to
police the world while we rub our ha n ds
in holy glee that they have never been
fouled in the dirty politics of the world ;
meanwhile we attend strictly to business
and make all the money possible out of
the peace for which other nations pay
Why is it an y less contemptible for na
tions than for individuals to shirk obliga
tions and try to get the good things of
life without paying for them ?
,
we
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A RM I ES A S W OR L D
P OLICE
.
Adopting a world policy in volves a
world police and the acceptance of our
proper share of the cost This mean s an
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Exp ans ion
adequate standing army which need not
be large as we have already seen and a
powerful navy
All this implies the possible use of
force or in other words war ; and ma n y
excellent people find it difficult to recon
cile war with an enlightened world con
science by which it is agreed our new
world policy should be guided
Disciples of Count Tolstoi and philo
sophical anarchists hold that force shoul d
never be used for moral ends They do
not beli eve that a loving parent can wisely
use force t ocorrect or restrain a wayward
child They would not have the police
employ force to suppress a riot or to pre
vent robbery and bloodshed They would
condemn the forcible suppression of the
Boxers even though the only alternative
were the spread of violence and anarchy
throughout the Chinese Empire with all
the unspeakable horrors which that im plies
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orld
P o licy
One cannot argue with those who are
prepared to make such sacrifices of com
mon sense to a theory A correct logical
process draws a false conclusion if a
premise be false ; and an educated m an
w h o believes that his premises are correct
will stick to his conclusion however ah
surd it may be because he is sure of his
logic ; hence the in fin ite sacrifices of r eas on
to r ea s on in g But it is God s mercy to
the mul titude who have never learned
logic that they are saved from such blun
ders by their common sense A conclu
however buttressed it may be by
s ion
logic which is not workable in the com
mon scheme of life the people rej ect ;
and this is the salvation of democracy
l Such doctrine touching all u s e of force
is as m uch a travesty of Christianity as it
is of reason The use of force may be s el
fish or benevolent ; and it is the former
which is condemned alike by an enlight
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A N ew
io u s
W orld Policy
prejudice as in India In such cas es
where prompt action alone can avert a
great calamity patient eff ort to persuad e
would be weakness and failure to u s e
force would be crimi n al
It is said What a saving in blood and
treasure if instead of sending soldiers to
Cuba we had spent a few millions in
”
sen ding missionaries and teachers $ B ut
while the missionaries were trying to hu
m an ize the Spaniard s the recon cen trados
would have perished and the teachers
woul d have foun d themselves without an
occupation Here was a situation which
d emanded prompt action and the only
action to which Spain would yield was
forcible action The tak ing of her colo
nial possessions from Spain was a case of
moral surgery requiri n g force as painful
and as benevolent as amputation
O nly a few far gone theorists would
d eny that there are e mergencies like n ot
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Digitiz
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Expans ion
when the onl y argument
which municipal authority can use is the
policeman s club M any find it eas y to
approve of force on the part of the
mun icipal ity who are unable to justify
force on the part of the nation T o such
the poli ceman s stick is the s ym bol of
goo d ord er whi le the sword is the symbol
of violence an d rapine Thi s is due en
The obv ious ob jec t
t irel y to as sociation
of the poli ce force is to preserve ord er
while history associates armies with c on
quest an d plunder
B ut as the world is grad uall y being
civilized and civilization is gradu ally
being Christianized armies are find ing
1
A
s
u
new o ccupations
The O tlook says
T he army among A nglo Saxon peoples
is no longer a mere instrument of de
struction It is a great reconstru cti v e
org an izati on It is promoting l aw , ord er
J ly 29 1 8 99 p 699
or con flagration ,
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.
A New W orld
Policy
civilization and is fighting famine an d
pestilence in India It is lightening taxes
building railroads opening markets lay
ing the foundations of justice and liberty
in Egypt It is reorganizing society on a
basis of physical health fairly paid indus
try honest administration popular rights
an d public e ducation in Cuba
In like manner war is gradually chang
ing its character It once involved lust of
conquest hatred revenge the slavery or
the slaughter of the vanquished and the
violation of virtue B ut n o one of these
belongs essentially an d of necessity to
war They are accidents of which one
and another have been alread y dropped
S el fis h
w ith the progress of civilization
ness hatred and revenge are no more
necessary to the soldier who is engaged in
preserving the world s order than to the
pol iceman who is quelling a riot or to a
parent who is correcting a child
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forever wi ll not be disappointed ; for
Chris tianity will gradually remove the
causes of war and the development of the
world life w ill ultimately make war im
possible We may cherish our hope of
arbitration for the world ; but while we
never forget our i deals and never cease to
str uggle toward them we must never
forget actualities and that we are com
to
deal
with
them
We
dare
to
d
e
ll
e
p
believe that human nature is yet to be
come un selfish and pacific ; we dare not
forget that at present it is neither It is
with twentieth century human nature that
we shall have to deal in the twentieth
century and not with the regen erated
hu man nature which will be when the
kin gdom of God is fully come in the
earth ; and human nature as it is requires
and
i
ll
require
for
a
long
t
me
w
i
t
o come )
(
more or less of force in its government
Law is one of the fund amental facts of
,
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Expansion
the
iverse Without it there can be n o
or d er no society no civilization no goo d
of an y sort whatever ; and only those may
be free from the law of another who are
capable of bein g a l aw unto themselves ;
hence the necessity of force in the family
the commun ity the state the world until
s elf government is universal and then free
d om will be universal At this point we
mu st d istin guish between
un
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
FREED OM
AN D
IND EP EN D EN CE
.
T o be in d ependent is to be exempt
from reliance on others and from the rul e
of others To be free is not to be exempt
from law but from arbitrary or despotic
law It is as Webster says to be sub
j ect only to fix e d laws regularly adminis
.
,
.
,
,
,
t ered
”
.
There can be no existence without law ;
an d the h igher the form of existence the
larger the number of laws to which it
,
28 4
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A New W orld
Policy
owes obedience These laws can never
be evaded When violated they are not
escaped their penalties are inflicted The
only possible way therefore to be free is
to be free under law ; that is by being in
sympathy with the laws of one s nature
All animate nature is free not because it
is out from under law but because it has
no desire to transgress the laws which
limit and control it But man because he
is endowed with free will is capable of
transgressing Indeed he has to learn to
obey ; he therefore has to learn to be free
Legally or technically one may be born
fr ee ; but strictly s peaking freedom like
learning must be acquired ; it exists only
where it has been achie v ed ; it is a duty
rather than a right
Independence is a matter of relation
ship ; freedom is a matter of character
M en become free only so far as they learn
self govern ment and they shoul d be in
.
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,
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N ew W
orld
Policy
ence and of course the less the in depen d
ence
The progress of civilization involves the
increase of organization industrial social
and political and therefore necessitates
an ever decreasing independence while it
makes possible an ever increasing freedom
We are now prepared to consider
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
-
.
O UR
R EL A TI ON S TO TH E P H I L H ’ PI N ES
.
Our policy should be determi n ed not by
national am bition nor by comm ercial con
siderations but by our duty to the world
in general and to the Filipinos in part ien
lar By disch arging th ese obligations we
shall best fulfill our duty to ourselves
The subject bristles with interrogation
points Have we acquired a legal title to
the Philippines ? May we constitution
ally hold them ? Does the constitution
extend over all the possessions of the
United States ? Can we justly or con sist
,
,
.
.
.
2 87
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expan sion
ently govern without the consent of the
governed ? O n these and other like ques
tions good and conscientious and in t ell i
gent and patriotic citizens differ A li st
of worthy names may be cit ed on each
side with a resulting equation ; and in
questions of opi n ion an equation may be
solved by cancellation
To spend our time saying
It was
”
and It wasn t
It is and It isn t is
as indecisive and idle as t h e age long d is
pute of the katydids When the w hole
q u estion is raised from the plane of opin
ion to that of fact and we look at it in the
light of the great world conditions w hich
have been pointed out and which n o on e
can deny doubt is instantly resolved an d
the path of duty is made reason ably clear
to every mind whose judgment is n ot
darkened by its ow n prepossessions
As a part of the great world life thes e
people cannot be permitted a lawless in
,
.
.
$
,
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$
”
$
’
$
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,
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,
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,
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Digitiz
ed
88
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A
N ew W
orld Pol icy
dependence I f they are capable of being
a law unto themselves then neither the
United States nor an y other Power should
extend authority over them If they are
incapable of s elf government then to give
them i—
ndependence would wrong the
d
world i n 3 8 11 2
them
s elves l n p a
rti e
an
ul ar
T he pract ical question then n ar
rows down to this : Are the Filipinos capa
ble of self government ?
.
,
.
-
,
o
~
.
m
.
to arraign the disposition of Providence
Himself to suppose that He has created
beings incapable of governing themselves
B ut Clay s conception was formed when
the old carpenter theory of the univers e
obtained before modern science had
shown that races develop in the course of
ears
and
c enturies as individuals do in
y
that an und eveloped race which is incapa
ble of self government is no more of a
reflec tion on the Almighty than is an a n
.
.
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,
,
,
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,
28 9
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
N ew W
A
o rld Policy
ep rt con tinues : Thus the welf are of
the Filipinos coincides with the dictates
of nation al honor in forbid ding our aban
d on m en t of the archipelago
We cannot
from an y point of view escape the res pon
s ibilit
y of the government which our sov
erei n t
entails
and
the
Commission
is
g y
strongly persuad ed th at the performance
of our national duty will prove the great
est blessing to the people of the Philip
pine Islands
In addition to Admiral Dewey thi
report was signed by Colonel Charles
‘
Denby who as m inister of the United
States to Chi n a during several administra
tion s became familiar with O riental char
acter ; by Presid ent Schurman of Cornell
U niversity who at the time of
pointment to the Commission was
to our taking the Philippines by General
O tis an d by Professor Worcester who
has spent over three a n d a half years in
r
$
o
.
,
.
,
,
-1
,
,
,
,
2 91
z
Digiti
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expan s ion
the study of the islands and their people
and who is recognized as one of the highest
authorities on all questions relating to
them He says the people are utterly
Bishop Potter
u nfit for self government
who acknowledges that his visit to the
islan ds consid erably change d his views
says
It is nonsense to talk of the
native Filipinos hav m g the ability to
or a m ze a government of their own
g
S u ch testimony from such sources
would seem to be decisive to every u n
biased mind And if the Filipinos are
incapable of governing themselves some
one else must govern them O n whom is
that duty more incum bent than on our
selves ?
It is the Tagalogs w h o have been in
arms against the authority of the United
States They are civilized and many of
them are l iberally educated They are
often spoken of as if they were the Fili
,
$
.
”
-
.
,
,
$
’
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,
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2 92
Digitiz
ed
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ros oft$
A N ew W
orld
Policy
pin os ; but they constitute only one fifth
of the population The other four fifths
are composed of v ari ous tribes s peaking
diff erent la nguages and representing dif
feren t d egrees of civil ization d o w n to
simple savagery These four fif ths have
been either friendl y to the Uni ted States
or neutral Do we owe nothing to them ?
The report of the Commission states that
the government s o called which the
Tagalogs organize d
served only for
plundering the people under the pretext
of levyin g war contributions while many
of the insurgent officials were rapidl y
accumulating wealth The administration
of justice was paralyzed an d crime of all
sorts was rampant Might was the only
law Never in the wors t d ays of Spani s h
m isrule had the people been so overtaxed
or so badl y go v erned
In many prov
in c es there was absolute an archy and fro m
all sides came petitions for protection and
-
-
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,
-
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’
,
.
.
.
,
293
Digitiz
ed
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A
N ew W
o rld Policy
nation of the policy of annexation on the
ground that the Filipi n os are i n capable of
self government and c an never establish a
political organization worthy to enter in to
the sisterhood of states
Let the two
classes of objections neutralize each
other
I f it has been made reasonably clear
that it is our duty to establish and main
tain order in the Philippines it remains
on ly to add a word as to the principles on
which governmen t shoul d be administere d
It should in every particular aim at the
well being of the Filipinos We must
accept this n ew responsibility as a trust
for civilization
We want no tribute
bearing colonies The colonial history of
Spain Hollan d and England contains
valuable lessons by which we must profit
Their experience demonstrates the folly of
the more selfish the policy
s elfis hn es s —
the more complete its failure If with
,
-
.
.
,
.
-
.
.
.
,
,
.
fl
,
.
295
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
,
Expansion
the warning of their experience we repeat
their blunders we shall be much more
culpable than they
O ur own brief experience in Cuba
already aff ord s a warning an d a shining
example Officials who went down there
on the make required but a few mo n ths
to ruin themselves and to disgrace the
nation they represented ; w hi le the dis
interested labors of General Wood and
Mr Alexis Everett Frye have rendered
splendid service to the Cubans and have
reflected great honor upon themselves an d
their country
There is one evil which has already
reached sufficient proportions to d emand
especial notice a n d that is the drink traf
fic with our dependencies
Asiatic and
African races of arrested development are
alike innoce n t of many Occidental vices
and undisciplined to resist them Civ
il ized races have a moral fiber which en
,
,
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,
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2 96
Digitiz
ed
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A N ew W
orld Policy
ables their better members to withstand
the vices of civilization to which un dev el
ope d races fall easy victims ; and this is
especially true of drunkenness
If these u n developed races are subject
to the limitations of childhoo d we may
also claim for them the rights of child
hood ; and certainly all are agreed that
liquor shoul d not be sold to children By
the very act of assuming a protectorate
over these races the European governments
declare them to be wards incapable of
managing their ow n affairs These gov
therefore clearly boun d to
ern m en t s are
aff ord them the protection which is thr own
around minors A nd yet civil ized and
Christianized nations have inflicted on
Africa a ru m traffic which is debauching
whole races plunging them into all the
horrors of savage warfare and pouring
vitriol into the Open sore of the world
Farrar d eclares that this
s o that Dean
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
297
Digitiz
ed
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ros oft$
A N ew W orld Policy
Moreover it is well to remember that
w hi le respon sib il ity for our own pos ses
sions cannot be evaded it is not confined
to them The enlightene d nations shoul d
unite to en d the African rum trafiic as they
did to stop the African slave trade And
it is to be hoped that the day is not far d is
tant when Great Britain and the U nited
States will join hands in defence of j ustice
an d li berty the worl d over
,
,
.
-
-
.
.
He
’
true to
s
God
who
'
s
tru e t o man ;
wherever wro g
is
n
done
bl
To th e hum
ing
That
es t an d
is
r ng
al s o
lv
o e of righ t
th e
w
eak es t ,
'
neath
the all
-
b h ld
e o
s un ,
wo
W h os e
th e
race.
don e
to
us
; an d th ey are s la
is for th emsel ves ,
an d n ot
for
v
es
all
$
If we love j ustice for ours elves but not
for others it is ourselves we love not j ust
ice If we love liberty for ourselves an d
not for all the world we love it as a s elfish
luxury not as a pri nciple
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
299
z
Digiti
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
Expan s ion
It is heathenish to measure obligation by
proximity or by blood relationship Christ
ian ethics declares that whoever is fou nd
wound ed on the Jericho road is our neigh
bor and our neighbor is to be love d not
onl y as a brother but as ourselves Moral
obligation cannot be computed from a gen
eal ogical chart nor measu re d with a yar d
Duty d oes not like gravitation
s tick
vary in vers ely as the square of the di s
t an c e
A ll this d oe s not mean that the A nglo
Saxon race shoul d become a Don $ uix ote
riding atilt at every win dmill on the
world s hori zon but it does mean the con
s ciou s n es s in our selves an d the d eclaratio n
to others that our national sym pathies are
everywhere on the s ide of justice freed om
an d e d ucation ; it d oes mean the natural
self consciousness that in this respect our
spirit an d that of the people of Great
Britain are one ; and it d oes mean that the
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
’
,
,
-
300
Digitiz
ed
c
by Mi
ros oft$
,
W orld Policy
A N ew
enemies of justice freedom and education
the world over must hereafter reckon w ith
America and Great Britai n as the open
avowed and courageous friends of these
inaliena ble rights of humanity
Such a world policy as is urged is not
only justified but required by the new
world life on which we have entered True
e nough it is unprecedented but so are the
new world conditions which demand it
T he w ise words of Emerson tr u e when
written are peculiarly applicable to day
We li v e in a new and exceptional age
America is another word for opportunity
O ur whole history appears like a last efiort
of Divine Providence in behalf of the
human race ; and a literal slavish follow
in g of precedents as by a justice of the
peace is not for those who at this hour
lead the destinies of this people
Con
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
-
,
$
.
.
,
,
,
”
.
Edit oria
l
on
Th e New
ct i
Mon roe Do
look A ugu s t 27, 1 898
,
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Digitiz
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The Ou t
IND EX
Addam s , Jan e, 269
.
c
Afri
a , ru m
Al as k a,
c
Am eri
tr afi
c
c
in , 297 298 299
—
,
1 68 1 71
re s ou r e s of ,
v
pw
Pro i den
a,
n ew u
c
p
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s e tt em en t of ,
in
e
.
,
—
272 274
it
om ared
S
ard s t e
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o
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of,
l
fam i i es
an d
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w lth
1 73 ;
ea
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Barrett, H on J o
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om as
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h 1 75 1 80
l L y 31
n,
H
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Beau l ie u M Pau
h
a
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B e n ton , T
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Au s t ra ia , 1 72, 1 73, 21 1
,
to
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1 73
a
,
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as s a res ,
u s ra as a ,
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.
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a
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x c p
w h l v 1 86—1 95 ;
th i h m
208
204—
i i t 260 261 294 295
A ti Exp
Am
i
m
c 248 249
A mi
w ld p lic 275—
283
m t l
A t l i
1 7 1 1 73 ; p ci
f 1 72
An g
c ll
271 , 272 ;
ero
.
.
,
1 83
.
,
Bere s ford , L ord, 68, 1 30
.
x
Bo
h
th e C i n es e , 276
e rs ,
.
pi c t t d with R m 223 224
B b ic pl g
242 —
244
c f 1 68
d
C
l th i thm i 1 35—1 62 ; g g phic l ff ct f 1 37
C
p litic l fi t f
1 51
1 40 ; c m m c i l ff ct f 1 40—
c my f 1 41 1 42 t bl f di t c 1 45
1 51 1 61
t l it y f 1 52 1 53
1 48 ;
cti i
t 1 04 ; i l ti
w 1 04—
1 34 ;
th
Ch i
ti
1 09 4 1 1 ; p i g f 1 1 1
dy i g
f 1 07 ;
B rit is h
u
em
a
on
on ras
re
u e,
e
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n a,
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Digitiz
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In de x
—C
Ch in a
on tin u ed.
1 12;
rai
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c
p
w
f liv i
in , 1 1 3 ; ma n u fa t ures in , 1 1 4 ; im orts ,
ed u a ti on in , 1 1 8 1 20 ; res u t of a
ak en
ay s
c
l
1 71 ; W es tern
in g , 1 24 1 33; res ou rce s , 1 24 1 25 ; s tan dard o
o en d oor
in , 1 33 ;
1 29, 1 30; omm er e of , 1 31 ;
-
-
c
,
c
p
t on goods im ort e d by ,
ard
Ameri
Ch in o J a
-
l
l iv i
of
p
c
1 46 ;
e
p
ff ct
e
n
p
o u ation ,
1 77;
.
,
e ff e
w ar,
anes e
c ot
of e e at in g s t an d
of
g , 1 76, 1 77 ; den s ity
t roo s i n 258
an
lv
pp l
ng,
ct
1 08
of,
.
C ay , Hen ry , 1 41 , 288
Coa , 52 54; in Rus s ia, 53 ; in Great Britain , 53 ; in Ger
man y , 53 ; in
ran e , 53 ; in Un it ed States , 53, 54
—
l
.
amoun t rais e
F
d
c
h
54; i n C in a , 1 24, 1 25
Co uh ou n , M r , 1 25, 1 50, 1 51
Co u m u s , 1 7, 21 0
Comm er e, n ew in es of, 34 ; Am eri an , to be arried in
Am eri an
ott om s , 65 70 ;
reat e d by Ni aragu a a n a ,
lq
l b
,
.
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c
c
l
b
c
— c
c
c
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1 42 1 44
-
.
Commis s ion to
Philippi
p t
cc
—c
290, 292, 298
Com et ition ,
on dit i on s of s u
es s fu , 52 71 ;
oa , 52- 54
iron , 54 58 ; low abor os t , 58 63 ; h ea raw m ateria s ,
p
c
—
n es , re
l
cc
of,
or
— c
c
63, 64; a es s to m ark et s , 64 ;
84, 85; intern ation a , 238 , 239
Con fu i u s , 1 04, 1 05
l
c
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p
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s ti m u atin g
.
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p od cti
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u
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on ,
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Cons ien
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Co
ro u
on ,
ct i
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ligh t
on of,
c
Cou s in , Vi tor, 1 38
Cru s ad e rs , th e , 1 7
en e
d w orld
,
264 275
-
.
63, 64
.
.
.
pl
l
1 61 , 1 62 ; d is t re s s in , res u tin g from
Pru s s ian oun ty on beet s u g ar 234 s e n din g mi s s ion
aries to, 279 ; th e arm y in , 281
Gen era W ood and
M r A E ry e in , 296
’
an s , Adm iral De
ey s o in ion of, 290
C u ba, our
.
b
v
D c e
.
Cu
Da ids on ,
e r e,
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b
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In de x
h l
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p bl m f 79
F ci 267 268
Den by , Col C ar e s , 291
De e y , Adm i ra 68
i tory of in Man i a Bay , 1 85, 247
m em ber of P i i in e Com mis s ion , 289
.
w
.
l
,
.
Dis t ribu tion , ro e o ,
Drak e, Sir ran s ,
,
Dru m mon d, Profes s or, 39, 40
Du rban W i iam , 1 92
Eas t In dies , th e , 1 74 1 75
En ergy of Am eri an
eo
e , 21 25
.
.
.
ll
,
.
c
ton s , 25
En g
l
l
an d ,
p pl
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-
xp
res s ed
in f oot
.
t rade ba
an d s ,
.
,
245
l c
47 ; in
of,
an e
v
es tm en t s
of,
in
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h
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Emers on , 301
E an s ion , in du s tri a
E ort s , e es s of , o
.
xp
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v
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44- 1 03
,
er
im
p
.
orts ,
47
.
W hi gt
F w ll dd
247 251
F
D
297
Fi lipi
l ti t th 287—
302
F c
f
lfi h d
lfi h 27
F d m d I d p d c 284—
286
F y Al xi Ev tt i C b 292
F y S t 69 8 5
f 47 ; i v tm t
G m y t d b l c
ty
f
b t
Am i c
245 ; b
g
are
a
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arrar,
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as
ean ,
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an
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se
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n
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,
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en s
ar
-su
of
in S ou t
an d
h
efi ect s ,
232 234
.
Gidd in g s , P rofes s or
G
l
ran k
p ph cy f
v m t w it h t c
t p ph cy f G
ads t on e ,
Go
F
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Gran
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1 85
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v
on s en t of
go
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l c c i
f p p l ti
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,
li
,
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241 , 242
.
h
C i n a,
n ot e ,
1 05
.
o u a on i n
1 77 ; flag of, in
Great Britain , de n s ity o
ith t h e
rot e tion of, 206 ;
s t an d in g
Pa i , 1 95 ;
Un ite d State s for free dom an d j u s ti e , 300, 301
c fic
p
c
c
Grifii s , Dr W E , 1 1 9, 1 20
Grot iu s , 228, 229
.
.
.
.
Digitiz
ed
,
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by Mi
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w
.
In dex
Man u fac tu rin g
—
52 71
rema
cy
44- 71
new ,
ou r
,
—
.
M ark ets , foreign
h
p
su
om e ,
90
c
72 1 03
n e e s s i ty ,
a ne w
,
p
;
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;
erman en t ,
xp
an din g at
.
M edit erran ean
th e
,
bord erin g
n ew
1 65 ;
on ,
An g
l
Sa
o
-
x
on s ea ,
—
.
,
,
an ds
1 85 21 3
M e i e Comm od ore Ge org e W 1 54 1 99 21 0
M i ton 271
Mu a s es t im a te of en ergy in Un it ed State s 25
,
l
of
u a tion
o
-
an
lv ll
l
lh ll
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TH E N EW
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By DR J OS IAH STRONG , au th or of
Ou r Cou n tr y
Li rary Ed it ion ,
3 50 pa g es
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CO N TEN TS
re ara
I Th e N ineteen t
Cen t ury on e of
tion
II Th e Des tiny of th e Ra e III Th e Con tribu tion
m ade by t h e T ree Great Ra es of A n ti u ity
I
Th e
C on tribu t ion m ade by th e A n g o Sa on
Th e A u th ori
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VI Th e Tw o un dam en ta L a s of C ris t
II o u ar Dis on ten t
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t ry
I X Th e P rob em of th e City
X Th e S e aration of
th e Mas s es from t h e C u r
XI Th e Mis s ion of th e C u r
X II Th e N e es s ity of N ew M et ods
X III
N e es s ity of
P ers on a Con t a t
XV
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