ES 10
Resources
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Oil and Natural Gas continued…
Nonrenewable
Perpetual
http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
Past to Present (1 31 slides)
What are fossil fuels
Where doe the oil come from?
Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks
Why use Oil / Natural Gas
Drawbacks
Abiotic Oil?
How much is there and who has the oil? How long will it last?
Where does US get it’s oil?
Unconventional sources of oil and gas: Oil Shale, Tar Sands,
Methane Clathrates, aka Gas Hydrates
st
“Potentially”
Renewable
Fig. 1.11, p. 11
Resources
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15
?
Renewable
Nonrenewable
or “Nonrenewable
Mineral Resources”
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Direct
solar
energy
Winds,
tides,
flowing
water
Fossil
Fuels
(iron, gold,
copper,
aluminum)
Potentially
Renewable
Fresh
air
Fresh
water
NonMetallic
minerals
& rocks
Metallic
minerals
Fertile
soil
(clay, sand,
marble, slate)
These two are
sometimes
Called: “Solid
Nonfuel
Mineral
Resources”
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Cultural Revolutions
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•http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
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Billions of people
11
?
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What’s Environmental
Degradation?
Plants and
animals
(biodiversity)
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
2-5 million 8000
years
Fig. 1.11, p. 11
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Black Death–the Plague
Hunting and
Gathering
6000
4000
2000
Time
Agricultural Revolution
Last 14 sec on 24hr Big Bang clock
1
2000
B.C.
A.D.
0
2100 Age of Discovery
~last 2 sec on 24hr
Big Bang clock
Industrial ~Last 1 sec on 24hr
revolution Big Bang clock
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Agricultural Revolution
Trade-Offs? Good vs Bad news?
Bad News
Good News
More food, store it year round.
Supports a larger population.
Longer life expectancies.
Formation of villages, towns,
cities.
Cultural growth; art, religion,
music, science,
communication, trade goods
and information.
Irrigation systems developed.
Higher standard of living.
Destruction of wildlife habits from
clearing forests/grasslands.
Soil erosion from over tilling and
plowing, buildup of salts
New Conflicts over water resources,
ownership of land, possessions,
spread of slavery.
Livestock overgrazing / soil
compaction, buildup of salts.
Cities concentrate waste/pollution
Increase in global greenhouse gases
from clearing forests/grasslands
and livestock husbandry
Industrial Revolution
Trade-Offs?
Good News
Mass Production of useful,
affordable products
Distribution of goods, services
Increased Agricultural
production, more food
Longer life expectancies,
better health, lower infant
mortality.
Better Transportation,
communication
Higher standard of living.
Bad News
Increased waste production
Burning fossil fuels: increase in
global greenhouse gases
Increase of air and water pollution
Habitat destruction
Biodiversity depletion
Groundwater depletion
Soil depletion, degradation
“Industrialization isolates people
from nature; reduces understanding
of important ecological and
economical services nature provides.”
Information and Globalization Revolution
Some Important Inventions: 1775 - 1903
:
1775 James Watt first reliable Steam Engine
1793 Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets
1798
Robert Fullerton: Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River
1807 Samuel F. B. Morse: Telegraph
1836 Elias Howe: Sewing Machine
1851 Cyrus Field: Transatlantic Cable
1866 Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone
1876 Thomas Edison: Phonograph, Light Bulb
1877 Nikola Telsa: Induction Electric Motor
1888 Rudolph Diesel: Diesel Engine
1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright: First Airplane
1908 Henry Ford: Model T Ford & Assembly Line
(by 1927, 15 million made)
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Radio
Telephone
TV
Air travel, freight
Computers
Space travel
Satellites
Remote sensing
Internet, wireless technology
Cellular phones, Smart Phones & TVs, Tablets
GPS, GIS
ROV’s & AUVs
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Energy Consumption by Source
1635 - 2009
A change from potentially renewable wood,
to nonrenewable fossil fuels
Source: Energy Information Administration
Whale Oil, Kerosene and the “Oil Industry”
In early 1800’s, whale oil was popular for lamps and candles,
but expensive. ~15,000 right Whales killed/yr in early 1800’s
US whaling fleet: 392 in 1833 to 735 in 1846
“The Pennsylvania Oil Rush” in 1860’s
Starts in Titusville in north western Pennsylvania in 1859
Producing 8,000 barrels/day in the 1860’s, 21 meters down, 8
refineries built
Cleveland Ohio had 30 refineries by 1865, J.D. Rockefeller
250 whales killed at Point Lobos between 1862 – late 1870’s
In 1857, clean burning kerosene (originally called “coal oil”) put on
market. Rapid expansion by 1860 in US, eventually leads to the end of
whale oil lamps/candles.
Titusville from
1 oil well to 75 oil
Wells in less than
a year
What state led the “Oil Rush” in the US in the 1800’s?
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California led the world in oil production in 1910
McKittrick Tar Pit in west San
Joaquin Valley, 1st mined in 1864
The Lakeview #1 Gusher in
San Joaquin Valley in 1910,
18,000 barrels/day flowed
uncapped for 18 months
The “Texas Oil Boom”
Spindletop Gusher, E Texas, Jan 10, 1901
A period of dramatic change and
economic growth in Texas & US
between 1901 - 1940’s
Expansion in the Panhandle,
North and Central Texas.
The largest is the East Texas Oil
Field aka “Black Giant”
“Big Inch Pipeline”, built in 1942, for WWII effort,
1,200 miles from Houston to NJ
2 ft diameter, cost 7 million, takes oil 3.5 days, 300,000 bpd
By the end of the
WWII, over 350
million barrels
transported. Line
is still in use.
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For more on Oil History, check out this
http://www.sjgs.com/index.html
In early 1900’s car are getting very popular.
In 1900 ~8,000 autos registered in US
In 1910 ~ 900,000 autos resisted in US
In 2007 ~254 million passenger vehicles register in US (most in any country in world)
Elk Hills California, (west of Bakersfield) Hay No.7 Well blew out natural
gas and caught fire on July 26th, 1919. It burned for 26 days. The well
was extinguished with torpedoes of dynamite.
By the 1950’s, the US can no longer supply its oil needs.
Somewhere
in China
~1/3 of all oil comes
from the sea.
Big Gulf of Mexico Petroleum Discovery September 2006
Chevron estimated the 300-square-mile region, could hold between
3 - 15 billion barrels of oil and natural gas
There are 42 US gallons in a barrel, or 159 liters.
Gulf of Mexico:
1st offshore wells in 1947.
In 1960’s 30 miles offshore,
by 1970’s 100 miles
offshore.
Platform in >7,000 ft of water (2,134m)
Drill hole depth ~20,000 ft (6.1km)
Total depth >28,120ft (>8 km or 5 miles)
1950’s tankers ~ 500 ft,
25,000 tons
1970’s tankers 1,400ft
(5 football fields) 500,000
tons
Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US
consumes ~22 million barrels/day.
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“Reserves” = known amounts that can be profitably developed
at current prices and costs, using current technologies and
under current rules (institutional resources)
Total World Oil Reserves
Conventional vs Unconventional
Reserves increase in response to:
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•
•
•
higher prices
lower costs of development
technological improvements
new discoveries
without any change in the quantity in the ground
The size of reserves depends on economic factors,
not on the physical amount in the ground.
What are fossil fuels?
• Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal
• Derived from remains of organisms which decompose and are
exposed to heat and pressure beneath the Earth’s surface over
millions of years.
• Consist primarily of hydrocarbons: organic compounds of H and C
atoms with smaller amounts of O, S and N. The approximate length
range for “oil” is C5H12 to C18H38. Any shorter hydrocarbons are
considered natural gas, the simplest form is methane CH4.
• Petroleum (Petra-rock / Oleum-oil) /Crude Oil: complex mixture of
liquid hydrocarbons of various lengths. Termed 1st used and published in 1546 by
German geologist/mineralogist Georg Bauer aka Georgis Agricola
Origin of Oil?
Most commercial oil is probably “organic oil”
How can this happen?
• Forms in marine basins with rich diversity of microscopic algae,
protozoa and animals (plankton) living on the surface
• Organisms die, settle onto ocean floor --> some decomposition
occurs -->depletion of O2 in bottom waters
-->decay slows or ceases.
• Pressure and heat build up as organic material is buried under many
layers of sediment. This converts the organic molecules to kerogen
(solid, waxy organic matter in sedimentary rock, too thick to flow out of rock).
Geothermal Gradient: 20 degrees C/km, 68 degrees F/km or 109 degrees F/mi
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Kerogen / Oil Formation
Figure 5.7
• Kerogen, highly viscous, complex molecules (“Tar”) forms first,
at temperatures <30º- ~100ºC @ ~ <1-3km depth.
Kerogen can then convert to various liquid hydrocarbons at
temperatures ~80ºC - 120ºC (sometimes wider) @ ~ 3-8km depth. is
The process of breaking a long-chain of hydrocarbons into short ones =
“Cracking”.
• At temperatures > 100ºC (212ºF), liquid petroleum can be converted
into a variety of natural gases such as methane, ethane, propane and
butane each type more complex and heavier molecules.
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Geothermal Gradient:
20 – 30 deg C/Km
At temperatures of ~200ºC (400ºF) and/or depths of > 10km, methane can break
down completely and the rocks no longer contain hydrocarbons.
Limited window of opportunity for the conversion of organic remains to
hydrocarbon fuels
~1,6Km
~3Km
Or 77 deg F/Mi
~6Km
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