Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpoint
aspectinMayan
TLS16,2/20/16
Subjunc0vemoodasnon-realiza0on
viewpointaspectinMayan
TLS16
UT,February20,2016
SohappytobeinAus0n…
JürgenBohnemeyer
hGp://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/
jb77@buffalo.edu
2
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
Overview
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
'Iknowwhatyou'rethinkingabout,'saidTweedledum;'butitisn'tso,nohow.'
'Contrariwise,'con0nuedTweedledee,'ifitwasso,itmightbe;andifitwereso,it
wouldbe;butasitisn't,itain't.That'slogic.'
(LewisCarroll,ThroughtheLookingGlass)
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on
analysis(i):theideainanutshell
data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve
theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
comparisontootherapproaches
conclusions
•  goals:descrip0ve
–  sketchtheseman0cs
oftheso-calledstatussystemofYucatecMaya
–  status:afunc0onalcategoryoftheMayanverb
(Kaufman1992)
•  conflatesno0onsofviewpointaspect,mood,illocu0onary
force;alsosensi0vetoproper0esofargumentstructure,voice
4
3
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er(cont.)
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er(cont.)
•  goals:theore0cal
•  goals:theore0cal(cont.)
–  accountfortheseman0csofsubjunc0veandirrealis
moodinatleastonelanguage
–  explainwhyviewpointaspectandmoodareconflated
inasinglefunc0onalcategoryinMayanlanguages
–  unifiedtheoriesoftenseandaspectareareality
•  Kamp&Reyle1993;Klein1994
–  thenexthurrah/finalfron0er:
aunifiedtheoryoftense,aspect,andmood?
•  andwhytheirexpressionsaremoregenerallyfrequently
paradigma0callyrelatedacrosslanguages
–  clarifyandfurtherdeveloptheno0on
ofeventrealiza'on(Bohnemeyer&Swid2004)
5
6
1
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpoint
aspectinMayan
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er(cont.)
TLS16,2/20/16
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er(cont.)
•  goals:theore0cal(cont.)
•  goals:theore0cal(cont.)
–  exis0ngaccounts
–  rela0ngmoodtomodality
•  Roberts1989:‘modalsubordina0on’
•  Farkas1992:verbsw/indica0vecomplementsdescribesingle
worlds;verbsw/subjunc0vecomplementssetsofworlds
–  rela0ngmoodtoviewpointaspect
•  Roberts1989;Farkas1992;Portner1997
•  Portner1997:moodconstrains‘conversa0onalforce’,
understoodintermsofmodalaccessibility
–  rela0ngmoodtotense
•  Iatridou2000;thepresentproposal
•  Krila2011
•  Iatridou2000:composi0onalseman0csofcounterfactuals
•  Krila2011:moodinDaakie(Oceanic;Vanuatu)
aspresupposi0onaltenseinbranching-futuremodels
7
8
Data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
Overview
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on
analysis(i):theideainanutshell
data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve
theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
comparisontootherapproaches
conclusions
•  statusmarking:example
(2.1)a. Perfec&veaspect-comple&vestatus
T-in=mèet-ah le=nah=o’
PRV-A1SG=do:APP-CMP(B3SG) DEF=house=D2
‘Ibuiltthehouse’
b. Progressiveaspect-incomple&vestatus
Táan in=mèet-ik le=nah=o’
PROG A1SG=do:APP-INC(B3SG) DEF=house=D2
‘Iam/was/willbebuildingthehouse’
c. Remotefuture-subjunc&vestatus
Bíin in=mèet-∅ le=nah=o’
REMF A1SG=do:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=house=D2
‘Itis/was/willbealong0mebeforeIbuildthehouse’ 9
10
Data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
Data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
•  statusmarking:subcategories
•  statusmarking:allomorphy
–  everyverbform,finiteornot,thatprojectsacore
mustbemarkedforexactlyoneoffivesubcategories
–  thestatussuffixescomeinallomorphs
thatdis0nguishverb(stem)classandvoice
Table1.ThefivestatussubcategoriesofYucatec
Statuscategory
Completive
Incompletive
Distribution
Matrixclauses Finitesubordinate
clauses
Perfectiveaspect
Imperfective
Imperfectiveaspect;
aspect
purposeclauses
Subjunctive
‘Insubordinate’ Irrealisclauses;
(Evans2007)
counterfactual
jussives
conditionalantecedents
Imperative
Imperative
sentences
N/A
Extra-focal
N/A
Backgroundclausein
mannerfocus
constructionsw/
perfectiveaspect
Table2.Statuspolysemyandverbstemclasses
Nonfiniteverbalprojections
status
stemclass
ac0ve
inac0ve
inchoa0ve
disposi0onal
transi0ve
ac0ve
passive
N/A
Gerunds;complementsofpredicatesexpressingaspectual,
causal,modal,andeventperceptionmeanings;intensional
complementsofintransitivepredicatesoffear,desire,
attempt;intransitivecomplementsinthemotion-cumpurposeconstruction
Intensionalcomplementsoftransitivepredicatesoffear,
desire,attempt;transitivecomplementsinthemotioncum-purposeconstruction;complementswithprojective
andcounterfactualcontents
N/A
N/A
11
incompleGve compleGve
subjuncGve extra-focal
imperaGve
-Ø
-Vl
-tal
-tal
-ik
-nah
-Ø
-chah
-lah
-ah
-nak
-Vk
-chahak
-l(ah)ak
-Ø/-eh
-nahik
-ik
-chahik
-lahik
-ahil
-nen
-en
N/A
-len
-Ø/-eh
\’/...-Vl
/-a’l
\’/...-ab
/-a’b
\’/...-Vk
/-a’k
\’/...-ik
/-a’bik
N/A
12
2
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpoint
aspectinMayan
TLS16,2/20/16
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on
Overview
•  framework:Klein’s(1992,1994,etc.)aspecttheory
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
–  adynamicmodelofwhatadiscourseis“about”
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on
analysis(i):theideainanutshell
data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve
theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
comparisontootherapproaches
conclusions
•  itispossibletosomeextenttomodelthemeaningsof
uGerancesinadiscourseascontribu0ngtoaques0on
–  animplicitorexplicitques0on
•  Klein&vonStuGerheim1987,2002:quaes'o
•  Roberts1996,2012;Simonsetal2010:
ques'onunderdiscussion(QuD)
•  onlyproposi0onsthatcontributetotheQUD
areatissue
–  allotherproposi0onsarepresupposedorbackgrounded
•  limits:non-consta0ve/representa0vespeechacts;
direc0vesotherthanques0ons
14
13
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on(Cont.)
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on(Cont.)
(3.1)
•  framework:Klein’saspecttheory(cont.)
–  every(finite)clauseisinterpreted
withrespecttothetopicGmettop
•  ttopisestablishedbytheQuD
•  ttopconstrainsthe0meforwhichaproposi0onisassertedor
ques0oned,etc.
•  ttopisrelatedto
–  therun0meτ(s)oftheasitua0onsdescribedbyapredicate
byviewpointaspect
–  uGerance0metubytense
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Whatdidyouno'cewhenyouenteredtheroom?
Amanwaslyingonthefloor.
HewasChineseorJapanese.
Hedidnotmove.
Awomanwasbendingoverhim.
Shewastakingapursefromhispocket.
Sheturnedtome.(Klein1994:39-40)
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on(Cont.)
λs7.turn’(s7)&τ(s7)⊂ttop
f
λs6.take’(s6)&ttop⊂τ(s6)
e
λs5.bend’(s5)&ttop⊂τ(s5)
d
¬λs4.move’(s4)&τ(s4)⊆ttop
c
b
λs3.be_chinese’(s3)∨be_japanese’(s3)&ttop⊂τ(s3)
λs2.lie’(s2)&ttop⊂τ(s2)
a
λs1.enter’(s1)
–  hencetheimperfecGveparadox(Dowty1979:133)
–  explanandum:telicity-dependentviewpointaspect
interpreta0onofzero-markedverbforms
(3.1’)a.Whatdidyouno'cewhenyouenteredtheroom? e. Awomanwasbendingoverhim.
∴Awomanbentoverhim
f. Shewastakingapursefromhispocket.
not∴Shetookapursefromhispocket
inGerman,Inuk0tut,Russian
asopposedtodynamicity-basedinterpreta0ons
inEnglishandEwe
–  explanans:eventrealizaGon
• 
zero-markedformsareusedtodescriberealizedevents
– 
• 
• 
byentailmentinRussian
andbyGriceanstereotype(Q2)implicatureinGerman
λs5.bend’(s5)&ttop⊂τ(s5)
λs6.take’(s6)&ttop⊂τ(s6)
realiza0on≈culmina0oninParsons1990
realiza0ondependsonthetelicityoftheeventpredicate
– 
'me
Figure4.Temporalstructureof(3.1)16
Theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on(Cont.)
•  realiza0on:Bohnemeyer&Swid2004
• 
• 
g
ttop=τ(s1)
15
ttop=τ(s1)
atelicpredicatesmaybeinstan0atedbyrealizedeventsunder
imperfec0veaspect;telicpredicatesrequireperfec0veforrealiza0on
17
λs1.enter’(s1)
3
'me
18
Figure4.Temporalstructureof(3.1)
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpoint
aspectinMayan
Analysis(i):theideainanutshell
Overview
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
•  viewpointaspectconstrainstheextenttowhichthe
topicsituaGonrealizesacertainsitua0ontype
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on
analysis(i):theideainanutshell
data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve
theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
comparisontootherapproaches
conclusions
–  perfec0ve:thetopicsitua0onincludesasitua0on
oftherelevantkind
–  imperfec0ve:thetopicsitua0onisincludedinasitua0on
oftherelevantkind
20
19
Analysis(i):theideainanutshell(cont.)
Overview
•  moodconstrainsrealiza0onofasitua0onofagiven
kindinsidevs.outsidethetopicsitua0on
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
–  realis/indica0ve:constrainsfactualrealiza0on
•  thatis,at-issuerealiza0oninafactualtopicsitua0on
–  irrealis/subjunc0ve:constrainsnon-factualrealiza0on
•  TypeA:non-factualrealiza0on
ofasitua0onthatextendsafactualtopicsitua0on
•  TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on
•  TypeC:non-at-issuerealiza0on
•  TypeD:non-realiza0onduringanextendedtopic0meinterval
21
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on
analysis(i):theideainanutshell
data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve
theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
comparisontootherapproaches
conclusions
22
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
–  TypeA:non-factualrealiza0on
extendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
(5.2) Fear
•  thevariouscontextsofthesubjunc0ve
canbesortedintofourtypes
–  TypeA:non-factualrealiza0on
extendingafactualtopicsitua0on
Sahak-en in=tsikbat-∅ le=kwèento=o’
afraid-B1SG [A1SG=talk:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=tale]=D2
‘Iam/was/willbeafraidtotellthestory’
•  occurswithintensionalcomplementsofpredicatesoffear,
desire,aGempt;inthe‘mo0on-cum-purpose’construc0on;
(5.3)
Mo&on-cum-purpose
(Aissen1987:16-17;ZavalaMaldonado1993)
–  andwiththecounterfactualpreverbalmoodmarkeróolak
(5.1) TLS16,2/20/16
A8empt
Le=pàal=o’, h-tàal u=ch’a’-∅ le=ta’kin=o’
Le=doktòor=o’, t-u=ts’a’-ah u=báah
DEF=doctor=D2 PRV-A3=put-CMP(B3SG)A3=self
DEF=child=D2 PRV-come(B3SG)[A3=take-SUBJ(B3SG)DEF=money=D2]
‘Thechild,(s)hecametocollect/withdraw/takethemoney’
u=ts’ak-∅ le=pàal=o’ [A3=cure-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=child]=D2
•  awrinkle:intransi0vecomplementsofthesamepredicates
appearintheincomple0ve
‘Thedoctortriedtocurethechild’
–  w/theset-A(“erga0ve”)markerdeleted–thesearenominaliza0ons 24
23
4
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpoint
aspectinMayan
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
TLS16,2/20/16
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
–  TypeA:non-factualrealiza0on
extendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
–  TypeA:non-factualrealiza0on
extendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
(5.2) Fear
(5.4) Sahak-en in=tsikbat-∅ le=kwèento=o’
afraid-B1SG [A1SG=talk:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=tale]=D2
‘Iam/was/willbeafraidtotellthestory’
s2
s1
'me
ttop
wtop
w
25
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
–  TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on
•  occurswithcounterfactualcondi0onalantecedents
andirrealissubordinateclauses
•  arelateduse:‘insubordinate’(Evans2007)jussives
–  whichhavefuture-0meorhabitual/genericreference
a. Káa
séeb+uts-chahak-ech!
SR fast+good-INCH.SUBJ-B2SG
‘Speedyrecovery(lit.mayyougetwellquickly)!’
(5.6)Counterfactualcondi&onals
b. Káa
elec0on,sinceI’mnotaMexicanCi0zen.]
[Context:I’mnotallowedtovoteintheupcominglocal
in=k’al-eh?
SR A1SG=lock-SUBJ(B3SG)
‘Doyouwantmetolockit(lit.(Doyouwant) thatIlockit)?’
Pero wáahkáabèey-lak in=bóotare’,
but ALT SR like.this-INCH.SUBJ(B3SG)A1SG=vote
hi’n=bóotar-t-ik Pablo=e’.
–  formallytheseresembleintensionalcomplements
ofellipsedmatrixpredicates
–  buttheirseman0cshasillocu0onaryforceaspects
»  cf.Devlin2006;Portner1997
ASS:A1SG=vote-APP-INC(B3SG) Pablo=D3
‘ButifIwereabletovote,I’dvote(for)Pablo.’
27
28
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
–  TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
–  TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
(5.7) Future-&mereference
(5.7) Future-&mereference
Kéen ka’=sùunak-ech t-u=láak’ ha’b=e’(…),
SR:IRRREP=turn\ATP:SUBJ-B2SGPREP-A3=otheryear=TOP
táan0k in=mèet-ik le=nah=o’.
IMM A1SG=do:APP-INC(B3SG) DEF=house=D2
‘(When)youreturnherenextyear,Iwillhavejustbuildthehouse.’
Chéenka’=sùunak-ech t-u=láak’ ha’b=e’(…),
SR:IRRREP=turn\ATP:SUBJ-B2SGPREP-A3=otheryear=TOP
táan0k in=mèet-ik le=nah=o’.
IMM A1SG=do:APP-INC(B3SG) DEF=house=D2
‘(When)youreturnherenextyear,Iwillhavejustbuildthehouse.’
(5.8)Habitual/genericreference
Le=kéen k=ts’a’-∅ túunhe’l=a’,
DET=[SR.IRR A1PL=put-SUBJ(B3SG) so.thenPRSV]=D1
u=k’àaba’=e’, ka’nal+pàach+nah.
A3=name=TOP high+back+house
‘Sothenthe(one)weputhere,asforitsname,(itis)ka’nalpàachnah’
s2
s1
ttop
wu
29
5
wtop
'me
Figure6.Temporalstructureof(5.7)
26
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
–  TypeA:non-factualrealiza0on
extendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
(5.5)
Figure5.Temporalstructureof(5.2)
Countefactualmoodóolak‘almost’
Óolak in=mèet-∅ le=nah=o’
CF A1SG=do:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DET=house=D2
‘I(willhave/had)almostbuiltthehouse’
30
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpoint
aspectinMayan
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
–  TypeC:non-at-issuerealiza0on
–  TypeC:non-at-issuerealiza0on(cont.)
•  occurswith‘degree-of-remoteness’predicates
(5.9) Degreesofremoteness(‘metricaltense’)markers
(5.9) Degreesofremoteness(‘metricaltense’)markers
Ma’
sáam sùunak le=kòombi=o’;...
NEG REC turn\ATP:SUBJ(B3SG)
DET=van=D2
‘It’snotawhileagothatthebusreturned;…’
a. …inw=a’l-ik=e’, h-ts’o’k mèedya
A1SG=say-INC(B3SG)=TOP PRV-end(B3SG)half ‘…Ithinkitwashalfanhourago.’
Ma’
sáam sùunak le=kòombi=o’;...
NEG REC turn\ATP:SUBJ(B3SG)
DET=van=D2
‘It’snotawhileagothatthebusreturned;…’
òora.
hour
stop
s
b. ??...tuméen ma’ sùunak=i’.
CAUSE NEG turn\ATP:SUBJ(B3SG)=D4
‘…becauseithasn’treturnedyet.’
ttop
'me
wtop
31
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
–  TypeD:non-realiza0on
duringanextendedtopic0meinterval(cont.)
(5.10) a. Nega&onwithperfec&veaspect b.Nega&onwithperfectaspect‘notyet’interpreta&on
(5.10) Nega&onwithperfectaspect‘notyet’interpreta&on
Domìingo-ak=e’ ma’ h-hàats’-nah-en=i’
Sunday-ak-TOP NEG(B3SG) PRV-beat\ATP-CMP-B1SG=D4
‘LastSunday,Ididnotbat(lit.beat).’
Tèen=e’tak be’òora=a’ma’ hàats’-nak-en=i’
me=TOP even now=D1 NEG(B3SG) beat\ATP-SUBJ-B1SG=D4
‘Me,uptonow,IhavenotyetbaGed(lit.beaten)’
b. Tèen=e’tak be’òora=a’ma’ hàats’-nak-en=i’
me=TOP even now=D1 NEG(B3SG) beat\ATP-SUBJ-B1SG=D4
‘Me,uptonow,IhavenotyetbaGed(lit.beaten)’
s
stop
ttop
33
34
Overview
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
•  comparingsubjunc0vesacrosslanguages
–  grammariansassignthelabel‘subjunc0ve’
primarilybasedonsyntac0cdistribu0on
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
•  amoodthatoccurspredominantly
independentclausesorverbforms
–  itisnotobviousthatthereisasingleseman0cprototype
•  sharedbyallormostofthefunc0onalcategoriesthathave
beencalled‘subjunc0ves’indescrip0onsacrosslanguages
–  however,Iarguethattherearetwoseman0cno0ons
associatedwiththeYucatecsubjunc0ve
•  whichareworthlookingintoforwidercrosslinguis0ccurrency
–  thesearetheno0ons
ofnon-realizaGonandnon-at-issueness
'me
wtop
Figure8.Temporalstructureof(5.10)
32
Data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve(cont.)
–  TypeD:non-realiza0on
duringanextendedtopic0meinterval
Figure7.Temporalstructureof(5.9)
TLS16,2/20/16
35
6
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on
analysis(i):theideainanutshell
data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve
theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
comparisontootherapproaches
conclusions
36
Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpoint
aspectinMayan
Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
TLS16,2/20/16
Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
•  basicingredients(cont.)
•  Kratzer’s(1989,1990,1998,2002)blendof
situa0onseman0csandpossibleworldseman0cs
•  basicingredients(cf.Kratzer1989:615-616)
–  asetofproposi0onsdefinedasthepowerset𝓅(Ds)
•  proposi0onsmaybetrueinsitua0ons,butthelogicalrela0ons
suchasentailmentandequivalencearedefinedoverworlds
(6.1) Truth:Aproposi0onp∈𝓅(Ds)istrueinasitua0ons∈Ds
iffs∈p.
–  adomainDsofpossiblesitua0ons
–  amereologicalrela0on≤samongsitua0ons
definingapar0alorderingonDs
–  asubsetDwofDs,thesetofpossibleworlds,
definedasmereologicallymaximalsitua0ons
(6.2) Entailment:Asetofproposi0onsA⊆𝓅(Ds)entailsa
proposi0onp∈𝓅(Ds)iffw∈⋂A→w∈pforanyw∈Dw.
(6.3) Equivalence:Twoproposi0onsp,q∈𝓅(Ds)
areequivalentiffp⋂Dw=q⋂Dw.
37
38
Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
•  factsas“worldlypar0culars”
•  addi0ons
–  cf.Kratzer(2002:660)
–  adomainDIof0meintervals
–  thetemporaltracefunc0onτ:DsèDI
whichmapssitua0onstotheirrun0mes
–  amereologicalcomplement/differencerela0on
amongsitua0ons
(6.4) MinimalsituaGoninwhichaproposiGonistrue:Apossible
situa0onsisaminimalsitua0oninwhichaproposi0onpis
trueiffs∈p&¬∃s’.s’<ss&s’∈p.
(6.5) FactexemplifyingaproposiGon:Apossiblesitua0onsisa
factexemplifyingaproposi0onp
iff∀s’∈Ds.(s’≦ss&s’∉p)→∃s”.s’≦ss”≦ss ands”isaminimalsitua0oninwhichpistrue.
•  sa\sbdenotesthosepartsofsathatarenotpartsofsb
–  situa0on“grow”intothefuture
(6.6) Nofutureinthisworld:
∀s∈Ds.τ(su/r)<tτ(s)→¬(s≦swu/r) wheresu/ristheuGerancesitua0onorareferencesitua0on
andwu/rtheuGeranceworldorareferenceworld.
–  exemplifyingfactsaresitua0ons
thatlack“irrelevantdetails”
–  Kratzershowsthatthisno0onisusefulinmodelingthe
seman0csofknowandofcounterfactuals
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Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
•  transla0ngKlein’sapproach
intopossibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
•  addi0ons(cont.)
–  thefutureisnon-factual
•  exploringsugges0onsinKratzer2011
–  supposetheQUDnecessarilyconcerns
atopicsituaGoninthesenseofAus0n1950
Atissuestatus:Incontextcofanydiscourse,anyuGerance
(6.8)
thatisatissueaddsaques0ontotheQUDcstack
(6.7) Nofactsinthefuture:
∀s∈Ds,p∈𝓅(Ds).wu/r∈p&sisafactexemplifyingp
→s≦swu/r
40
orresolvesoneinit.
factual
nonfactual
(6.9) TopicsituaGon:Ifp∈𝓅(Ds)isanat-issueproposi0onin
contextc,thenstopc∈p,
wherestopcisthetopicsitua0onofc.
s
–  thetopic0meistherun0meofthetopicsitua0on
'me
wu/r
Figure9.Thetemporalhorizonofreality
(6.10) TopicGmeincontextc:ttopc:=τ(stopc)
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Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpoint
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Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
TLS16,2/20/16
Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
•  transla0ngKlein’sapproach(cont.)
–  mereologicaldefini0onsoftheaspects
•  perfec0ve:thedescribedevent
isapartofthetopicsitua0on
c=λP.∃s.s≦ s
(6.11) PerfecGve:⟦PRV⟧
s topc&P(s)
•  realiza0on–thebasicidea
–  definerealiza0on
viafactsexemplifyingthedescrip0on
•  imperfec0ve:thetopicsitua0on
isaproperpartofthedescribedevent
–  restricttheintroduc0onofnewfacts
tofactsthatarepartofthetopicsitua0on
(6.12) ImperfecGve:⟦IMPF⟧c=λP.∃s.stopc<ss&P(s)
43
44
Theory(ii):Possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
Overview
•  realiza0on–implemen0ngtheidea
(6.13) RealizaGon:AneventpredicatePisrealizedinagiven
situa0ons∈Dsiffshasaparts’≤ssthatinstan0atesP
andtherebyexemplifiesP(s).
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
–  via(6.6),smustbeapartoftheuGeranceworld
–  via(6.9),afactthatrealizesagiveneventdescrip0on
canonlybeintroducedasapartofthetopicsitua0on
–  via(6.11),perfec0veaspectentailsrealiza0on
–  via(6.12),imperfec0veaspectentailsrealiza0onwith
atelic,butnotwithtelic,predicates
–  (6.6)-(6.7)&(6.13)donotprecludespeakers
fromtalkingaboutfuturetopicsitua0ons
•  theymerelyrendersuchtalknon-factual
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Analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
46
Analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
•  comple0vestatus
•  subjunc0vestatus
–  thecomple0vestatusissimplyaperfec0veaspect
• 
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on
analysis(i):theideainanutshell
data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve
theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
comparisontootherapproaches
conclusions
expressedredundantlyinthepreverbalandthesuffixalslot
–  thesubjunc0veisanirrealis=non-realiza'onmood
–  itconfinesrealiza0onoftheeventpredicate
–  perfec0veaspectsareinherently
realis=realiza'onmoods
CompleGvestatus:⟦CMP⟧c=λP.∃s.s≦sstopc&P(s)
(7.1)
• 
• 
•  incomple0vestatus
eithertotheoutsideofthetopicsitua0on(TypeA,C,D)
ortoatopicsitua0onthatisnotpartoftheuGeranceworld
(TypeB)
–  inthefollowing,thesefourusesaretreatedas
involvingpolysemoussensesofthesubjunc0ve
–  incomple0veverbformsareaspectuallyimperfec0ve
–  theyentailrealiza0onwithatelicdescrip0onsonly
andthusdonotspecifymood
IncompleGve:⟦INC⟧c=λP.∃s.stopc<ss&P(s)
(7.2)
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Subjunc'vemoodasnon-realiza'onviewpoint
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Analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
Analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
–  TypeA:non-factualrealiza0on
extendingafactualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
(7.3) Fear
s2
s1
s1,s2rangeover
possiblesitua0ons.
'me
ttop
wtop
w
(7.4) Future-&mereference
Chéenka’=sùunak-ech t-u=láak’ ha’b=e’(…),
SR:IRRREP=turn\ATP:SUBJ-B2SGPREP-A3=otheryear=TOP
táan0k in=mèet-ik le=nah=o’.
IMM A1SG=do:APP-INC(B3SG) DEF=house=D2
‘(When)youreturnherenextyear,Iwillhavejustbuildthehouse.’
(7.4’)[(7.4)]c=λs1,s2.∃w.s2≤sstopc&stopc≤sw\wa&return’(s2)&build’(s1)
&prox(τ(s1))(ttopc) . τ(s1) <t ttopc s1
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Err,obviouslyIshouldn’t
(7.6) Nega&onwithperfectaspect‘notyet’interpreta&on
Ma’
sáam sùunak NEG REC turn\ATP:SUBJ(B3SG)
DET=van=D2
‘It’snotawhileagothatthebusreturned;…’
stop
s1,s2rangeover
possiblesitua0ons.
ttop
'me
wtop
Tèen=e’ tak
be’òora=a’ma’ hàats’-nak-en=i’
me=TOP even now=D1 NEG(B3SG) beat\ATP-SUBJ-B1SG=D4
‘Me,uptonow,IhavenotyetbaGed(lit.beaten)’
Figure13.Temporalstructureof(7.6)
Figure12.Temporalstructureof(7.5)
(7.5’)[(7.5)]c=λs.return’(s)&same_day(τ(s1))(ttopc). τ(s1) <t ttopc (7.6’)[(7.6)]c=λs.τ(INI(s))<tttopc&τ(FIN(s))=τ(FIN(stopc))&∼bat’(s)
stop
s1,s2rangeover
s
possiblesitua0ons.
ttop
'me
wtop
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Comparisontootherapproaches
Overview
•  recap:theore0calapproachestomood
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
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Analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
illustratetheseman'csof
thisconstruc0on.
le=kòombi=o’;...
s
'me
wtop
–  TypeD:non-realiza0on
duringanextendedtopic0meinterval(cont.)
useanega0veexampleto
(7.5) Degreesofremoteness(‘metricaltense’)markers
s1,s2rangeover
possiblesitua0ons.
ttop
wu
Analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
s2
–  TypeC:non-at-issuerealiza0on(cont.)
Figure11.Temporalstructureof(7.4)
(7.3’)[(7.3)]c=λs1.stopc≤ss1&∀s2.Extc(s2)(stopc)&tell’(story’)(s2)→afraid’(s2)(s1)
[Ext(sb)(sa)]c=1↔∃w.sb≤sw\wa&Accc(sb)(sa)
–  TypeB:realiza0oninanon-factualtopicsitua0on(cont.)
Figure10.Temporalstructureof(7.3)
Sahak-en in=tsikbat-∅ le=kwèento=o’
afraid-B1SG [A1SG=talk:APP-SUBJ(B3SG) DEF=tale]=D2
‘Iam/was/willbeafraidtotellthestory’
TLS16,2/20/16
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
data(i):theYucatecstatussystem
theory(i):aspectandrealiza0on
analysis(i):theideainanutshell
data(ii):usesofthesubjunc0ve
theory(ii):possibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
analysis(ii):towardaformaliza0on
comparisontootherapproaches
conclusions
–  rela0ngmoodtomodality
•  Roberts1989;Farkas1992;Portner1997
–  rela0ngmoodtoviewpointaspect
•  Iatridou2000;thepresentproposal
–  rela0ngmoodtotense
•  Krila2011
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Comparisontootherapproaches(cont.)
Comparisontootherapproaches(cont.)
•  Krila’s(2011)analysisofmoodinDaakie
•  Iatridou’s(2000)proposal
–  doesn’tcarryovertoYucatecbecause
–  counterfactualcondi0onalsareassertedovertopic
worldsthatexcludetheuGeranceworld
realis/indica0veclausesinYucatecdonegate
projec0vecomplementsaresubjunc0veinYucatec
• 
• 
– 
TLS16,2/20/16
•  theYucatecevidence
notrealis/indica0ve,asinDaakie
–  Iatridou’sanalysispredictscorrectlytheoccurrence
oftheYucatecsubjunc0veincounterfactuals
•  giventheseman0csofthesubjunc0veproposedabove
(8.1) Perowáah káa bèey-lak in=bóotare’,
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Comparisontootherapproaches(cont.)
–  ontheanalysissketchedhere,theremaybean
alternatetypologicalroutetocounterfactualmeanings
subjunc0vesonlyoccurincounterfactualantecedentsin
languagesthatdis0nguishpastandnon-pastsubjunc0ves
• 
• 
–  YucateccounterfactualscontradictIatridou’s
generaliza0on
• 
(8.2)
notintermsofthetense-likerela0onbetweentopicworld
anduGeranceworld,asperIatridou’sanalysis
butintermsoftheaspect-likerela0onbetweentopicworld
andrealiza0on
Yucatecisatenselesslanguage(Bohnemeyer1998,2000,
2002,2009)
wáahkáabèey-lak in=bóotare’
ALT SR like.this-INCH.SUBJ(B3SG) A1SG=vote
1.‘ifIwereabletovote’
2.‘ifIwouldhavebeenabletovote’(constructed)
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58
Summary
Overview
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
56
•  analterna0veroutetocounterfactuality?
butbypasttensemorphology
–  inIatridou’slanguagesample
• 
but ALT SR like.this-INCH.SUBJ(B3SG) A1SG=vote
‘ButifIwereabletovote,’
hi’n=bóotar-t-ik Pablo=e’.
ASS:A1SG=vote-APP-INC(B3SG) Pablo=D3
‘I’dvote(for)Pablo.’
Comparisontootherapproaches(cont.)
–  exceptIatridousuggeststhattheelementof
counterfactualityisnotcontributedbythesubjunc0ve
• 
mood:thenexthurrah/finalfron0er
statusmarkinginYucatec
usesofthesubjunc0ve
Klein’saspecttheory
possiblesitua0onseman0cs
realiza0on
analysis
counterfactuals
summary
•  mainpointsargued
–  twoseman0cno0ons
associatedwiththeYucatecsubjunc0ve
•  non-realiza0onandnon-at-issueness
–  possibleunifiedaccountviatheno0onofrealiza0on
•  formalizedhere
intheframeworkofpossibilis0csitua0onseman0cs
–  theYucatecsubjunc0veemerges
asakindofinverseperfec0veaspect
–  onthisaccount,viewpointaspectandmood
capturedifferentrela0onsamongthesamevariable
–  thisconceptuallysimilaritymayexplainwhytheyare
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expressedinasinglemorphologicalparadigminMayan
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Thankyou!
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