STATES OF MATTER
Chapter 3
Labs done so far for
ch. 3 sections 1 and 2:
1. Distilled wood and related read of
temperatures with plateaus for substances
produced
2. Distilling solution X
(BP/CP –evaporation/condensation) with
time, temp and volume graph
3. Cooling curve of moth nuggets and flakes
Kinetic Theory
• All matter is made of atoms and molecules
that act like tiny particles.
• These tiny particles are always in motion.
(known as Brownian Motion)
–
–
temperature
temperature
movement
movement
If temp. increases = then lighter objects move
faster
How many states of matter are
there?
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
2
3
4
5
States of Matter are Physically
Different
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
Closely
packed
Fixed
Positions
Vibrate
Closely
packed –
but can
slide past
one
another
Constant
motion – rarely
stick together
There are 2 more states of
matter
• Plasma
• Bose Einstein
Condensate
What is the most common state of
matter in the universe?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
plasma
as
m
a
0%
pl
as
0%
G
qu
i
d
0%
Li
lid
0%
So
1.
2.
3.
4.
Look at Plasma in the text, p. 82-83
Play clips of Plasma
and Bose Einstein Condensate
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkeSI_B5Ljc
Plasma
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RpLOKqTcSk
BEC
SOLIDS
• Crystalline Solids
– Atoms organized in
geometric patterns
– Crystal systems
– Ex: ice, methanol,
sodium chloride
• Amorphous Solids
– Atoms not
organized in
specific patterns
– Do not have
definite melting pts.
– Ex: glass, plastic,
gels
LIQUIDS
• Atoms are close
(similar to solids) –
but can slip pass
each other.
• No definite shape
GAS
• Most energetic
phase on Earth
• Move fast – cannot
attach to each
other
• No shape or
volume
The Phase of a Material
Depends on the Motion of
Its Particles
THERMAL ENERGY
• In a substance is
the total energy
of all its atoms
and molecules
• Potential and
Kinetic Energy
TEMPERATURE
• Is related to the
random motion of
atoms and
molecules
• Proportional to the
average kinetic
energy of molecular
motion
HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
• HEAT
– Is energy that is
measured in joules
or calories
• TEMPERATURE
– Measured in
degrees
– Measures the
expansion or
contraction of a
liquid
When heat energy is added to a
substance, the particles
1. Speed up
2. Slow down
3. Remain the same
speed
0%
pe
e
d
wn
0%
es
do
sa
m
w
Re
m
ai
n
th
e
Slo
Sp
ee
d
up
0%
When particles speed up, the
particles
ha
n
rb
m
...
n
ai
m
Sli
d
eb
un
c
yo
c lu
an
d
St
ick
0%
g..
.
0%
o.
..
0%
Re
1. Stick and clump
together
2. Slide by or bounce
off of each other
3. Remain
unchanged
When heat energy is lost from a
substance, the particles
1. Speed up
2. Slow down
3. Remain the same
speed
0%
pe
e
d
wn
0%
es
do
sa
m
w
Re
m
ai
n
th
e
Slo
Sp
ee
d
up
0%
When particles slow down, the
particles tend to
0%
ha
n
un
c
n
ai
rb
yo
eb
Sli
d
Re
m
ou
nc
e
of
fo
to
ge
th
e
p
m
c lu
an
d
St
ick
0%
...
r
0%
ge
d
1. Stick and clump
together
2. Slide by or bounce
off of each other
3. Remain
unchanged
Think of the following diagrams
in terms of
energy gained or energy lost
by the substances.
Gas
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Evaporation
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Condensation
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Evaporation
Condensation
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Solid
Freezing
Liquid
Gas
Solid
Melting
Liquid
Gas
Solid
Freezing
Melting
Liquid
Gas
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Sublimation
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Deposition
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Sublimation
Deposition
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Sublimation
Deposition
Solid
Evaporation
Condensation
Freezing
Melting
Liquid
States of Matter are Physically Different
because particle speed is different
SOLID to Liquid=
energy added
(Melting)
Lots of energy
added at one
time and solid
gas (sublimation)
LIQUID to Gas=
Energy added
(Boiling)
Go right to left and
energy will be taken
away at gasliquid
(condensing)
And liquid  solid is
(melting)
Lots of energy lost at
one time right to left
and gs (deposition)
What requires more energy for the
same quantity of the same
substance?
1. Raising the
temperature of a
substance 1º C
2. Completing a
phase change
0%
ph
a
g
om
pl
et
in
C
R
ai
si
ng
th
e
te
m
pe
as
e
...
ra
tu
.
.
0%
I have a solution of liquids.
If in the heating process I have 4
distinct plateaus as the liquid
changes to gas, how many liquids
were in the solution?
0%
bl
e
to
4
te
ll
0%
na
0%
U
0%
3
0%
2
1
2
3
4
Unable to tell
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Phase of a Material
Depends on the Motion of
Its Particles
Solid to a liquid
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
gas to a solid
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
liquid to a solid
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
Gas to a liquid
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
Solid to a gas
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
Liquid to a gas
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
melting
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
deposition
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
freezing
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
condensing
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
sublimation
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
boiling
1. Energy added
2. Energy lost
0%
rg
y
En
e
En
er
gy
ad
d
ed
lo
st
0%
End of
Chapter 3 sections 1 and 2
THERMAL ENERGY
• In a substance is
the total energy
of all its atoms
and molecules
• Potential and
Kinetic Energy
TEMPERATURE
• Is related to the
random motion of
atoms and
molecules
• Proportional to the
average kinetic
energy of
molecular motion
HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
• HEAT
– Is energy that is
measured in joules
or calories
• TEMPERATURE
– Measured in
degrees
– Measures the
expansion or
contraction of a
liquid