Plantsbrook School
Q1.
This is a diagram of the layered structure of the Earth.
(a)
Draw a line from each layer to the correct name of the layer.
Layer
Name
core
Layer A
crust
Layer B
mantle
Layer C
nucleus
(3)
(b)
The Earth’s early atmosphere was 96% carbon dioxide.
The atmosphere of the Earth today is 0.04% carbon dioxide.
The percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere has changed.
Give two reasons why.
You should consider:
• the formation of surface water (oceans)
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• the formation of sedimentary rocks (limestone).
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(2)
(Total 5 marks
Q2.
The bar chart shows some of the gases in the atmospheres of Earth today and Mars
today.
(a)
Complete the bar chart to show the percentage of nitrogen in the Earth’s
atmosphere today.
(1)
(b)
Some scientists suggest that the Earth’s early atmosphere was like the atmosphere
of Mars today.
(i)
There is not much oxygen in the atmosphere of Mars.
Suggest why.
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(1)
(ii)
The percentage of argon in the Earth’s atmosphere today is the same as it
was in the Earth’s early atmosphere.
Suggest why.
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(1)
(c)
Compared with the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s early atmosphere
there is not much carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere today.
Give one reason for this change.
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(1)
(d)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
Some theories suggest that the Earth’s early atmosphere was
burning fossil fuels.
made by the formation of oceans.
the eruption of volcanoes.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q3.
The Earth has a layered structure and is surrounded by an atmosphere.
(a)
Scientists believe that the Earth’s atmosphere was formed by volcanoes releasing
gases.
This early atmosphere was about 95 % carbon dioxide.
The composition of the Earth’s atmosphere is always changing.
(i)
The Earth’s atmosphere today contains about 0.035 % carbon dioxide.
What happened to most of the carbon dioxide that was in the Earth’s early
atmosphere?
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(2)
(ii)
About 60 million years ago a large meteorite hit the Earth.
This meteorite heated limestone in the Earth’s crust causing the release of
large amounts of carbon dioxide.
Explain how carbon dioxide is released from limestone.
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(2)
(b)
The graph shows the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere over
the last 50 years.
Explain, as fully as you can, why we should be concerned about the information
displayed on this graph.
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(3)
(c)
Scientists believe that all the continents of the Earth were once joined together.
The huge ‘supercontinent’ was called Pangaea.
In 1915, Alfred Wegener had an idea that the change shown in the diagram was
caused by continental drift. Most scientists could not accept his idea.
(i)
Suggest why most scientists in 1915 could not accept Wegener’s idea of
continental drift.
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(1)
To help you with this question, the information and diagram from the beginning
of the question are reproduced here.
The Earth has a layered structure and is surrounded by an atmosphere.
(ii)
Use this information and your knowledge and understanding to explain how
continents move.
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q4.
The surface of the Earth has changed slowly over billions of years.
(a)
Diagram 1 shows one theory of how mountains are formed.
(i)
Describe this theory of mountain formation.
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(1)
(ii)
Most scientists accepted this theory of mountain formation until about 60 years
ago.
Suggest why most scientists accepted this theory.
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(1)
(b)
Diagram 2 shows the positions of the continents 250 million years ago.
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Diagram 3 shows the positions of the continents today.
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Describe how the positions of the continents have changed over the last 250 million
years and explain the processes that have brought about these changes in position.
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(6)
(Total 8 marks)
Q5.Iceland has many volcanoes.
(a)
Scientists are monitoring a volcano in Iceland, called Katla.
There has been an increase in the number of tremors (small earthquakes) in this
area.
(i)
Why does Iceland have volcanoes?
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(1)
(ii)
Scientists predict that Katla may erupt soon.
However, scientists do not know exactly when Katla will erupt.
Suggest one reason why.
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(1)
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(b)
During the first billion years of the Earth’s existence its surface was covered with
volcanoes.
Describe how this volcanic activity led to the formation of oceans.
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(2)
(c)
The Earth has about 500 000 earthquakes each year.
Describe how activity within the Earth results in earthquakes.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q6.This article appeared in a local newspaper.
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(a)
(i)
Name the environmental effect caused by solid particulates such as soot.
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(1)
(ii)
Why is soot produced by cars?
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(1)
(b)
(i)
Acid rain damages limestone buildings.
Describe the chemical reaction causing this damage.
State what happens to the products of the reaction.
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(3)
(ii)
Suggest why the gardener thought acid rain was causing the damage to his
greenhouse.
Use your answer to part (b)(i) and information from the article to help you to
answer this question.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q7.Earthquakes are common in certain places on Earth.
(a)
The diagram shows the layered structure of the Earth.
Choose one word from the box to complete the label on the diagram.
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atmosphere
core
plate
(1)
(b)
In 1935 C.F. Richter designed a scale for comparing the size of earthquakes.
A newspaper reported that an earthquake, off the coast of Kent, had caused plaster
to come down from ceilings, house tiles to loosen and church bells to ring.
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(i)
Earthquakes happen often in the UK.
Suggest why most of these earthquakes are not reported in the newspapers.
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(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the number which best shows the size of the earthquake in
Kent.
1
4
6
8
(1)
(iii)
State what causes earthquakes.
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(1)
(iv)
Why were people living in Kent not warned about this earthquake?
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q8.In 1912 Wegener suggested his theory of continental drift.
In 1912, many scientists did not accept Wegener’s theory because he could not
explain:
•
how Pangaea had split into continents
•
how the continents had moved apart.
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(a)
Wegener used evidence to support his theory.
Give two pieces of evidence Wegener used.
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(2)
(b)
Scientists have discovered that the Earth is made up of layers.
Complete the sentences by writing one word in each space.
Scientists now accept Wegener’s theory because they know that
the Earth’s ................................................ and upper part of the mantle are cracked
into
tectonic plates.
The tectonic plates move at relative speeds of a few centimetres per year because
of
convection currents in the Earth’s .................................................. .
These convection currents are driven by ................................................... released
from
natural radioactivity.
A volcanic eruption or an .................................................. can happen at the
boundaries
between tectonic plates.
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q9.In 1915, two different theories were suggested to explain the following observation:
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‘In South America and Africa many animal fossils are exactly the same.’
Theory 1
Wegener’s theory of
continental drift.
•
Continents were once
joined together.
•
The continents then split
and slowly drifted apart.
Theory 2
Other scientists’ land bridge
theory.
•
South America and
Africa had once been
joined by a land bridge.
•
The continents were in
fixed positions and could
not move.
(a)
Describe two pieces of evidence that Wegener could use to support his theory
(Theory 1).
Use the diagrams to help you to answer this question.
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(2)
(b)
Which piece of evidence could the other scientists use to support the land bridge
theory (Theory 2)?
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(1)
(c)
In 1912, Captain Scott led a scientific expedition to Antarctica.
The scientists collected many fossils in Antarctica.
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One fossil the scientists collected was Glossopteris, a tree-like plant.
Glossopteris fossils had already been found in Australia and Africa.
The work of the scientists on Scott’s expedition could have provided evidence for
Wegener’s theory, rather than the theory proposed by the other scientists.
Explain why.
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(4)
(d)
In 1962, scientists produced the theory of plate tectonics.
The theory of plate tectonics supported Wegener’s theory that continents move.
Describe and explain what causes tectonic plates to move.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q10.
The graph shows changes in the percentage of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere
over the last thousand million years.
(a)
(i)
The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere changed between 700 million
years ago and 300 million years ago.
How many more times greater was the percentage of oxygen in the
atmosphere 300 million years ago compared with 700 million years ago?
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Answer = ........................................ times greater
(1)
(ii)
The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere changed between 700 million
years ago and 300 million years ago.
Explain why.
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(2)
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(iii)
Suggest an explanation for the change in the percentage of oxygen in the
atmosphere between 300 and 250 million years ago.
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(2)
(b)
One theory for the origin of life on Earth is the chemosynthesis theory. This theory
states that life on Earth began when more and more complex organic molecules and
structures were synthesised. After a long time, these molecules and structures
became living organisms.
Two scientists, Miller and Urey, used the apparatus below to investigate the
development of life on Earth. The gases in the reaction chamber were water vapour,
methane and hydrogen.
When electric sparks were produced in the reaction chamber a mixture of organic
compounds was produced. These organic compounds can be combined to make
proteins.
Does the Miller–Urey experiment support the chemosynthesis theory for the origin of
life?
Explain your answer.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q11.
Active volcanoes give off gases.
Koryaksky volcano, Russia. Photo by Jack Lockwood of the USGS, public domain via
wikimedia commons
The table shows the percentages of gases a volcano gives off.
Name of gas
Percentage (%) of gas
Carbon dioxide
49
Water vapour
37
Sulfur dioxide
12
Carbon monoxide
2
(a)
Scientists use this data to predict what the Earth’s early atmosphere was like and
how the oceans were formed.
Use information from the table to help you answer the following questions.
(i)
Describe how a gas released from volcanoes caused the oceans to be formed.
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(2)
(ii)
Gases from volcanoes formed the Earth’s early atmosphere.
Which was the main gas in the Earth’s atmosphere billions of years ago?
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(1)
(iii)
Gas
Which two other gases were also present in the Earth’s early atmosphere?
Tick (
) two boxes.
Tick (
)
Ammonia
Chlorine
Fluorine
Methane
(2)
(b)
What are the two main gases in the Earth’s atmosphere today?
Tick (
Gas
) two boxes.
Tick (
)
Chlorine
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
(2)
(c)
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete the sentence.
The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing.
combustion.
The main process causing this is
condensation.
photosynthesis.
(1)
(ii)
How is carbon from carbon dioxide locked up in sedimentary rocks?
Tick (
) two boxes.
Tick (
)
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In calcium carbonate
In the mantle
In fossil fuels
In the Earth’s core
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q12.
(a)
Scientists have suggested that:
•
the Earth formed as a molten ball of rock and minerals
•
the rock and minerals cooled slowly
•
the surface of the Earth was covered by volcanoes
•
the volcanoes released gases that formed the Earth’s early atmosphere.
The pie charts show the approximate percentages of gases in the Earth’s early
atmosphere and in the Earth’s atmosphere today.
(i)
Explain what has happened to most of the water vapour in the Earth’s early
atmosphere.
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(2)
(ii)
Give two reasons why the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s early
atmosphere decreased.
1 ............................................................................................................
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2 ............................................................................................................
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(2)
(b)
Scientists have suggested that the Earth consists of a core, mantle and crust.
A ‘traditional’ theory is that the core is made of iron and nickel.
A ‘controversial’ theory is that the core is like a nuclear reactor made of the
radioactive elements uranium and plutonium.
(i)
Why can scientists not prove which theory about the core is correct?
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(1)
(ii)
How can the ‘controversial’ theory be used to explain why the Earth’s tectonic
plates move?
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q13.The diagram shows the apparatus used to investigate the percentages of gases in the air.
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100 cm3 of air was measured using Syringe A.
The air was passed over the heated copper by pushing the plungers backwards and
forwards. The air was passed over the heated copper until the volume of air did not
change.
A black solid formed on the copper when the air was passed over the copper.
(a)
(i)
Which gas in the air reacted with the copper?
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(1)
(ii)
What volume of this gas would you expect to react with copper in the
investigation?
............................................................................................................... cm3
(1)
(iii)
Write a word equation for the reaction occurring between copper and the gas.
................................
+
................................
→
................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
What is the main gas remaining in the apparatus at the end of the
investigation?
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(1)
(ii)
Name one other gas which will also be present at the end of the investigation.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q14.
The table shows some properties of gases in dry air
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Gas in dry air Density in kg/m3 Melting point in Boiling point in Percentage (%)
°C
°C
in air
Nitrogen
1.2506
–210
–196
78.08
Oxygen
1.4290
–219
–183
20.95
Carbon dioxide
1.977
–57
–57
0.033
Helium
0.1785
–272
–269
0.00052
Neon
0.8999
–249
–246
0.0019
Argon
1.7837
–189
–186
0.934
Krypton
3.74
–157
–153
0.00011
Xenon
5.86
–112
–108
0.0000087
(a)
In 1895, Lord Rayleigh isolated nitrogen from dry air by removing the other known
gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
He then discovered that nitrogen from dry air had a different density to pure nitrogen
produced from chemical reactions.
He concluded that nitrogen extracted from dry air was mixed with another gas.
The density of nitrogen extracted from dry air was higher than the density of pure
nitrogen.
Use the information above to explain why.
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(2)
(b)
Gases from the air are separated to provide raw materials used in many different
industrial processes.
Steps in dry air separation:
Step 1: Filter to remove solid particles
Step 2: Remove carbon dioxide
Step 3: Cool the remaining air to –200 °C
Step 4: Separate by allowing the liquefied gases to warm up.
(i)
Carbon dioxide is removed before the air is cooled to –200 °C.
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Suggest one reason why.
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(1)
(ii)
Which two gases do not condense when the remaining air is cooled to –200
°C?
...........................................and ...........................................
(1)
(iii)
Two gases in air do not separate completely when the liquefied gases are
allowed to warm up.
Name these two gases and give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q15.Scientists study the atmosphere on planets and moons in the Solar System to understand
how the Earth’s atmosphere may have evolved.
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn.
The table shows data about some substances in the atmosphere of Titan.
Melting point
in °C
Boiling point
in °C
Nitrogen
–210
–196
Methane
–183
–164
Argon
–189
–186
Hydrogen
–259
–253
Carbon monoxide
–205
–192
Substance
(a)
There is no water on Titan. The average surface temperature on Titan is –179 °C.
Which of the substances in the table would form oceans on Titan?
Explain your answer.
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(2)
(b)
Amino acids are essential to life.
In the 1950s the Miller-Urey experiment showed that simple amino acids, such as
glycine (NH2CH2COOH), could have been produced from the Earth’s early
atmosphere.
The Miller-Urey experiment showed that simple amino acids could be produced by
reactions between hydrocarbons, ammonia and water.
Explain how the Miller-Urey experiment suggests that reactions between the
substances in Titan’s atmosphere could also produce simple amino acids.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q16.
Venus is often compared to the Earth. The Earth’s early atmosphere was mainly
carbon dioxide like the atmosphere of Venus today.
Atmosphere of Earth today
Gas
Percentage (%)
Atmosphere of Venus today
Gas
Nitrogen
78
Nitrogen
Oxygen
21
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
0.04
Carbon dioxide
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Percentage (%)
3.5
A trace
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Plantsbrook School
(a)
Give two reasons why the percentage of carbon dioxide decreased in the Earth’s
early atmosphere.
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(2)
(b)
In the 1950s two scientists, Miller and Urey, investigated the origin of life on Earth.
Miller and Urey used the gases that they believed were in the Earth’s early
atmosphere and used water to represent the oceans.
The gases they used were methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen (H2).
A continuous electrical spark was used to simulate lightning storms.
After one week the Miller-Urey experiment had produced amino acids.
Amino acids are essential to life.
The simplest amino acid is glycine (aminoethanoic acid).
The apparatus used in the Miller-Urey experiment is shown in the diagram.
Use the information above and in the diagram to answer these questions.
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(i)
Miller and Urey used methane, ammonia and hydrogen for the Earth’s early
atmosphere.
Suggest why.
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(1)
(ii)
The experiment provides only weak evidence of how amino acids formed on
Earth.
Suggest two reasons why.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
q1.This question is about oil reserves.
(a)
Diesel is separated from crude oil by fractional distillation.
Describe the steps involved in the fractional distillation of crude oil.
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(3)
(b)
Diesel is a mixture of lots of different alkanes.
What are alkanes?
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(2)
(c)
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Petroleum products, such as petrol, are produced from crude oil.
The graph shows the possible future production of petroleum products from crude oil
and the expected demand for petroleum products.
Canada’s oil sands hold about 20% of the world’s known crude oil reserves.
The oil sands contain between 10 to 15% of crude oil. This crude oil is mainly
bitumen.
In Canada the oil sands are found in the ground underneath a very large area of
forest. The trees are removed. Then large diggers and trucks remove 30 metres
depth of soil and rock to reach the oil sands. The oil sands are quarried. Boiling
water is mixed with the quarried oil sands to separate the bitumen from the sand.
Methane (natural gas) is burned to heat the water.
The mixture can be separated because bitumen floats on water and the sand sinks
to the bottom of the water. The bitumen is cracked and the products are separated
by fractional distillation.
Use the information given and your knowledge and understanding to suggest the
advantages and disadvantages of extracting petroleum products from oil sands.
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(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Q2.
(a)
Crude oil is a mixture of compounds.
These compounds are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
alcohols.
Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only are called
hydrocar
bons.
vegetable
oils.
(1)
(ii)
The table shows five of these compounds.
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State at room
temperature (20 °C)
Boiling point in °C
ethane, C2H6
gas
– 89
butane, C4H10
gas
0
hexane, C6H14
liquid
+69
pentadecane, C15H32
liquid
+270
heptadecane, C17H36
solid
+302
Compound
Tick (
) two correct statements about the five compounds.
Statement
Tick (
)
ethane has the smallest molecules
hexane and pentadecane are liquid at 100 °C
heptadecane has the highest boiling point
butane boils at 100 °C
(2)
(iii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
Fractional distillation is used to separate the compounds in crude oil.
cracking
The first step in fractional distillation is
displacing
the crude oil.
evaporating
burn
During fractional distillation the compounds
condense
at different temperatures.
decompose
(2)
(b)
Steam distillation is used to separate oils from plants.
The diagram shows some apparatus that can be used to separate oil from lavender
plants. Four parts of the apparatus are labelled W, X, Y and Z.
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(i)
In which part, W, X, Y or Z, of the apparatus:
is steam produced
are steam and oil condensed?
(2)
(ii)
dissolves
Use the correct word from the box to complete the sentence.
floats
sinks
When the oil separates from the water, the oil .....................................
(1)
(iii) Describe how part Z of the apparatus can be used to remove the water from
the oil.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q3.
About 3000 million years ago carbon dioxide was one of the main gases in the Earth’s
early atmosphere.
About 400 million years ago
plants and trees grew on most
Today coal is burned in power
stations to release the energy
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of the land. When the plants
and trees died they were
covered by sand and slowly
decayed to form coal.
(a)
needed by industry.
The bar chart shows the percentage of some of the elements in this coal.
(i)
This coal contains 85 % carbon. Draw the bar for carbon on the chart.
(1)
(ii)
Coal is burned in the atmosphere to release energy.
Two of the products of burning coal are shown.
Draw one line from each product to its environmental impact.
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Product
Environmental impact
Acid rain
Sulfur dioxide
Global dimming
Carbon particles
Global warming
(2)
(b)
Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to answer these
questions.
(i)
How did the formation of coal decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the
Earth’s early atmosphere?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
How does burning coal affect the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s
atmosphere?
Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q4.
Ethanol (C2H5OH) is produced from ethene or from sugar cane.
The two different methods to produce ethanol are summarised in the table.
Ethanol from sugar cane is a batch
process
Ethanol from crude oil is a
continuous process
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Sugar cane plants are crushed and
soaked in water for one day.
Crude oil is distilled to separate the
naphtha fraction.
The sugar solution is separated by
filtration.
The naphtha fraction is cracked when
the vaporised hydrocarbons are passed
over a hot catalyst.
Yeast is added to the sugar solution and The ethene produced is separated by
fermented for three days.
distillation.
The solution of water and ethanol
produced is separated by filtration.
Ethene is reacted with steam in the
presence of a catalyst.
Distillation of this solution produces a
50% solution of ethanol.
This hydration reaction produces 100%
ethanol.
(a)
Complete and balance an equation for the cracking of the hydrocarbon C6H14 to
produce ethene.
C6H14
.......................... +
..........................
(2)
(b)
What is seen when the sugar solution and yeast are fermented?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Evaluate the issues involved with the production of ethanol from sugar cane
compared with the production of ethanol from crude oil.
You should explain why each issue you describe is important.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 8 marks)
Q5.
Olive oil is used to make salad dressings and margarine.
(a)
Vinegar is often used to make salad dressings.
Vinegar contains 95% water and 5% ethanoic acid.
To make a simple salad dressing add olive oil to vinegar and shake. After a few
minutes the mixture separates.
To make a French salad dressing add mustard to the olive oil and vinegar and
shake.
After several minutes the mixture does not separate.
(i)
Why does the mixture in the simple salad dressing separate?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Mustard in the French salad dressing has molecules with hydrophilic
properties and hydrophobic properties.
Explain why the French salad dressing does not separate.
You may include a diagram to help you to answer this question.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Olive oil contains 89% unsaturated fats and 11% saturated fats.
What is the test and the result for unsaturated fats?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Olive oil is hardened to make margarine.
Describe the reaction and conditions needed to harden a vegetable oil.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q6.
Disposable nappies for babies need to absorb as much water as possible.
Disposable nappies have a pad containing a special polymer called a hydrogel.
Hydrogels absorb water.
A company called Aqanaps compared the water absorption of its nappy pads with nappy
pads made by other companies.
•
A scientist from Aqanaps poured 100cm3 of
water onto the pad of one of its nappies.
•
He measured the volume of water that passed
through.
•
He did the test three times using a new nappy
pad for each test.
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•
The scientist then repeated the procedure
using the nappy pads from three other
companies, A, B and C.
The results are shown in the table.
Volume of water collected in cm3
Company
Pad 1
Pad 2
Pad 3
Aqanaps
55
57
55
A
47
46
39
B
65
63
64
C
38
39
38
(a)
(i)
Choose one result in the table that should be tested again.
Result: Company ............................. Pad .............................
Explain why you chose this result.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest one variable that should be controlled in this investigation.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Suggest one possible cause of error in this investigation.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
The Aqanaps company studied the results. The company concluded that it
should increase the amount of hydrogel used in its nappy pads.
Give two reasons why the company decided to increase the amount of
hydrogel used in its nappy pads.
1 ............................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Suggest one disadvantage for the company if it increases the amount of
hydrogel used in its nappy pads.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q7.
Scientists state that unsaturated fats are healthier to eat than saturated fats.
The table shows some information about four fats.
Fat content as a percentage (%)
Fat
Unsaturated
Saturated
Melting point in
°C
A
80
20
–11
B
60
40
–5
C
30
70
+4
D
10
90
+63
(a) (i) Which fat, A, B, C or D, has the lowest melting point?
(1)
(ii)
Use the information in the table to describe the pattern between the
percentage of unsaturated fat and the melting point.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Which fat, A, B, C or D, contains the smallest number of carbon carbon double
bonds
per gram?
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(b)
Fat A is reacted with hydrogen (hydrogenated).
State one way in which the physical properties of Fat A are changed by this
reaction.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Tick (
) one thing that scientists are not able to do.
One thing that scientists are not able to do
Tick (
)
find out if a fat is unsaturated
show that an unsaturated fat is healthier to eat
than a saturated fat
stop people eating unhealthy fat
change unsaturated fat to saturated fat
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q8.
Petroleum diesel is produced from crude oil.
Most vehicles that use petroleum diesel as fuel can also use biodiesel or a mixture of
these two fuels. In the UK (in 2010) there must be 5 % biodiesel in all petroleum diesel
fuel.
Biodiesel is produced from plant oils such as soya. The crops used to produce biodiesel
can also be used to feed humans. The benefit that biodiesel is ‘carbon neutralߣ is
outweighed by the increasing demand for crops. This increasing demand is causing
forests to be burnt to provide land for crops to produce biodiesel. Only a huge fall in the
price of petroleum diesel would halt the increasing use of biodiesel.
The graph shows the average percentage change in exhaust emissions from vehicles
using different mixtures of petroleum diesel and biodiesel.
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There is no difference in carbon dioxide emissions for all mixtures of petroleum diesel and
biodiesel.
Use the information and your knowledge and understanding to evaluate the use of plant
oils to produce biodiesel.
Remember to give a conclusion to your evaluation.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 5 marks)
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Plantsbrook School
Q9.Fire dancers use firesticks to make flame patterns.
One end of the firestick is soaked in kerosene.
The kerosene is lit and burns with a yellow flame.
(a)
Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Which elements are present in a hydrocarbon?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
A student investigated the products formed when kerosene burned.
The diagram shows the apparatus the student used.
Describe and explain the observations you would expect the student to make.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 5 marks)
Q10.
Plants such as sunflowers contain oils that can be extracted.
(a)
The properties of sunflower oil were compared with soybean oil, olive oil and butter
(a fat).
The results are given in the table.
Percentages of types of fat
Substance
Smoke point in °C
Saturated fat %
Unsaturated fat %
Sunflower oil
11
89
232
Soybean oil
16
84
238
Olive oil
14
86
207
Butter
62
38
130
The smoke point is the temperature at which an oil or fat starts to break down and
produce a bluish smoke.
(i)
Bromine water is used to test for unsaturation.
What would you see when a few drops of bromine water are added to
sunflower oil?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(ii)
Suggest which substance in the table would contain the most carbon-carbon
double bonds.
Give a reason for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Does the data in the table show that there is a relationship between the types
of fat the four substances contain and their smoke points?
Explain your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Which of the substances in the table would be best for frying chips?
Give a reason for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Vegetable oils can be hardened.
(i)
Why are vegetable oils hardened?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Describe how vegetable oils are hardened.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
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(iii)
The diagram shows part of the structure of a molecule of unsaturated
vegetable oil.
Draw a diagram to show the structure of the vegetable oil after the oil has
been hardened.
(2)
(Total 12 marks
Q11.(a)
PEX is a material that is used as an alternative to copper for hot water pipes.
PEX is made from poly(ethene).
(i)
Describe how ethene forms poly(ethene).
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
PEX is a shape memory polymer. What property does a shape memory
polymer have?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The simplified structures of poly(ethene) and PEX are shown.
Poly(ethene) is a thermoplastic that softens easily when heated.
Suggest and explain how the structure of PEX changes this property.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Copper is a suitable material to use for hot water pipes.
PEX is now used as an alternative material for hot water pipes.
Copper is extracted from its ore by a series of processes.
1
The low-grade copper ore is powdered and concentrated.
2
The concentrated powdered copper ore is blown into a furnace with air to
produce impure, molten copper. (This furnace is heated to 1100 °C using a
hydrocarbon fuel.)
3
Oxygen is blown into the impure, molten copper to remove any sulfur. The
molten copper is cast into rectangular slabs.
4
The final purification of copper is done by electrolysis.
PEX is made from crude oil by a series of processes:
•
fractional distillation of crude oil
•
cracking of naphtha fraction
•
polymerisation of ethene
•
conversion of poly(ethene) into PEX.
Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to suggest
possible environmental advantages of using PEX instead of copper for hot water
pipes.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q12.
The raw materials used to make the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are crude oil
and sea salt (sodium chloride).
(a)
There are three main stages in the production of PVC.
(i)
C10H22
Stage 1 Cracking of hydrocarbons from crude oil produces ethene, C2H4
C8H18
+ C2H4
How are hydrocarbons cracked?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Stage 2 Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution produces chlorine.
Ethene from Stage 1 is then reacted with this chlorine.
One of the hydrogen atoms in each ethene molecule is replaced by a chlorine
atom to produce vinyl chloride.
Complete the chemical equation by writing in the formula of the product vinyl
chloride.
C2H4
+ Cl2
........................................
+ HCl
(1)
(iii)
Stage 3 Polymerisation of vinyl chloride produces polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Complete the chemical equation by drawing in the missing bonds of the
product, PVC.
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Plantsbrook School
(1)
(b)
Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) is used to make door and window frames.
PVC with a plasticiser added is used to make cling film for wrapping food.
A plasticiser is a chemical compound.
A student investigated how the percentage of plasticiser added to PVC affected its
flexibility.
The student measured the bending of PVC samples when a mass was added.
The student’s results are shown in the table.
Sample
of PVC
Percentage (%)
of plasticiser
added
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Mean
A
0
2
3
3
4
3
B
5
22
15
23
24
C
10
27
27
29
29
28
D
15
34
35
35
36
35
(i)
Bending of PVC sample in mm
Each PVC sample should be the same size to make it a fair test.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The student repeated the test four times for each sample.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Calculate the mean value for sample B.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Each of the samples bent the most in test 4.
Suggest a possible reason for this.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Suggest why unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) is used to make door and
window frames.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q13.Potatoes can be cooked in different ways.
Boiled potatoes
Chips
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Plantsbrook School
© travellinglight/iStock
(a)
© PIKSEL/iStock
Boiled potatoes are cooked in boiling water.
Chips are cooked in vegetable oil at 180°C.
Chips cook more quickly than boiled potatoes.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
After cooking, the potatoes cooked in hot vegetable oil look different from the
potatoes cooked in boiling water.
Give one more difference between potatoes cooked in hot vegetable oil and
potatoes cooked in boiling water.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Vegetable oils are important foods.
Tick (
) two reasons why.
Vegetable oils provide us with . . .
Tick (
)
energy
nutrients
water
yeast
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q14.In the laboratory, ethene can be made when heptane vapour is passed over a hot catalyst.
Heptane is an alkane.
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Plantsbrook School
(a)
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
combustion.
The process used to make ethene is called cracking.
fermentation.
(1)
(ii)
Why does pentane collect in the test tube surrounded by cold water?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Complete the sentences using words from the labels on the diagram.
The name of the alkane that decomposes is ...................................... .
The name of the catalyst is ..................................................................
(2)
(b)
The displayed (structural) formula of ethene is:
(i)
Ethene is an alkene.
What is the general formula of alkenes?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
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Plantsbrook School
CnHn
CnH2n
CnH3n
(1)
(ii)
How can you tell from its displayed formula that ethene is unsaturated?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Ethene is added to bromine water.
What colour change will be seen when ethene is added to bromine water?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Name the polymer made from ethene.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q15.Most petrol used in cars contains about 5% ethanol (C2H5OH).
(a)
The complete combustion of ethanol produces carbon dioxide and water.
Complete and balance the symbol equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.
C2H5OH
+
........O2
→
................................
+
.................................
(2)
(b)
Ethanol can be produced from octane (C8H18).
The two chemical equations represent the production of ethanol from octane.
Equation 1:
C8H18
→
Equation 2:
C2H4
+
(i)
C4H10
H2O
+
→
2C2H4
C2H5OH
In Equation 1 the products are a mixture of two gases.
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Plantsbrook School
Describe a chemical test that would indicate the presence of ethene (C2H4) in
the mixture.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Describe, as fully as you can, the conditions used for the two reactions to
produce ethanol from octane.
Use Equation 1 and Equation 2 to help you with your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Q16.Vehicles need fuel to power them.
Some of these fuels are obtained from crude oil.
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(a)
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
Crude oil contains many compounds.
an alloy.
Crude oil is
an element.
a mixture.
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
Crude oil can be separated into fractions by evaporating the crude oil. The
fractions then condense separately.
combustion.
This process is called fractional
decomposition.
distillation.
(1)
(b)
The different fractions have different properties.
Fraction
Number of
carbon atoms
Boiling point
range in°C
Flash point
in°C
Petrol
5–10
40–180
-43
Kerosene
10–15
180–250
38
Diesel
15–20
250–300
63
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel will catch fire.
How does increasing the number of carbon atoms affect the boiling point and flash
point of the fractions in crude oil?
Complete the sentences.
As the number of carbon atoms increases, the boiling point ........................
........................................................................................................................
As the number of carbon atoms increases, the flash point ...........................
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Plantsbrook School
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Octane is one of the compounds in petrol.
An octane molecule has 8 carbon atoms.
(i)
Predict the boiling point of octane.
........................................°C
(1)
(ii)
Octane is an alkane. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2
What is the formula of octane?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q17.Large amounts of cholesterol in the blood can cause heart disease.
Eating saturated fat increases the amount of cholesterol in blood.
Eating polyunsaturated fat decreases the amount of cholesterol in blood.
(a)
The amounts of saturated fat and polyunsaturated fat in different types of margarine
are shown in the table.
Polyunsaturated
fat
g per 100 g
margarine
Type of
margarine
Description
Saturated fat
g per 100 g
margarine
W
Hard margarine from
animal and vegetable
oils
30
14
X
Soft margarine from
animal and vegetable
oils
27
16
Y
Hard margarine from
vegetable oils only
30
10
Z
Soft margarine from
vegetable oils only
26
18
Which type of margarine would you consider best to use to lower blood cholesterol?
Explain your answer.
Best type of margarine to use is ........................................ .
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Explanation.....................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Use the correct words from the box to complete the sentences.
higher
hydrogen
lower
oxygen
saturated
unsaturated
Animal and vegetable oils that contain .......................................... fats can be
hardened.
Oils are hardened by a chemical reaction with .........................................................
gas.
The product of the chemical reaction has a ................................................ melting
point than the original oil.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q1.
This question is about atoms and molecules.
(a)
In the diagrams below:
is a nitrogen atom
is an oxygen atom
is a carbon atom.
Draw one line from each diagram to its correct description.
One line has been done for you.
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Plantsbrook School
(2)
(b)
The diagram below shows a hydrogen atom.
Use words from the box to write the correct labels on the diagram.
alloy
electron
group
nucleus
(2)
(c)
2H2
+
O2
→
This chemical equation represents the reaction of hydrogen burning.
2 H2O
Complete the sentence to describe what is happening in this chemical reaction.
Hydrogen reacts with ....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q2.
Metals are used in the manufacture of pylons and overhead power cables.
(a)
Suggest one reason why iron (steel) is used to make pylons.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Metal
The table shows some of the properties of two metals.
Density
in g per
cm3
Melting point
in °C
Percentage(%)
relative electrical
conductivity
Percentage(%)
abundance in
Earth’s crust
copper
8.92
1083
100
0.007
aluminiu
m
2.70
660
60
8.1
Use the information in the table to suggest why aluminium and not copper is used to
conduct electricity in overhead power cables.
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
A polymer can be used to cover and insulate power cables.
The polymer is made from the alkene:
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each of the sentences.
CH
(i) The chemical formula of this alkene is
CH4
C2H4
(1)
double bond.
(ii)
The two lines between the carbon atoms are called a
nucleus.
single bond.
(1)
(iii)
The name of the polymer formed when many of these alkene molecules join
together
poly(ethene).
is
poly(ethenol).
poly(propene).
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
The diagrams show the sub-atomic particles in four different atoms.
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Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions.
(a)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
energy level.
(i) The centre of each atom is called the
molecule.
nucleus.
(1)
bonds.
(ii)
The centre of each atom contains neutrons and
electrons.
protons.
(1)
(b)
Complete the sentence.
There is no overall electrical charge on each atom because the
number of ...................... is equal to the number of ......................
(1)
(c)
What is the name of the element represented by atom D? .......................
(1)
(d)
Which two of the atoms, A, B, C and D, are in the same group of the periodic table?
Give a reason for your answer.
Atom
and atom
Reason ..........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q4.The hip joint sometimes has to be replaced.
Early replacement hip joints were made from stainless steel.
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium and nickel.
The diagram below represents the particles in stainless steel.
Paticle diagram of stainless steal
(a)
Use the diagram to complete the percentages of metals in this stainless steel.
The first one has been done for you.
Element
Percentage (%)
Iron, Fe
72
Chromium, Cr
Nickel, Ni
(2)
(b)
Pure iron is a soft, metallic element.
(i)
Why is iron described as an element?
...............................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Pure iron would not be suitable for a replacement hip joint.
Suggest why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The three metals in stainless steel have different sized atoms.
Stainless steel is harder than pure iron.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.Cans for food and drinks are made from steel or aluminium.
The main metal in steel is iron.
(a)
Reacting iron oxide with carbon produces iron.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
decomposition.
The reaction to produce iron from iron oxide is
oxidation.
reduction.
(1)
(b)
Aluminium cannot be produced by reacting aluminium oxide with carbon.
Why does aluminium oxide not react with carbon?
Tick (
) the correct answer.
Answer
Tick (
aluminium is less reactive than carbon
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carbon is less reactive than aluminium
oxygen is more reactive than carbon
(1)
(c)
Aluminium can be produced by electrolysis.
Why do the aluminium ions collect at the negative electrode?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Some statements about aluminium are given below.
Tick (
cans.
) two statements that are correct reasons why aluminium is used to make
Statement
Tick (
)
aluminium conducts electricity
aluminium is not a transition metal
aluminium has a low density
aluminium is resistant to corrosion
(2)
(e)
Recycling aluminium cans uses less fossil fuels than producing aluminium from its
ore.
Tick (
) one advantage and tick (
) one disadvantage of recycling aluminium to
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make aluminium cans.
Statement
Advantage Tick (
)
Disadvantage Tick (
)
aluminium is the most common metal
in the Earth’s crust
less carbon dioxide is
produced
more aluminium ore needs to be
mined
used aluminium cans have to be
collected and transported
(2)
(Total 8 marks
Q6.The iron produced from iron ore in a blast furnace is called cast iron.
Cast iron is converted into steel in a furnace.
Iron ore contains iron oxide.
Coke contains carbon.
(a)
Quarrying iron ore will have an impact on everything near to the quarry.
(i)
Describe one positive impact and one negative impact of quarrying iron ore.
positive impact ......................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
negative impact ....................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
carbon neutral.
Ores contain enough metal to make extraction of the
metal
economical.
reversible.
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(1)
(b)
Many chemical reactions take place in a blast furnace.
Use the flow diagram to help you to answer this question.
Suggest how the blast furnace is heated.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
A chemical reaction for the extraction of iron is
Fe2O3
(i)
+
3CO
→
2Fe
+
3CO2
Complete the word equation for this chemical reaction.
................................. +
.................................
carbon monoxide
→
iron
+
(2)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
decomposition.
Iron is extracted from its ore by oxidation.
reduction.
(1)
(d)
Cast iron contains about 4% carbon.
Cast iron is converted into low-carbon steels.
(i)
Low-carbon steel is produced by blowing oxygen into molten cast iron.
Suggest how oxygen removes most of the carbon.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
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corrode
easily.
Metals, such as nickel, are added to low-carbon
steels to make the steel
easy to
shape.
much harder.
(1)
(e)
Recycling steel uses less energy than producing steel from iron ore.
Tick (
) one advantage and Tick (
) one disadvantage of recycling steel.
Advantage
Tick ( )
Statement
Disadvantage
Tick ( )
Iron is the second most common
metal in the Earth’s crust.
Less carbon dioxide is produced.
More iron ore needs to be mined.
There are different types of steel
which must be sorted.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q7.(a)
PEX is a material that is used as an alternative to copper for hot water pipes.
PEX is made from poly(ethene).
(i)
Describe how ethene forms poly(ethene).
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
PEX is a shape memory polymer. What property does a shape memory
polymer have?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The simplified structures of poly(ethene) and PEX are shown.
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Poly(ethene) is a thermoplastic that softens easily when heated.
Suggest and explain how the structure of PEX changes this property.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Copper is a suitable material to use for hot water pipes.
PEX is now used as an alternative material for hot water pipes.
Copper is extracted from its ore by a series of processes.
1
The low-grade copper ore is powdered and concentrated.
2
The concentrated powdered copper ore is blown into a furnace with air to
produce impure, molten copper. (This furnace is heated to 1100 °C using a
hydrocarbon fuel.)
3
Oxygen is blown into the impure, molten copper to remove any sulfur. The
molten copper is cast into rectangular slabs.
4
The final purification of copper is done by electrolysis.
PEX is made from crude oil by a series of processes:
•
fractional distillation of crude oil
•
cracking of naphtha fraction
•
polymerisation of ethene
•
conversion of poly(ethene) into PEX.
Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to suggest
possible environmental advantages of using PEX instead of copper for hot water
pipes.
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q8.
This is the headline from a newspaper:
(a)
The bar chart shows the percentages of metals in UK coins in 1991.
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Use the bar chart to answer these questions.
(i)
Which metal is in all of these coins?
......................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Which coin does not contain zinc?
......................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the percentage of nickel in a 50p coin?
Percentage = .............................. %
(1)
(iv)
Draw a ring around the correct metal to complete the sentence.
Pure copper is too soft to be used for 1p and 2p coins.
nickel
Copper is mixed with zinc and
tin
for 1p and 2p coins.
iron
(1)
(b)
The value of the metal in 2p coins which were made in 1991 is now 3.3p.
(i)
Suggest why a 2p coin made in 1991 is worth 3.3p.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why copper-plated steel is now used for 1p and 2p coins.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
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Q9.(a)
Iron is produced in a blast furnace.
Explain why most of the iron produced in a blast furnace is converted into steels.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Three types of steel are low-carbon steel, high-carbon steel and stainless steel.
© ronstik/iStock
Which type of steel is used to make cutlery?
Give a reason why this steel is used.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q10.
Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3
(a)
Complete the two empty boxes in the table.
Symbol
Element
Number of atoms in the formula
CaCO3
Ca
calcium
1
C
carbon
.................
O
oxygen
.................
(2)
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(b)
The diagram shows a lime kiln.
A lime kiln is used to heat limestone to make quicklime.
Use the diagram to help you to answer these questions.
(i)
Draw a line from each substance to the name of the main chemical(s) that the
substance contains.
Substance
Name of the main chemical(s)
calcium carbonate
air
calcium oxide
quicklime
methane
nitrogen and carbon dioxide
waste gases
nitrogen and oxygen
(3)
(ii)
A mixture of methane and air is used in the lime kiln.
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Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Tick (
) two uses of limestone.
Use of limestone
Tick (
)
as a building material
to make poly(ethene)
as a fuel
to make cement
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q11.
Rutile is an ore of titanium. Rutile contains titanium dioxide.
The flow chart shows how titanium metal is extracted from titanium dioxide.
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(a)
Titanium is much more expensive than iron.
Give one reason why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Name the only waste product shown on the flow chart
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Describe the example of recycling shown on the flow chart.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The air is removed from Reactor 2. An atmosphere of argon is used for the reaction
between titanium chloride and magnesium metal.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
Titanium metal is produced by reacting titanium chloride with magnesium.
950 kg of titanium chloride was mixed with 240 kg of magnesium metal. The mixture
was heated and produced 950 kg of magnesium chloride.
Calculate the mass of titanium metal produced.
........................................................................................................................
Mass = ....................................................... kg
(1)
(f)
The graph shows the mass of titanium metal produced from a pure rutile ore and
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Plantsbrook School
from an impure rutile ore.
The difference between the two lines represents the amount of waste rock in the
impure ore.
300 kg of titanium metal was produced from the impure ore.
Calculate the mass of waste rock in the impure ore.
........................................................................................................................
Mass = ....................................................... kg
(1)
(Total 8 marks
Q12.
A gold medal was made for a competition.
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Plantsbrook School
(a)
The mass number of gold is 197.
Describe the structure of a gold atom.
Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you answer this question.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
Bronze medals are made from an alloy of copper.
Copper can be extracted by phytomining.
(i)
Why is phytomining being used to extract copper?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give the main steps involved in the phytomining process.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
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Q13.In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Aluminium is used to make many items.
Aluminium is extracted from aluminium ore. Aluminium ore is called bauxite, which is
impure aluminium oxide.
The flow chart shows the main steps in the extraction of aluminium from aluminium ore.
Most aluminium is recycled.
Aluminium is recycled by melting scrap aluminium at 700 °C.
Use your own knowledge and the information given to answer the question.
Suggest why most aluminium is recycled.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
Q14.
Limestone is used as a building material. Acid rain erodes limestone.
(a)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate.
The symbol equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid is
shown.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)
→ CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Describe a test to show that carbon dioxide is produced in this reaction.
Give the result of the test.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Gases from vehicle exhausts produce sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
A student investigated the reaction of these two acids with calcium carbonate
(limestone).
The type of acid was changed but all other variables were kept the same.
The student measured the volume of carbon dioxide produced each minute for a
total of 10 minutes. He did this first for the reaction between dilute sulfuric acid and a
cube of calcium carbonate (limestone).
The student repeated the experiment using dilute nitric acid in place of the dilute
sulfuric acid.
The results are shown below.
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Plantsbrook School
(i)
State two variables that must be kept the same for this investigation.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Reacting calcium carbonate with sulfuric acid gave different results to nitric
acid.
The symbol equations for the reaction of calcium carbonate with sulfuric acid
and with nitric acid are shown below.
CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(s)
+
H2O(l) + CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Describe how the results for sulfuric acid are different and use the symbol
equations to explain this difference.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
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Plantsbrook School
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q15.The diagram shows some of the substances used and produced at a cement works.
(a)
Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Write the correct answer in each box.
(i)
The formula shows that calcium carbonate (CaCO3) contains
elements.
different
(1)
(ii)
The total number of atoms in the formula CaCO3 is
.
(1)
(b)
Name one of the substances produced at the cement works that causes
atmospheric pollution.
State one effect of this atmospheric pollution.
Name .............................................................................................................
Effect .............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Limestone is used to produce glass bottles.
In recent years we have become more aware of the need to recycle glass bottles.
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Used glass bottles can be recycled if they are put into bottle banks.
(i)
Suggest two reasons why light bulbs should not be put into bottle banks.
1 ...............................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
New glass bottles can also be produced by heating a mixture of raw materials:
Suggest two environmental reasons why we should recycle glass bottles to
make new glass bottles.
1 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q16.
Limestone is a rock. Many buildings and statues are made from limestone.
The picture shows a limestone quarry.
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Plantsbrook School
(a)
A company wants to open a limestone quarry.
(i)
Some local people want the quarry to be opened.
Suggest one reason why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Other local people do not want the quarry to be opened.
Suggest one reason why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Limestone is used to produce other materials.
Draw a ring around the correct answer in each box to complete each sentence.
CaCO3
(i) Limestone is mainly made of
CuCO3
ZnCO3
(1)
(ii)
When limestone is heated it forms a metal oxide and a gas.
carbon dioxide.
The gas is
carbon monoxide.
oxygen.
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Plantsbrook School
(1)
combustion.
(iii)
This type of reaction is called
decompositio
n.
oxidation.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q17.The diagram shows a ballpoint pen.
(a)
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of recycling the materials from this type
of ballpoint pen.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Alloys are used to make the ballpoint pen.
Give two reasons why alloys are used in the ballpoint pen.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Decane (C10H22) can be used to produce poly(ethene).
(i)
Describe the conditions needed for Reaction 1.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Describe, in terms of molecules, how poly(ethene) is produced in Reaction 2.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Complete the displayed structure of the product in the equation.
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Plantsbrook School
styrenepoly(styrene)
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q18.
The picture shows a limestone quarry.
(a)
Local residents were against the opening of a new limestone quarry. The quarry
was estimated to have a 10-year operating period.
The quarry company gave reasons to show how the quarry could benefit local
residents over the next 10 to 15 years.
Suggest one economic and one environmental reason the quarry company could
give.
Economic reason ...........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Environmental reason ....................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
What happens when limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated?
Include in your answer:
•
the chemical names of the substances produced
•
the name of the process.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
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(c)
(i)
Lime is calcium oxide. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium
hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
Write the symbol equation for this reaction.
............................... + ............................... → ...............................
(2)
(ii)
Name the gas that a solution of calcium hydroxide in water is used to test for.
Give the result that you would see if the gas was present.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
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