ISSN 1946-1011
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
August 15, 2016
The fine print: This report is a summary of articles appearing in popular, business, and technical media referring to the
impact of fuel costs and fuel efficiency on vehicle technology, development, and markets. At the end of the report is a list
of all articles summarized, with hyperlinks to internet sources where available. Some articles may require free registration
or paid subscriptions to access. The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report (ISSN: 1946-1011) is compiled,
written, and edited by Thomas L. R. Smith, Ph. D. (hereinafter referred to as “The Editor”), Economic Analysis Branch of
the Budget and Financial Analysis Division, Washington State Department of Transportation. Contact The Hybrid Vehicle
and Alternative Fuel Report’s editor at [email protected] or (360) 705-7941. Contributions of news items, original
articles, cookies, and positive comments about The Report are welcome.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HYBRIDS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
ELECTRIC VEHICLES ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
ALTERNATIVE FUELS ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
COMING TO A LOCATION NEAR YOU ........................................................................................................................... 6
OTHER TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................... 6
SUBSCRIBING TO The Hybrid Report. ........................................................................................................................... 7
ARTICLES REFERENCED ............................................................................................................................................... 7
National Sales for July 2016
July was a pretty good month for hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and electric car sales. All
three segments were up over June, according to sales figures from Hybrid Cars (Cobb,
August 3, 2016).
For the largest sector, hybrids, sales were up in July over June by a whopping
17.8%, however, hybrid sales were down by 8.5% from July one year ago. Compared to
the rest of the market, hybrids out performed conventional cars in July. Total car sales
increased only 0.5% from June. Prius, of course, defined the market with the basic
liftback taking 30.43% of hybrid sales. With the other two Prius models thrown in, Prii
accounted for 38.89% of the hybrid market. Toyota’s RAV4 was the second most
popular hybrid with 14.38% of the market. Toyotas took four of the top five spots, with
the Fusion slipping into third place. In the top 10, Hyundai’s Sonata was 7th, Ford C-Max
was 8th, another Toyota, the Lexus CT200h 9th, and the Kia Optima rounded out the top
10 (Cobb). Hybrid cars made up 2.18% of the total new car market.
The Chevrolet Volt was the leader in the plug-in hybrid department, with 36.87%
of plug-in sales in July. This was up 24.2% over June and a huge 83.2% over last July.
Through much of the year, even though the Volt has led the sector as a single model,
Ford’s two plug-in models combined leads. This month, Chevrolet led the plug-in market
with 37.10% compared to Ford’s 32.12%. Ford’s two plug-ins, the Fusion and C-Max
took second and third, while the BMW X5 rolled into fourth and the Hyundai Sonata took
fifth. Total plug-ins were up 6.7% over June and 68% over July one year ago. Plug-ins
were 0.43% of the market (Cobb).
Tesla’s Model S led the electric market at 30.92% followed by the Model X with
19.32%. Together, Tesla took 50.24% of the market while BMW took 19.05% with sales
of the BMW i3. Nissan’s Leaf rolled into fourth place and the VW e-Golf finished the top
five. Electrics barely up over June sales with a scant 1.1%, but increased over July 2015
by 50.9%. Electrics were 0.51% of the new car market (Cobb).
1
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
ISSN 1946-1011
August 15, 2016
2
To summarize, sales for the hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and electric sector, were up
over June. Hybrids were down compared to the previous July, but the other two sectors
were up. Year to date sales are running about even with last year. The sector is still
dominated by hybrids (even though electric cars hog the media’s attention) with 69.56%
of the electrified market. Combined, the sector accounted for 3.12% of the new car
market (Cobb).
HYBRIDS
You can reserve your Nikola Motor Company Class 8 Nikola One hybrid truck for
just $1,500, Truckinginfo (August 2, 2016) informs. Once you’ve reserved your truck, you
will have to wait until sometime next year for delivery. The company isn’t even going to
release the prototype until this December. Nevertheless, Nikola says that customers
have reserved 7,000 trucks. The Nikola One has a range of 1,000 miles for an 80,000 lb.
payload. The truck will lease for $4,000 to $5,000 per month and Nikola is throwing in
the first million miles’ worth of fuel for free.
Toyota pushed the release date for the Prius Prime plug-in hybrid back to late
this year or early next, The Salt Lake Tribune (Kagyama, August 3, 2016) said. The
vehicle was supposed to launch in Japan and then in the U. S. and Europe. Toyota was
not specific about why the release was pushed back but says, the company wants more
time to ensure the product meets its standards before releasing it to the public.
With hybrid cars, you get power from the gasoline engine, and the gasoline
engine will charge the batteries of an electric motor. Most hybrids also get power from
regenerative braking: heat from braking is transformed to electrical energy to charge
batteries. Audi is adding another source of energy: Audi’s eROT will transform vibrations
in the suspension system into electricity, The Engineer (August 12, 2016) engages. The
electromechanical rotary dampers (eROT) replace the usual hydraulic suspension
systems. Like brakes, hydraulic suspensions create heat when they absorb a car’s
bounces. Audi’s eROT will convert the heat to electricity. The rougher the road, the more
energy the system produces. We now predict that hybrid car owners may start aiming for
potholes.
No news is, well, no news: One of the criticisms of hybrid cars, in general and
specific models, is that the batteries would die and need to be replaced. After all, the 12volt battery in regular cars get replaced, right? When the Chevy Volt was put on the
market, certain government regulators required that Chevy be able to make and replace
batteries that were for vehicles under warranty. To date, the factory Chevy built to
replace warranty batteries have built a grand total of zero replacement batteries, Insider
Car News (Symes, August 12, 2016) notes. The factory is turning out batteries for newer
cars, but has not sent out a single set of batteries for the first-generation Volt.
The Voyageurs Council of the Boy Scouts of America 1 in Hermantown,
Minnesota, just put three plug-in hybrids in its fleet, the Hibbing Daily Tribune 2 (Brown,
1
2
In the interest of full disclosure, the Editor is a member of the National Eagle Scout Association.
Warning: access to the article requires the reader to go through an annoying survey.
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
ISSN 1946-1011
August 15, 2016
3
August 14) said. The Council bought its first plug-in in 2014 when it added an employee.
Because of the success of that vehicle, the Council is replacing older Ford Escapes it
owns with Ford plug-in hybrids, expecting a 15 to 20% savings in operating costs.
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is testing three electric vehicles for
a shuttle service, the Boston Globe (Annear, July 28, 2016) says. The vehicles look like
a golf cart. Riders can hail the carts by using a smartphone app. The electric taxi service
is part of research conducted by the Aerospace Controls Lab. The lab wants to
understand vehicle demand in dense urban areas.
Russia has reduced the duty on imports of electric cars, RT (July 14, 2016)
reports. The reduction will make electric cars 15% cheaper. The import duty reduction
will not apply to hybrids or plug-in hybrids. The cheaper duty had been in effect a few
years ago, but was not renewed when it expired.
Aitch Taxis, a taxi company in Fife, Scotland, put that town’s first electric taxi in
service, Fife Today (July 31, 2016) tells. The Nissan Leaf Taxi was introduced as part of
Fife’s ECO Stars scheme. ECO Stars is a program throughout the United Kingdom,
managed locally, that encourages businesses to adopt fuel efficient vehicles and
practices.
In the last Report, we mentioned that Portland’s TriMet received a $3.4 million
grant to fund electric buses and charging infrastructure. The TriMet grant was part of a
federal program that distributed $55 million to 13 transit agencies around the nation.
Three agencies right here in Washington also received grants: Everett Transit received
$3.4 million to replace twenty-year-old buses, Pierce Transit received $2.5 million for
electric buses and charging infrastructure, and Link Transit in Chelan and Douglas
counties received $3.8 million for electric buses and a wireless charging station (Federal
Transit Administration, July 26, 2016). Intrepid Northwest News Network reporter and
Hybrid Report subscriber Tom Banse filled us in on these details.
Intrepid reporter Tom Banse (July 22, 2016) also had occasion to attend the EV
Roadmap 9 conference organized by Drive Oregon in Portland. Much of the discussion
at the meeting was how to increase demand for electric vehicles. Among the issues that
may hamper electric car adoption is lack of awareness. Participants in one focus group
could not name a single electric car, while others had notions that electric car batteries
would be expensive to replace. Range and charging time was also an issue. WSDOT’s
own Tonia Buell was quoted in the article.
Green Commuter just rolled out an electric vanpool and car share program in Los
Angeles using the Tesla Model X, Green Car Congress (July 26, 2016) says. Vanpools
can rent the vans monthly or even hourly. Unique to this program, besides riding in a
seven-passenger Tesla, is that the van is available for car sharing when the vanpool is
not using the van.
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
ISSN 1946-1011
August 15, 2016
4
I’ll have Cheez Whiz with mine: PATCO, a Philadelphia transit agency is
reserving two parking spots each at five train stations for drivers of electric cars catching
trains, Philly Voice (Gaul, August 2, 2016) vocalizes. That’s a total of ten slots, none of
which will have charging stations.
Crime Scene Investigators in West Yorkshire (in England) are testing Peugeot
electric vans, ITV News (August, 5, 2016) notes. Peugeot is providing the vans and
charging equipment to the West Yorkshire Police at no cost for a one-year test.
The German electric car discount program that went into effect on July 1st of this
year has attracted 1,791 buyers, Engineering and Technology Magazine (Loughran,
August 5, 2016) mentions. Applicants can get €4,000 ($4,406.74) for and electric car or
€3,000 ($3,305.06) for a plug-in hybrid. So far, the electric cars are proving more
popular, with 1,194 applications going for fully electric. The incentive expires June 30,
2019. So far the biggest group of buyers have opted for the BMW i3.
Nissan is selling its in-house battery manufacturing division and its stake in
battery manufacturer NEC, Nikkei Asian Review (August 5, 2016) reviewed. The move is
an attempt to lower the price of the Nissan Leaf. The company believes it can buy
batteries from external suppliers more cheaply than it can make batteries themselves.
Panasonic is among the companies interested in buying Nissan’s battery operations.
Here’s the real problem with the slow uptake of electric vehicles: for every gallon
or barrel of the finite reserves of petroleum we use, we seem to find more oil or develop
the technology to tap into reserves that were once considered unavailable. This leads to
a rather constant supply and reserves of oil, which leads to a rather consistent and low
cost of fuel. That’s what University of Chicago and Massachusetts Institute of
Technology economists say in their report “Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil Fuels?”
(Covert, Greenstone, & Knittel, Winter 2016). The economists look at efforts to replace
fossil fuels with alternatives while pointing out that the market fails to price pollution and
greenhouse gas impacts to world climate properly. Left to its own devices, fossil fuels
will be around at relatively low prices for fifty years. Unless governments aggressively
intervene to provide incentives to shift to other low- and non-polluting alternatives, the
market will not shift to electric and alternative vehicles. If you are government
policymaker, this may be the most important article you read on the subject this year. 3
Middletown, Connecticut acquired six Ford Focus Electric vehicles to the
municipal fleet, the Hartford Courant (Beals, August 8, 2016) covered. Each car is
expected to save $672 in fuel costs for a total savings of $4,032.
Charging station companies are concerned about the $2 billion settlement that
Volkswagen had to pay over its emissions reporting scandal, Automotive News Europe
(Carroll, August 10, 2016) says. The settlement requires VW to invest the money for
clean infrastructure but the charging companies are concerned that, without proper
oversight, the investments could favor one charging company over another or one
technology over the other. In a letter to the U. S. Justice Department, 28 charging
3
Although, this is not an endorsement of the opinions or findings in the article.
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
ISSN 1946-1011
August 15, 2016
5
companies and the Electric Vehicle Charging Association wants an independent
administrator appointed to manage the investments.
Charging companies are not alone in their concern over the settlement package.
The Diesel Technology Forum says that the $2.7 billion allocated to an Environmental
Mitigation Trust favors government fleets rather than private fleets, Green Fleet (August
5, 2016) says. The organization believes that since government fleets tend to travel
fewer miles than private fleets, thus emitting less emissions, more funding should go to
private fleets.
Even though you can’t buy a Tesla at a Tesla store in Michigan, the Michigan
Department of Treasury owns 339,623 shares of Tesla stock worth about $72 million,
The Detroit News (Martinez & Burden, August 11, 2016) details. In 2014, the Michigan
legislature passed and the Governor signed a bill permitting sales of automobiles only by
licensed franchises. A former state Treasurer says the fund managers have a
responsibility to seek the best returns and diversify their portfolios.
Deutsche Post will begin manufacturing and selling electric delivery vans in 2017,
Reuters (Inverardi, Bryan, & Sheahan, August 12, 2016) reports. Deutsche Post will
make about 10,000 vehicles per year.
The third annual National Drive Electric Week is sneaking up on us and there is
an event scheduled at Sunnyside Beach in Steilacoom, Washington for Sunday,
September 18, 2016, from noon to 2 PM. Currently there are 65 people signed up to
attend with 28 electric and plug-in hybrids scheduled, representing 9 models. If you
attend, you can see and possibly test drive electric cars, talk to electric car owners about
their experiences, or show off your own electric car. You can register for the pot luck
event at the Drive Electric website.
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Package delivery company UPS had a goal of driving one billion miles on
alternative fuels by 2017. They made it with a year to spare, Transport Topics (Ashe,
August 2, 2016) tells. Since 2012, UPS has been testing various alternative fuels
including electricity, natural gas, propane, ethanol, and renewable diesel. The company
has also tested various hybrid configurations, including hydraulic hybrid. With UPS’s
experience, they’ve concluded that different applications call for different fuels. For
instance, propane and hydraulic hybrid are best for short-range suburban and rural
routes, while electric is best for cities, and natural gas and renewable diesel is best for
long haul routes.
It’s been a long time comin’ 4 After three years, the National Conference on
Weights and Measures (NCWM) has finally authorized selling liquefied natural gas for
commercial vehicles in diesel gallon equivalents (DGE), Green Fleet (August 3, 2016)
found. This new standard now aligns with NCWM’s standard for compressed natural gas
(CNG), which is sold in gasoline gallon equivalents (GGE) for cars. The new standard
4
David Crosby, “Long Time Gone,” from Crosby, Stills, & Nash, Atlantic Records, 1969.
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
ISSN 1946-1011
August 15, 2016
6
also allows retailers to sell CNG in DGE for trucks. LNG and CNG were traditionally sold
by weight. Because diesel and gasoline have different weights per gallon, DGE and
GGE are not the same. It is hoped that the new standard will keep fuel tax methodology
and accounting methodology simple.
COMING TO A LOCATION NEAR YOU: The latest news on new charging stations
which may or may not be somewhere close to you.
United States: The Baton Rouge Area Foundation (BRAF) in Louisiana is
installing 11 charging stations in downtown Baton Rouge, the Greater Baton Rouge
Business Report (Burris, July 27, 2016) reports. BRAF will buy and install the chargers,
while the City of Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parrish would maintain and
regulate the chargers.
Mount Vernon, Washington, has a new charging station at the Burgermaster on
Freeway Drive, Blaine Chesterfield, a Hybrid Report subscriber and Engineering
Manager for the City of Mount Vernon informs us. The charger is part of the PlugShare
network. It’s been there since at least April.
The Huntington Mennonite Church of Newport News, Virginia, 5 installed four
charging stations, the Newport News Daily Press (Dietrich, July 28, 2016) pressed. The
chargers are free.
Around the World: Zealandia (August 8, 2016), an ecosanctuary near
Wellington, New Zealand, installed and undisclosed number of charging stations, the
sanctuary announced in a press release. Zealandia also plans to install solar panels to
charge the chargers. There are also electric bike chargers.
Studio City in Macau is slated for four Tesla Supercharger charging stations,
Macau Business Daily (Moura, August 10, 2016) deals. The stations will be ready early
in the fall, however, there are no Teslas in Macau yet. On September 4th, selected
Macanese will get to test drive a Tesla.
The word from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is 800 Nexxtender charging
stations will be available by 2020, according to the Luxemburger Wort 6 (Labro, August
10, 2016). The first stations will be available by October. An interactive map showing
locations of the stations is available in the article.
Noosa, in Queensland, Australia, will have a new fast-charger, the Brisbane
Times (Moore, August 11, 2016) tells. The Veefill charger was installed by Tritium.
OTHER TECHNOLOGY
Aluminum is cheap and plentiful. There is more aluminum in the earth’s crust
than any other metal. It is light and has a high electrochemical content. That would make
5
The Editor’s former stomping grounds while attending the U. S. Army Transportation Officer
Basic (January 1983-June 1983) and Advanced (January 1987-June 1987) courses.
6 “Wort” is Luxemburger for “Word.”
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
ISSN 1946-1011
August 15, 2016
7
it ideal as battery material except that it corrodes rapidly causing capacity reduction and
a short shelf life. Scientists from Russia and Israel have developed a solution that could
make aluminum batteries a solution to the electric car battery problem: flax straw extract.
Flax seems to inhibit aluminum corrosion so it should extend the life of aluminum
batteries (Grishina, Gelman, Belopukhov, Starosvetsky, Groysman, & Ein-Eli, July 28,
2016). 7
SUBSCRIBING TO The Hybrid Report. The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report (ISSN: 1946-1011) is
published in Olympia, Washington on or about the 15th and 30th of each month, except for those months we publish on a
different date or not at all. The Report is available on the WSDOT website by clicking this link. From there, you can
download the current issue in a PDF, look at back issues, or subscribe to a notification service that lets you know when a
fresh issue has been posted to the website. You may also click this link to subscribe or contact the editor at
[email protected] who can add you to the subscription list.
More fine print: The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report (ISSN: 1946-1011) is not responsible for hyperlinks
that do not work or are inactive. All links worked when created; however, many news outlets archive or move reports soon
after publication, so it’s not our problem that you can’t get to the cited article so don’t call or email to complain. It will be
much like trying to teaching a pig to sing: it will waste your time and irritate the pig. The appearance of articles, products,
opinions, humor (such as it is), and links in this summary does not constitute an endorsement of the same by the
Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), my wife, or my cat (especially not my cat, who has no sense
of humor. She’s a cat). Except as otherwise noted, WSDOT holds the copyright to The Hybrid Report. Photos and other
artwork in The Report are included with express permission of the copyright holders of those works or the work is in the
public domain. Further reproduction or distribution of copyrighted material is not authorized without permission of the
original copyright holder. Merely acknowledging the source is not always sufficient and does not excuse reproducing
copyrighted material without permission. It’s not that hard to ask for and get permission. Use only as directed; batteries
not included. In the interest of full disclosure, the editor of this summary drives a Lexus NX 300h hybrid, while Mrs. Hybrid
Report Editor drives a Lexus HS 250h hybrid. We are not saying you should get either one, but they are very nice.
ARTICLES REFERENCED
Annear, S. 2016, July 28. MIT to test out electric vehicle shuttles. Boston Globe.
Retrieved: https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/07/28/mit-test-out-electricvehicle-shuttles/lC6TFB95WLHAKDrYCEwNWM/story.html
Ashe, A. 2016, August 2. UPS Drives 1 Billion Miles Using Alternative Fuels. Transport
Topics. Retrieved: http://www.ttnews.com/articles/basetemplate.aspx?storyid=42742
Banse, T. 2016, July 22. Enthusiasts, Policymakers Weigh How To Juice Electric Car
Sales. NW News Network. Retrieved: https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/fiscalyear-2016-low-or-no-emission-low-no-bus-program-projects
Brown, A. 2016, August 14. ‘Be Prepared’ For Change. Hibbing Daily Tribune.
Retrieved: http://www.hibbingmn.com/opinion/columnists/be-prepared-forchange/article_3ca83a8c-6197-11e6-adc1-57b640794cca.html
Burris, A. 2016, July 27. BRAF, city-parish initiative aims to increase number of electric
car charging stations in Baton Rouge. Greater Baton Rouge Business Report.
Retrieved: https://www.businessreport.com/article/braf-city-parish-initiative-aimsincrease-number-electric-car-charging-stations-baton-rouge
7
You will have to pay to read the entire article.
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
ISSN 1946-1011
August 15, 2016
8
Carroll, R. 2016, August 10. VW’s U.S. settlement worries EV charging companies.
Automotive News Europe. Retrieved:
http://europe.autonews.com/article/20160810/ANE/160819999/vws-u-ssettlement-worries-ev-charging-companies?cciid=email-ane-daily
Cobb, J. 2016, August 3. July 2016 Dashboard. Hybrid Cars. Retrieved:
http://www.hybridcars.com/july-2016-dashboard/
Covert, T.; Greenstone, M.; & Knittel, C. R. 2016, Winter. Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil
Fuels? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 30, Number 1, pp. 117-138.
Retrieved: http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.30.1.117
Dietrich, T. 2016, July 28. Newport News church installs charging stations for electric
cars. Newport News Daily Press. Retrieved: http://www.dailypress.com/news/science/dpnws-church-car-chargers-20160728-story.html
The Engineer. 2016, August 12. Every bump a volt with Audi’s eROT suspension.
Retrieved: http://www.theengineer.co.uk/every-bump-a-volt-with-audis-erotsuspension/
Federal Transit Administration. 2016, July 26. U.S. Department of Transportation
Announces $55 Million in Grants to Transit Agencies to Deploy Clean Buses.
Retrieved: https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/fiscal-year-2016-low-or-noemission-low-no-bus-program-projects
Fife Today. 2016, July 31. Fife councilors welcome first electric taxi. Retrieved:
http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/news/local-headlines/fife-councillors-welcome-firstelectric-taxi-1-4189536
Gaul, J. 2016, August 2. PATCO to reserve parking spots for electric cars. Philly Voice.
Retrieved: http://www.phillyvoice.com/patco-reserve-parking-spots-electric-cars/
Green Car Congress. 2016, July 26. Green Commuter unveils vanpool and car share
service in LA with Tesla Model X. Retrieved:
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/07/20160726-greencommuter.html
Green Fleet. 2016, August 3. Natural Gas Fuel Approved to be Sold as DGE Standard.
Retrieved: http://www.greenfleetmagazine.com/news/story/2016/08/natural-gasfuel-approved-to-be-sold-as-dge-standard.aspx?utm_campaign=Green-FleetEnews-NEW-20160811&utm_source=Email&utm_medium=Enewsletter
Green Fleet. 2016, August 5. VW Diesel Trust Prioritizes Government Over Commercial
Fleets. Retrieved: http://www.greenfleetmagazine.com/news/story/2016/08/dieselgroup-critiques-proposed-vw-settlement.aspx?utm_campaign=Green-Fleet-Enews-NEW20160811&utm_source=Email&utm_medium=Enewsletter
Grishina, E.; Gelman, D.; Belopukhov, S.; Starosvetsky, D.; Groysman, A.; & Ein-Eli, Y.
2016, July 28. Improvement of Aluminum-Air Battery Performances by the
Application of Flax Straw Extract. ChemSusChem. Retrieved:
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
ISSN 1946-1011
August 15, 2016
9
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cssc.201600298/epdf?r3_referer=wol&t
racking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrar
y.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED
Inverardi, M.; Bryan, V.; & Sheahan, M. 2016, August 12. Deutsche Post to start sale of
electric vehicles in 2017. Reuters. Retrieved:
http://www.reuters.com/article/deutsche-post-electric-van-idUSFWN1AT0C7
ITV News. 2016, August 5. Crime Scene Investigators trial electric cars. Retrieved:
http://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2016-08-05/crime-scene-investigators-trialelectric-cars/
Kageyama, Y. 2016, August 3. Toyota delays launch of plug-in hybrid vehicle. The Salt
Lake Tribune. Retrieved: http://www.sltrib.com/home/4190056-155/toyota-delayslaunch-of-plug-in-hybrid
Labro, T. 2016, August 10. Luxembourg electric car charging network taking shape.
Luxemburger Wort. Retrieved: http://www.wort.lu/en/business/interactive-mapluxembourg-electric-car-charging-network-taking-shape57ab2e36ac730ff4e7f64cef
Martinez, M.; and Burden, M. 2016, August 11. Mich. Retirement funds boost stake in
Tesla stock. The Detroit News. Retrieved:
http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/2016/08/10/mich-retirementfunds-boost-stake-tesla-stock/88548252/
Moore, T. 2016, August 11. New ‘superfast’ charger opens Qld highways to electric cars.
Brisbane Times. Retrieved: http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/newsuperfast-charger-opens-qld-highways-to-electric-cars-20160811-gqqkzs.html
Moura, N. 2016, August 10. Plugging Into Electric Cars. Macau Business Daily.
Retrieved: http://macaubusinessdaily.com/Business/Plugging-Electric-Cars
Nikkei Asian Review. 2016, August 5. Nissan to pull plug on electric car battery
production. Retrieved: http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Nissan-to-pullplug-on-electric-car-battery-production
RT. 2016, July 14. Russia lifts custom duty on electric cars. Retrieved:
https://www.rt.com/business/351000-russia-taxes-electric-vehicles/
Symes, S. 2016, August 12. Chevy Has Replaced Zero Volt Batteries. Insider Car News.
Retrieved: http://www.insidercarnews.com/chevy-has-replaced-zero-voltbatteries/
Truckinginfo. 2016, August 2. Hybrid-Electric Class 8 Truck Scores Zero Emissions in
Testing. Retrieved: http://www.truckinginfo.com/news/story/2016/08/hybrid-electrictruck-achieves-zero-emissions-in-testing.aspx?utm_campaign=Headline-News20160803&utm_source=Email&utm_medium=Enewsletter&btm_ea=c21pdGh0bUB3c2R
vdC53YS5nb3Y=
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation
The Hybrid Vehicle and Alternative Fuel Report
ISSN 1946-1011
August 15, 2016
10
Zealandia. 2016, August 8. Electric Vehicle Charging at Zealandia. Scoop. Retrieved:
http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK1608/S00244/electric-vehicle-charging-atzealandia.htm
That’ll do.
© 2016 Washington State Department of Transportation