Morphological and Physical Properties of Five Exotic
Bamboo Species Grown in Ghana
Emmanuel Ebanyenle
Amankwah Appiah
Alex Baffour Afrifa
First National Forestry Conference,
CSIR – FORIG, Fumesua
16th – 18th September, 2014
OUTLINE
 Background
 Methodology
 Results Discussions
 Conclusions &
Recommendations
 References
 Acknowledgement
BACKGROUND
o Family Gramineae
o Subfamily Bambusoideae
o 75 genera
o 1 250 species
o Fast growing grass
o Reaches max . height within 45-60
days
o Matures between 4-8yrs
BACKGROUND
o Bamboo covers about 1% of world forest areas
o 2.5 billion people use bamboo
o Global trade and subsistence value $7 billion
o Medicine, food, handicrafts, and other products
o Arts and culture
Soil & Water Protection
Ornamental
Phyllostachys. heterocycla
Ornamental
Ornamental
Phyllostachys bambusoides
Food
Handicrafts
Handicrafts
Weaving
Wood Material
Wood Material
Wood Material
Bamboo Fiber & Yarn
Source: Wang Shundong, 2005
Textile
Source: Wang Shundong, 2005
Medicine
Source: Wang Shundong, 2005
BACKGROUND
o Environmental & Economic importance
generally acknowledged
o Eg: Establishment of bamboo cottage
industries in the 60’s (1st Republic)
Accra
Assin Fosu
Axim
Manso Amenfi
Bamboo Species of
Ghana
o Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendland
o About 90%
Bamboo Utilization in Ghana
Utilization is largely at a low level:
o Lack of skill
o Lack of technological properties
o Lack of adequate bamboo species
Further government
interventions
o Creation of BARADEP
o Introduction of 15 bamboo species from Hawaii
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Gigantochloa albociliata
Ddendrocalamus asper
Dendrocalamus strictus,
Dendrocalamus membrenaceous,
Dendrocalamus brandisii,
Dendrocalamus latiflorus,
Bambusa edulis,
Bambusa burmanica,
Bambusa nutans,
Bambusa textiles,
Bambusa ventricosa,
Bambusa oldhamii,
Guadua angustifolia,
Guadua chacoensis,
Thyrsostachis siamensis)
o To our knowledge no evaluation have been
done
Effects of site on bamboo
properties
o Bamboo culms vary in size according to climate
(Prasad, 1948).
o Gigantochloa pseudo-arundinacea bamboo
growing on hill slopes have density, bending and
tensile strength values higher than those
growing in valley region (Soeprayitno et al.1990)
o Bambusa vulgaris growing in relatively moist
area of Malaysia exhibited culms with larger
diameter and longer culm length than same
species growing in a drier area (Abd. Latif and
Liese., 2002)
Morphological properties of B.
vulgaris Ebanyenle et al. 2007
Site
Wet Evergreen
21.9±0.93
Moist
Semideciduous
17.3±0.74
T-Test
p <0.001
Internode length (cm)
37.3±1.01
34.6±0.73
p=0.029
Internode diameter (cm)
7.6±2.29
6.3±1.74
p <0.001
Culm wall thickness (mm)
9.2±0.25
8.7±0.29
P= 0.148
Property
Culm length (m)
Physical Properties B. vulgaris
Ebanyenle et al. 2007
Site
Property
Basic Density (Kg/m3)
Moisture content %
Shrinkage %
Thickness
Diameter
Length
Wet
Evergreen
Moist
Semideciduous
T-test
577±12.2
113±3.9
684±10.7
83±2.4
p<0.001
p <0.001
12.0±0.56
8.7±0.24
0.2±0.01
6.8±0.41
6.4±0.19
0.1±0.01
p <0.001
p <0.001
p <0.001
OBJECTIVE
o To evaluate morphological and physical
properties of five exotic species grown in Ghana
to aid in efficient processing and utilization
MATERIALS:
CSIR – FORIG BAMBUSETUM,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bambusa heterostachya (Munro) Holttum,
Bambusa oldhamii Munro
Gigantochloa albo-ciliata (Munro) Kurz
Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londono & Peterson
Guadua angustifolia Kunth
Study Site
Source: Hall & Swaine, 1981
Samples collection & Testing
o International standards
for testing bamboo:
o ISO 22157-1 (IS0, 2004)
o ISO 22157-2 (ISO, 2004)
o 5 culms for each species
o Each culm from different
clump
o Sub samples:
 Base, middle, top
Properties investigated
o Culm length
o Culm wall thickness
o Internode length
o Internode diameter
o Initial moisture content
o Basic density
Data Analysis
o
o
o
o
ANOVA in R
Fligner-Killeen test
Tukey post hoc test
Alpha 0.05
RESULTS
&
DISCUSSIONS
CULM LENGTH
15
14
13
12
Culm length
(m)
11
10
9
8
7
6
p = 0.001
INTERNODE LENGTH
60
55
76
Base
Middle
Top
p = 0.001
66
50
45
p = 0.001
56
Internode
40
length (cm)
Internode
46
length (cm)
35
36
30
26
25
16
20
Species
Species
INTERNODE DIAMETER
62
80
57
Base
Middle
Top
p = 0.001
52
70
P = 0.001
47
60
42
Internode
diameter 37
(mm)
32
Internode 50
diameter
(mm) 40
27
30
22
20
17
10
12
Species
Species
CULM WALL THICKNESS
8.5
14
8
Base
Middle
Top
p = 0.001
7.5
12
p = 0.001
7
10
Culm wall 6.5
thickness
(mm)
6
Culm wall
thickness 8
(mm)
5.5
6
5
4
4.5
2
4
Species
Species
MC
210
p = 0.07
190
230
Base
Middle
Top
210
170
190
p = 0.891
150
170
Moisture
130
content (%)
MC (%) 150
110
130
90
110
70
90
50
70
Species
Species
DENSITY
600
p = 0.001
700
550
650
Base
Middle
Top
P = 0.527
600
500
550
500
Density
450
(Kg/m3)
Density
450
(Kg/m3)
400
400
350
300
350
250
200
300
Species
Species
COMPARING: G. angustifolia
Current
study
Fuentes,
2012
Source
Pereyra
et al.
2004
Culm length (m)
14
20-30
15 -30
Internode length
(cm)
Internode diameter
(cm)
Culm wall thickness
(mm)
MC (%)
36
101
65.2
Density (Kg/m3)
510
686.1
Property
6
8
10‐13
Rao and
Rao,
1998
Correal
and
Arbeláez,
2010
up to 20
6
15 - 20
CONCLUSIONS
o Bamboo species and position along culms are
important factors to consider during processing,
utilization and plantation programs
o G. angustifolia appear not to be doing so well in the
research site (Bobiri):
 Lower culm wall density,
 Lower culm wall thickness,
 lower internode length
o Need for periodic evaluation of these species because
desirable characteristics may change over time
o Evaluation of other 10 exotic species should be done
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Abd. Latif M. and Liese W. 2002: Culm characteristics of two bamboos in relation to age, height and site. In Bamboo for
sustainable development, (Eds) A. Kumar, I. V. Ramannuja Rao and Ch Sastry, VSP, 223-233pp
Anwar, U. M. K., Zatoon, A., Hamdan, H. and Mohd Tamizi, M. 2005. Physical and mechanical properties of Gigantochloa
scortechnii bamboo splits and strips. Journal of tropical science 17(1): 1-12pp
Banik, R. L., 1993b: Morphological characters for culm age determination of different bamboo species Bangladesh. Bang.
Jour. Forest Science 22 (1&2), 18-22pp.
Banik, R. L., 1997: Domestication and improvement of bamboos. INBAR’s working paper No. 10. INBAR, IDRC, New Delhi,
India 53pp.
Ebanyenle E. and A. A. Oteng-Amoako, 2007: Site differences in morphological and physical properties of Bambusa vulgaris
grown in Ghana, Discovery and Innovation, 19(3): 222-225
Gnanaharan, R. 1994: Physical and strength properties of Dendrocalamus strictus grown in Kerala. In Bamboo in Asia and the
Pacific. Proceedings of the 4th International Bamboo Workshop, Chiangnai, Thailand, 27-30 November 1991, IDRC, Otawa,
Cananda; Forestry Research Support Programme for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkog, Thailand. 188-192pp
Hall J. B. and M. D. Swaine, 1981: Geobotany: Distribution and ecology of vascular plants in tropical rainforest. Forest
vegetation in Ghana. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, London. 321pp.
Liese, W., 1998: The anatomy of bamboo culms, INBAR Technical Report No.18, INBAR, New Delhi 204pp.
ISO, 22157-1, 2004: Bamboo- determination of physical and mechanical properties –part 1: requirements, ISO
ISO, 22157-2, 2004: Bamboo- determination of physical and mechanical properties –part 2: Laboratory manual, ISO
Prasad, J., 1948: Silviculture of ten species of bamboo suitable for paper manufacture. Indian For., 74, 122-130pp.
Ueda, K. 1960: Studies on the physiology of bamboo. Bulletin of Kyoto University of forestry, 30, 167.
Soeprayitno, T.; Tobing, T. L; Widjaja, E., 1990: Why the Sudanese of West Java prefer slope-inhabiting Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea to those growing in the valley . In Ramanuja Rao, I. V.; Gnaharana, R.; Sastry, C.B., ed., Bamboos: Current
Research. Proceedings of the International Bamboo Workshop, Cochin, India; International Development Research Centre,
Ottawa, Canada 215-217pp
Wang, S., 2005. Analysis on bamboo development and establishment of bamboo recycling economy. Presentation at CBRC,
Hangzhou, China.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
o CSIR - FORIG
o KNUST, Faculty of Forest Resources
Technology,
o Students on attachment
o James Kudjo Govina
o Mrs. Ruth Amuzu
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING